渐进学习

发表于 2025-05-04 阅读次数：本文字数： 214k 阅读时长 ≈ 13:01

我们的文化并不鼓励我们过多思考学习本身。相反，我们将其视为自然而然发生的事情。但学习本身必须由我们逐步培养的一系列技能组成；我们最初只具备其中一部分，然后慢慢发展其余。为什么没有更多人持续提升并优化学习技能？因为它的回报并非立竿见影，其效益需要长期积累。

—— Marvin Minsky

1. 什么是渐进学习？

本文描述了通往牢固终身知识的最快途径：渐进学习。

渐进学习是截至撰写时（2013 年）学生可用的最快且最全面的学习方式。

渐进学习是一套基于计算机的技术整合，它能加速并优化从所有可想象的电子形式材料（甚至更广范围）中学习的过程。

目前，SuperMemo 是唯一实现渐进学习的软件。在 SuperMemo 中，学生向程序输入各种形式的学习材料和/或数据（文本、图片、视频、音频等），这些学习材料随后会逐步转化为可终身保持的持久知识。

[!note]
渐进学习帮助学生将所有形式的学习材料转化为持久且长久的记忆。

在渐进学习中，学生通常能记住其最高优先级材料的 95%。这些知识相对稳定，只要学习过程持续，就能在学生记忆中长久保持，甚至更久。

[!note]
渐进学习能轻松确保对终身优先学习材料保持 95%的记忆率（只要学生按照程序提供的规划坚持定期复习）。

与传统学习方法相比，维持高知识留存率的成本极低。例如在语言学习中，通过 SuperMemo 可保留受过教育的母语者词汇量，初期阶段每天仅需 20 分钟，后期仅需几分钟（假设原始学习集在 4 年内以每次 30-50 分钟的分散学习方式完成）。

[!note]
渐进学习能以时间成本的一小部分实现高记忆留存（相较课本学习而言）。

渐进学习得名于学习过程的渐进性。在渐进学习中，知识的各个方面都会得到定期处理，并且会有基于已有知识的新知识持续流入。在这种学习模式下，学生处于主导地位，自主决定应掌握哪些知识、何时掌握、详细程度如何、优先级高低以及期望的记忆/保持程度。例如，在单次学习会话中，学生可能学习几个地理知识点，发现几条健康生活法则，推导几个统计公式，阅读朋友博客的几段文字，处理几分钟的家庭视频集锦，为几张家庭照片添加注释，观看 YouTube 收藏中的几个片段，同时阅读与即将到来考试相关的几篇文章。换言之，所有知识领域都会根据兴趣和重要性保持同步并行扩展。

典型的学校教育强调少数几个知识领域，而忽视了所有其他领域。医学生可能会花几个月时间掌握解剖学，同时逐渐遗忘生物化学内容（反之亦然）。与此同时，他们找不到时间学习那些总是取决于特定人在特定情境下的当下重要议题。由于繁重学业负担带来的视野局限，学生可能永远没有时间去了解什么是渐进式学习。狭隘的视野和视角只会使学习材料的理性选择变得更加困难。

[!note]
渐进式学习与不合理的学校系统学习相反，后者在一个学期内仅重点学习少数几个知识领域（以牺牲其他同等重要的学习领域为代价）。

1.1 渐进学习概述

在渐进学习中，你通过以下步骤获取并保持知识：

从各种电子和非电子来源导入知识（例如网络文章、YouTube 视频、音乐文件、相机拍摄的照片、电子邮件、扫描的纸质笔记等）
对知识进行优先级排序以实现渐进式处理（例如物理知识优先级高，电影琐事优先级低等）。渐进式方法意味着以小块和小步骤处理知识
逐步将学习材料转化为记忆中持久的知识。这种转化还可能生成一个易于搜索且注释详尽的计算机媒体档案，甚至无需成为学习过程的一部分
在已获取知识的基础上进行创造性拓展（例如在渐进式写作、问题解决等过程中）

[!note]
通过渐进学习，你可以整合所有知识来源，按照严格定义的目标和优先级，以所选的时间成本将信息转化为终身记忆。

1.2 渐进学习的组成部分

渐进学习工具因学习材料形式、媒介和目标的不同而存在显著差异。以下是渐进学习的主要组成部分：

借助渐进学习提供的丰富工具集，所有阅读、学习、浏览、归档和注释功能均可委托给 SuperMemo 处理。这远超常规学习范畴，涵盖个人笔记、家庭视频、音频及视频格式的讲座资料、YouTube 素材、家庭相册、日记、音频文件、纸质材料扫描件等各类内容。

渐进学习中最古老、最流行且最成熟的组成部分是渐进阅读。我们将以渐进阅读作为全面介绍其他渐进学习形式的切入点。

1.3 学习中干扰的价值

在渐进学习中，我们经常快速从一个主题切换到另一个主题。这种中断可能在一个学习日内多次发生。当人们初次了解这种渐进式方法时，会立即提出疑问： “为什么要中断？人类努力的核心原则不正是要彻底、坚持并善始善终吗？”

学习中中断的三大主要优势是：

提升记忆：间隔学习早已被证明比时间上集中的聚合学习效率显著更高
优化学习选择/优先级：除非学习材料由上级权威预先选定，否则学生自主选择需要优先级排序，这又需要预览。预览就是一种中断形式。定期中断允许动态调整优先级
提升注意力：每当注意力下降时，除了明确暂停学习外，最简单的补救办法就是切换学习主题

至于缺点……根本不存在！简而言之：中断是可选的！ 诚然，渐进式学习可能导致“学习不耐”和“渴望中断”，但这些从未被证明会产生不良影响，除了表明一旦采用渐进式学习，你可能再也不愿回到传统的“一次性啃完一本书”的学习方式。不过别忘了，学校教育也是渐进式的，只是节奏稍缓。当孩子们从地理课转到物理课，或合上书本结束一天学习时，学校就在运用中断策略。

一旦掌握渐进式学习的艺术，其优势远超简单的中断策略或间隔重复。以下是简要清单（详细讨论参见：渐进式学习的优势）。

海量学习 —— 你能掌握远超自己想象的知识量
95%的知识保留率 —— 几乎消除了遗忘问题
终身记忆 —— 只要坚持基于间隔重复的定期复习计划，你的记忆将伴随一生
全面学习各领域知识（而非像学校教育般仅专注于 2-4 个主修方向）
通过适度消化细节内容并轻松整合解释性材料（如来自词典或百科全书），有助于更好地理解所学主题
通过渐进式学习、间断学习、间隔安排以及新知识的穿插整合，更好地巩固知识结构。与普遍认知相反，渐进式学习有助于你在脑海中保持全局视野
通过每次专注于单一问题且不遗漏任何细节，以及通过不断更换学习材料来弥补注意力缺陷，从而获得更好的注意力
创造力 —— 通过以不可预测的顺序接触不同主题，你的创造力将大幅提升。例如，你可以将其应用于渐进式问题解决或[渐进式写作过程][https://help.supermemo.org/wiki/Incremental_learning#Incremental_writing]（本文就是使用 SuperMemo 中的渐进式写作工具完成的）
对抗混乱 —— 在 SuperMemo 中更容易解决矛盾，例如处理含有矛盾主张和发现的新研究时。不同于”现实生活”中记忆会让你在矛盾间摇摆不定，SuperMemo 不容忍信息差异。矛盾材料会逐渐趋同，直到你意识到需要决定真相的本质
所有知识都得到良好优先排序
所有知识都易于检索
所有知识皆可量化（规模、记忆保留度、工作量等）
无压力学习 —— 没有什么比确信不会遗漏任何细节更能解放思维，让你能专注于单一问题，同时将其他问题留待后续处理，从而高效学习
乐趣 —— 一旦掌握了渐进学习，它真的可以成为你一天中最美好的时光，几乎没有其他世俗的快乐能像获取有用的新知识那样带给你如此多的满足感

简而言之，通过渐进学习，你学得更快，获取海量知识，记忆终身保留，几乎记住所有学过的内容，更好地理解事物，全方位协调发展，增强创造力，同时还能享受难以置信的乐趣！如果这听起来好得不像真的，请继续阅读下文或亲自尝试一下。详细解释请参阅：渐进学习的优势。

1.4 干扰不是问题

在学习中，选择正确的学习资源是成功的第一步。一篇写得很好的文章会从第一段甚至第一句话就让你抓住基本概念。渐进阅读最适合以超文本或百科全书式风格撰写的文章。理想情况下，你读到的每个句子都对知识有所贡献，而不是脱离后续句子就毫无用处。

假设你想了解一些关于 Gamal Abdel Nasser 的知识。例如，你会将维基百科上关于Nasser的一篇文章导入到 SuperMemo 中。在第一句话中，你会发现”Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918 - 1970) was the second President of Egypt“。如果你对Nasser还不熟悉，可能只需知道他是埃及总统就满足了，然后可以放心地去阅读其他文章。这样，你可以推迟了解Nasser的历史角色，节省一些时间去了解其他内容，比如Shimon Peres是谁。当你第二次看到Nasser的文章时，可能会发现”He was followed by after President Muhammad Naguib and can be considered one of the most important Arab leaders in history“。这部分知识也是独立的，你可以耐心等待第三次接触Nasser的机会。当你下次再回来时，可能会认为关于Nasser的另一部分内容优先级较低：”Nasser was born in Alexandria“。你可以将这部分内容的复习安排在 2-3 年后。也许那时你对Nasser或Alexandria的兴趣会增加，使这部分知识变得相关。若不需要，您随时可以忽略(dismiss)或删除此类摘录(extract)。或者，您可以跳过几段，摘录(extract)更重要的句子：”In 1952, Nasser led the military coup against King Farouk I of Egypt“。即便您以数月为间隔单独阅读关于Nasser的句子，您的知识也会逐步扩展并日益巩固（尤其是当您使用填空测试(cloze deletions)时，这对于较长间隔的学习是必不可少的）。

当然，并非所有文本都如此适合渐进式阅读。例如，一篇研究论文可能会先向您抛出一堆方法细节，而将结果和结论留到最后。这种情况下，您可以先摘录(extract)摘要部分，将论文主体推迟到您认为摘要已充分消化后的某个时间段。之后，若您仍对该文章感兴趣，可以将方法部分安排到更远的未来（根据文章的结论决定是否阅读方法部分）。您可以将结果和讨论部分安排在较近的时间点，并继续阅读结论部分。

最难的文本可能不适合增量阅读。例如，一段软件代码可能需要整体分析才能揭示其有用含义。在这种情况下，当文本（此处指代码）出现在增量阅读过程中时，请对其进行分析并口头表达你的结论。然后，这些结论可以增量处理。你将根据认为重要的知识片段和易变的部分生成单独的问题。原始计算机代码仍可作为参考资料保留在你的收藏(collection)中。

在大学学习时，你会并行修读多门课程。这就是宏观版的渐进阅读。许多人喜欢频繁切换电视频道，用电视机上演一场混乱版的渐进视频(incremental video)。虽然频道切换并非推荐的学习方式，但它不会让你的大脑一片空白。另一个例子可见于那些习惯同时阅读多本小说的人。他们能并行阅读的小说数量受限于人类记忆的极限——当阅读间隔(intervals)过长导致记忆消退时，就会达到无法跟进情节的临界点。渐进阅读基于 SuperMemo 技术，从定义上就极大突破了健忘记忆的限制。在这个过程中，待处理文章数量可达数十万篇，而只要掌握基本技巧，你就不会陷入混乱。

1.5 渐进式学习的复杂性

与传统 SuperMemo 不同，渐进式学习需要相当多的经验和训练才能见效。然而，一旦你熟练掌握这种方法，你的投入将会得到数倍的回报。

渐进式学习是近三十年来发展技术的集大成者。它仍在不断完善中，目前仍相当复杂。掌握它需要数月时间培养技能，并需要制定可能需数年才能成熟的个人策略。此外，渐进式学习还要求精通专为专业用途优化的 SuperMemo 软件。因此，它对初学者并不友好。

用户抱怨 SuperMemo 的学习曲线陡峭。他们说得没错。SuperMemo 经过优化，让专业人士的生活更轻松。它让初学者的日子不好过，因为它从不为了美观或营销价值而牺牲学习效率。以优先级队列为例，几乎每个人都问为什么最有价值的文章优先级是 0%而非显而易见的 100%。他们质问：_”为什么 SuperMemo 总把事情搞得本末倒置？”_ 这话不无道理。然而，专业用户绝不会为了输入 99、98 或 97 的便利，而放弃用 1、2、3 标记最高优先级材料的方式。这些矛盾延缓了 SuperMemo 的普及，但一旦你成为专业人士，就会欣赏这种设计理念，并很可能成为终身拥趸。

2. 渐进阅读

2.1 渐进阅读简介

传统的线性阅读效率极低。这是因为文本的各个部分重要性不同：有些可以跳过，有些则应优先阅读。老式书籍正迅速被超文本取代。超文本能让你随时快速跳转到最重要的信息。超文本需要不同的写作风格——所有线性文本都默认读者熟悉前文内容，导致其语境贫乏；而超文本中的每个段落都具有语境独立性，所有专业术语和概念主要通过附加超链接进行解释。正如互联网帮助全球信息源实现去线性化那样，SuperMemo 也能帮助你对你决定导入的任何线性材料进行去线性化阅读。使用 SuperMemo 阅读时，你会看到线性文本被分解为章节、段落和单句的序列。SuperMemo 将帮助你为每个章节、段落或句子提供独立处理。

2.2 什么是渐进阅读？

The review process is handled by the proven spaced repetition algorithm known as the SuperMemo method.
渐进阅读是一种学习技巧，它使得同时阅读数千篇文章而不迷失成为可能。渐进阅读始于从电子来源（如互联网）导入文章。随后，学生提取出各篇文章中最关键的片段以供进一步复习。提取出的片段会被转化为问答形式。这些问答进而接受系统的复习与重复，以最大化长期记忆效果。复习过程由经过验证的 间隔重复算法 —— 即 SuperMemo 方法来管理。

[!note]
渐进阅读将电子文章转化为你记忆中持久的知识。 这种转化仅需最少的键盘和鼠标操作：

输入：电子文章（例如从网络收集）

输出：牢固记忆的知识（以问答形式定期进行测试）

在渐进阅读中，你以小块内容阅读文章。读完一篇文章的一部分后，接着阅读另一篇文章的部分内容，依此类推。你将所有重要的文本片段都引入 SuperMemo 的学习过程中。这样一来，即使数月后重新阅读，也不必担心遗忘文章的主线脉络。虽然单篇文章的进度可能较慢，但通过减少对次要文章的投入时间，增加对知识增益更大的文章的专注，你的学习效率将大幅提升。难度较高的文章可以暂缓，待你读完更易理解的解释性文章后再处理。最后同样重要的是，渐进阅读因其趣味性而提升效率！你永远不会感到厌倦。若不喜欢某篇文章，仅需读一句便可跳转到其他文章，从而始终保持注意力的高度集中。

注意！ 渐进阅读起初可能显得复杂。但一旦掌握，你将开启一个超越预期的学习过程。你会惊讶于大脑能处理并记忆的数据量！观看 YouTube 上的这个简单演示。

2.3 渐进阅读的五项基本技能

渐进阅读需要经过数月乃至数年实践才能臻于完善的技能。本概述仅助你掌握基础技巧，开启渐进阅读之旅。五大基本技能包括：

2.3.1 技能一：导入文章

2.3.1.1 五种文章导入方法

最初，您可以先将导入操作限制为简单的单篇文章复制粘贴。之后，您会希望掌握从网络自动导入的方法，这将带来诸多优势。

以下是 SuperMemo 中 5 种主要的文章导入方法：

**复制粘贴**：在浏览器（或其他支持文本复制的应用程序）中选择文章内容，复制到剪贴板后，通过快捷键 Ctrl+N 一键粘贴至 SuperMemo。
**批量导入**：使用专门的网页导入功能从支持的浏览器中批量导入文章。该方法可避免重复导入、自动添加引用(references)标记、仅导入选定文本段落，并提供其他多项优势。
**专用导入功能**：SuperMemo 特别便于从维基百科（推荐的基础渐进阅读材料来源）和 YouTube（渐进视频材料来源）导入内容
**本地文件导入**：导入您已收集在硬盘上的文件
**邮件导入**：用于对邮件进行渐进式处理

2.3.1.1.1 通过复制粘贴导入

要通过复制粘贴导入文章，请按照以下步骤操作：

在网页浏览器中选中要导入的文本，并将其复制到剪贴板（例如使用 _Ctrl+C_）
切换到 SuperMemo（例如使用 _Alt+Tab_）
在 SuperMemo 中，按下 _Ctrl+N_（这相当于主菜单上的 编辑(Edit)：添加新文章(Add a new article) ）。SuperMemo 将创建一个新元素(element)，并粘贴文章。你也可以使用阅读(Read) 工具栏上的 粘贴文章(Paste an article) 按钮（）。
可选操作：使用 Alt+P 为导入的文章设置优先级(priority)。在百分比(Percent)字段中输入数值，请注意 0% 表示最高优先级(priority)，而 100% 表示最低优先级(priority)
可选操作：使用 Ctrl+J 指定首次复习间隔(interval)。例如：高优先级材料设为 1 天，低优先级材料设为 30 天

请注意，如果您在 Internet Explorer 中打开了多篇文章，可以按照下一节介绍的网页导入(web import)方法最便捷地进行导入

2.3.1.1.2 多篇文章批量导入

将学习材料导入 SuperMemo 最便捷的方式是直接从网页批量导入多个页面。要同时导入多个页面，(1) 在网页浏览器中打开它们，(2) 点击学习栏(learnbar)上的导入(Import)按钮（或按 _Shift+F8_，或在主菜单中选择 **编辑(Edit)：网页导入(Web import)**）。为避免导入广告等无用内容，可在浏览器中先选中需要导入的文本部分，或选择解析(Parse)选项。若在导入前选中文本，通常无需使用 HTML 过滤器（按 F6 可对导入文章进行过滤）来清除干扰内容。若您的浏览器不受支持，需改用复制粘贴方式，或在支持的浏览器（如 Microsoft Edge）中重新打开选定文章。

关于从网页导入材料的更多详情，请参阅：网页导入

2.3.1.1.3 专项内容导入（维基百科、YouTube 及图片）

最常用的学习材料来源是维基百科（用于渐进阅读）和 YouTube（用于渐进视频）。您可以通过网页导入(Web import)对话框顶部的”来源(Sources)”工具栏选项快速选择这些来源（及其他来源）。此外，专用过滤器能最佳优化导入页面，便于学习。

图：从维基百科导入一篇关于温室效应的文章后（例如使用 **编辑(Edit)：网页导入(Web import)**（Shift+F8）），其全文存储在一个单独的主题(topic)中。

如需导入图片，您还可以使用图片快速选择按钮，该功能将忽略支持浏览器中打开的所有非图片页面。在导入网页时（通过 Shift+F8 快捷键），点击 Web import 对话框中的 来源：图片 选项。

更多详情请参阅：**网页导入**

2.3.1.1.3 从本地文件导入文章

若需从本地驱动器中的文件导入文章，可采用以下方法：

将 Internet Explorer 中的单篇文章导入为新元素(element)
1. 在 Internet Explorer 中打开本地文章
2. 采用与从网页导入文章相同的方式导入（例如通过复制粘贴导入或批量导入文章）
将单篇文章导入现有 HTML 组件
1. 在 HTML 组件菜单中选择 文件(File)：导入文件
多篇文章（存储在同一文件夹中）
1. 使用 文件(File)：导入(Import)：文件和文件夹
2. 指向包含文章的文件夹（确保该文件夹及其子文件夹中没有存储其他文件，否则它们也会被导入到 SuperMemo 中）

2.3.2 技能 2：阅读文章

以下是阅读文章的简化算法：

选择文章：按照前述方法导入文章，或使用 学习(Learn) 功能（Ctrl+L_）调出之前导入的文章。 学习(Learn) 功能仅显示过去导入的文章。如果您导入了一篇文章，并希望在同一天的学习会话中显示它，必须将其放入待处理队列（例如通过元素菜单(element menu)中的 Learning : Later today ，_Ctrl+Shift+J 等）。如果要导入多篇计划当天处理的文章，需全部加入待处理队列。例如，在浏览器中打开文章后选择 Learning : Add all to outstanding （或使用浏览器工具栏上的添加到待处理(Add to outstanding)图标）。大多数情况下，您可以仅依赖 学习(Learn) 功能来优化安排复习时间。
点击文章 进入编辑模式(editing mode)，在此模式下您可以修改文本、选择片段等。若文本处理困难（如选择困难、摘录(extracts)不正确等），可选用筛选器（_F6_）辅助操作。
从文章顶部或上次阅读点(read point)开始阅读
提取文本：如果在文章中遇到感兴趣的文本，选中它并在学习栏(learnbar) 上选择“记住提取 **Remember extract**”（或按 _Alt+X_）。此操作会将提取的片段作为独立的小文章引入学习过程。如果想指定新摘录(extracts)的优先级(priority)，请选择 Reading : Schedule extract（）而非 Remember extract 。此外，如果觉得文章难度较高，希望稍后阅读某些片段，可以用 Reading : Schedule extract 来提取这些片段，并设置一个复习间隔 interval，以反映你认为自己能够更好理解该片段的时间。
可选操作：使用 Delete before cursor（_Alt+\_）。这将删除已读文本，清理文章，去除无用信息，并帮助处理难以解析的 HTML 内容。
可选地，如果您读到一段似乎不重要的内容，选中它（例如用鼠标）并删除（例如使用 Del 键）或用忽略样式标记。要将文本标记为忽略，在组件菜单中选择 Reading : Ignore ，点击Read 工具栏上的 Ignore text 按钮（），或直接按 _Ctrl+Shift+I_。
Optionally, if the selected fragment does not include all the important reading context, you can add this context manually. For example, if you are learning history, you may extract the following fragment from an article about Lincoln: On Sept. 22, 1862, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, one of the most important messages in the history of the world. He signed it Jan. 1, 1863. If you would like to extract the fragment related to signing the Emancipation Proclamation, you will need to change He to Lincoln and it to Emancipation Proclamation so that your stand-alone fragment is understandable: Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863. You can use the Reference options on the component menu to easily add context to your extracts (see: References). Context added by Reference will be added automatically to all extracts of a given article. For example, select the text that you want to serve as the reference title of all extracts and choose Reference : Title on the HTML component menu (or press Alt+T). This text will appear at the bottom of all extracts (in reference pink font by default).
可选地，如果所选片段未包含所有重要的阅读上下文，您可以手动添加此上下文。例如，如果您正在学习历史，可以从一篇关于林肯的文章中提取以下片段：1862 年 9 月 22 日，林肯总统发布了《解放宣言》，这是世界历史上最重要的文件之一。他于 1863 年 1 月 1 日签署了该文件。若想提取与签署《解放宣言》相关的片段，您需要将“他”改为“林肯”，将“该文件”改为“《解放宣言》”，以使独立片段易于理解：林肯于 1863 年 1 月 1 日签署了《解放宣言》。您可以使用组件菜单中的“参考”选项轻松为提取内容添加上下文（参见：参考资料）。通过“参考”添加的上下文将自动添加到给定文章的所有提取内容中。例如，选择您希望作为所有提取内容参考标题的文本，并在 HTML 组件菜单中选择“参考 : 标题”（或按 Alt+T）。该文本将显示在所有提取内容的底部（默认以参考粉色字体显示）。
Optionally, mark your last read point: Once you decide to stop reading the article before its end, mark the last processed fragment as the read-point (e.g. with Ctrl+F7 or by choosing Reading : Read-points : Set read-point from the HTML component menu). Next time you come back to this same article, SuperMemo will highlight your read-point and you will be able to resume reading from the point you last stopped reading the article. To go to your current read point, press Alt+F7. If you forget to set a read-point, SuperMemo will leave a read-point at the place of your last extract or last highlight.
可选标记最后阅读位置：若您在文章结束前决定停止阅读，可将最后处理的片段设为阅读点（如使用 Ctrl+F7 或通过 HTML 组件菜单选择阅读：阅读点：设置阅读点）。下次回到该文章时，SuperMemo 会高亮显示您的阅读点，您可以从上次停止的位置继续阅读。要跳转到当前阅读点，请按 Alt+F7。如果忘记设置阅读点，SuperMemo 会在您最后一次提取或高亮的位置自动留下阅读点。
Go to the next article: After you finish reading a portion of one article, choose Learn or Next repetition to proceed with reading other articles. Those buttons are located at the bottom of the element window. You can also use Enter, which will work as long as the selection in the text is not empty (e.g. marked as a reading point), or if you have left the editing mode (e.g. with Esc). If no text is selected, Enter will add a new line in the text (as is the case with standard text editors).
跳转至下一篇文章：当您完成某篇文章的部分阅读后，选择”学习”或”下一重复”按钮可继续阅读其他文章。这些按钮位于元素窗口底部。您也可以使用 Enter 键（只要文本选区非空，例如标记为阅读点），或已退出编辑模式（如按 Esc 键）。若未选中文本，Enter 键会像标准文本编辑器一样添加新行。
Optionally, determine the next review date (e.g. with Ctrl+Shift+R), or set the new priority for the article (e.g. with Alt+P).
可选地，确定下一次复习日期（例如使用 Ctrl+Shift+R），或为文章设置新的优先级（例如使用 Alt+P）。
In incremental reading, interrupted reading is a rule, not an exception! With a dose of practice, you will quickly get accustomed to this not-so-natural state of affairs and learn to appreciate the power of the incremental approach. The main role of interruption is to prevent the decline in the quality of reading. Use the following criteria to decide when to stop reading the article:
在渐进阅读中，中断阅读是规则而非例外！经过一段时间的实践，你会迅速适应这种非自然状态，并学会欣赏渐进式方法的强大之处。中断的主要作用是防止阅读质量下降。使用以下标准来决定何时停止阅读文章：
- lack of time: if you still have many articles for review for a given day and your time is running out, keep your increments shorter. After some time, being in a hurry will be a norm and you will tend to read only 1-2 paragraphs of each article and dig deeper only into groundbreaking articles that will powerfully affect your knowledge.
  时间不足：如果当天仍有大量待复习文章且时间紧迫，请保持较短的阅读增量。一段时间后，匆忙将成为常态，你会倾向于每篇文章只读 1-2 段，仅对那些能深刻影响你知识体系的突破性文章进行深入研读。
- boredom: if the article tends to make you bored, stop reading. Your attention span is always limited. If your focus is poor, you will benefit more from the article if you return to it after some break. Go on to reading something that you are not yet tired of. If SuperMemo schedules the next review at a date you consider too late, use Ctrl+J or Shift+Ctrl+R to adjust the next review date.
  无聊：如果文章让你感到无聊，就停止阅读。你的注意力持续时间总是有限的。如果你的专注力不佳，休息一段时间后再回来阅读文章会更有益处。继续阅读那些你尚未厌倦的内容。如果 SuperMemo 安排的复习日期你认为太晚，可以使用 Ctrl+J 或 Shift+Ctrl+R 来调整下一次复习日期。
- lack of understanding: if you feel you need more knowledge before you are able to understand the article, postpone it (e.g. use Ctrl+J or Shift+Ctrl+R and schedule the next review in 100 days or so). If you believe you have already imported articles with relevant explanatory knowledge, you can search for these articles (e.g. with Ctrl+F). Once you find them, you can (1) execute a subset review, or (2) add the articles to the outstanding queue for reading on the same day, or (3) advance the articles (for example, in the browser, you can execute: Learning : Review all, or Learning : Add to outstanding, or Advance : Topics). If you have not yet imported any explanatory articles, you can do it now (e.g. search the web and import articles as explained before). Note that you can select a piece of text in SuperMemo and use Ctrl+F3 to search encyclopedias or dictionaries for more material on a given subject.
  理解不足：若感觉在理解文章前需要更多知识，可暂缓阅读（例如使用 Ctrl+J 或 Shift+Ctrl+R 将下次复习安排在 100 天后等）。若认为已导入相关解释性知识的文章，可搜索这些文章（如用 Ctrl+F）。找到后，可以（1）执行子集复习，（2）将文章加入当日待读队列，或（3）提前处理文章（例如在浏览器中执行：学习>全部复习，或学习>加入待读，或提前>主题）。若尚未导入解释性文章，可立即操作（如搜索网络并按前述方法导入文章）。注意：在 SuperMemo 中选中文本后，可用 Ctrl+F3 搜索百科全书或词典获取该主题更多资料。
- lower priority: read lower priority articles in smaller portions thus reducing the overall time allocation to low priority subjects.
  优先级较低：以更小篇幅阅读低优先级文章，从而减少对低优先级主题的整体时间分配。
- overload: if you have a long queue of articles to read, you will naturally read in smaller portions
  超负荷：若待读文章队列较长，自然会以更小篇幅进行阅读。
Once you complete reading the entire article and have extracted all the interesting fragments, choose Done! () on the learnbar. You can also press Shift+Ctrl+Enter, choose Done! in the Commander, or choose Learning : Done on the element menu. Done! will dismiss the article and delete its contents (without deleting the extracted material). Done will delete a childless article (i.e. an article that did not provide any interesting extract). Using Done will greatly reduce the size of your collection and eliminate “dead hits” when searching for texts.
当你阅读完整篇文章并提取了所有有趣的片段后，在 learnbar 上选择 Done!（）。你也可以按 Shift+Ctrl+Enter，在 Commander 中选择 Done!，或在元素菜单中选择 Learning : Done。Done!将关闭文章并删除其内容（不删除提取的材料）。Done 会删除没有子项的（即未提供任何有趣提取的）文章。使用 Done 将大大减小你的集合大小，并在搜索文本时消除“无效命中”。

Figure: The Read toolbar at the bottom of the element window. It features options used in incremental reading
图：元素窗口底部的阅读工具栏。它包含了增量阅读中使用的选项

2.3.3 技能 3：提取片段、问题与答案

2.3.3.1 提取文本

In the course of traditional reading, we often mark important paragraphs with a highlighter pen. In SuperMemo, those paragraphs can be extracted as separate mini-articles that will later be used to refresh your memory. Each extracted paragraph or section becomes a new element that will be subject to the same reading algorithm as the original article. Extract important fragments and single sentences with Extract (). You can use Alt+X, Extract on the learnbar, or Reading : Remember extract on the component menu.
在传统阅读过程中，我们常用荧光笔标记重要段落。在 SuperMemo 中，这些段落可被提取为独立的迷你文章，用于后续记忆复习。每个被提取的段落或章节会成为新元素，并适用与原文章相同的阅读算法。使用提取功能（ SuperMemo: Extract button on the learnbar in the element window ）摘取重要片段或单句。您可通过快捷键 Alt+X、学习栏上的”Extract”按钮，或组件菜单中的”Reading : Remember extract”选项进行操作。

2.3.3.2 添加参考文献

In incremental reading, you always need to quickly recover the context of a question or a piece of text. The easiest way to recover context quickly is via references. References propagate from element to element as you produce extracts and cloze deletions. With all child elements produced from a given text marked with references, you would never need to worry about losing the context of the question. When you import from the web, references are added automatically. You can also define them manually field by field. Exemplary references are shown in pink in the picture below. For details see: References.
在渐进阅读中，你总是需要快速恢复问题或文本片段的上下文。通过引用是最快捷的恢复上下文方式。当你生成摘录和填空删除时，引用会从一个元素传播到另一个元素。所有从给定文本生成的子元素若带有引用标记，你就无需担心丢失问题的上下文。从网页导入时，引用会自动添加。你也可以逐字段手动定义它们。示例引用在下图中以粉色显示。详情请参阅：References。

Figure: Typical snapshot of incremental reading. While learning about the greenhouse effect, the student extracts the fragment saying that “In the absence of the greenhouse effect and an atmosphere, the Earth’s average surface temperature of 14 °C (57 °F) could be as low as -18 °C (-0.4 °F), the black body temperature of the Earth.”. The extracted fragment will inherit illustrations placed on the right, as well as article references. The student can move on to reading another article by pressing Enter. The picture on the right is stored locally in the image registry (on the user’s hard disk) and can be reused to illustrate other articles or questions.
图：渐进阅读的典型示例。在学习温室效应时，学生摘录了这样一段内容：“如果没有温室效应和大气层，地球表面平均温度 14°C（57°F）可能会低至-18°C（-0.4°F），即地球的黑体温度。”摘录的片段将继承右侧放置的插图以及文章参考文献。学生可以通过按 Enter 键继续阅读另一篇文章。右侧图片存储在本地图像注册表（用户硬盘中），可用于其他文章或问题的插图复用。

2.3.3.3 填空：生成问题

SuperMemo will show you that extracting important fragments and reviewing them at later time will have an excellent impact on your ability to remember. However, it will also show that once the time between reviews increases beyond 200-300 days, reading and re-reading (passive review) will often result in insufficient recall. For this reason, sooner or later, you will need to convert your texts to specific questions. For that purpose you will use cloze deletion.
SuperMemo 会向你展示，提取重要片段并在后续时间复习，将对你的记忆能力产生极佳的影响。然而，它也会表明，一旦复习间隔超过 200-300 天，单纯阅读和重读（被动复习）往往会导致回忆效果不佳。因此，迟早你需要将文本转化为具体的问题。为此，你将使用填空式删除法。

A cloze deletion is an item that uses an ellipsis ([…]) to replace a part of a sentence.
填空式删除是一种使用省略号（[…]）替换句子某部分的项目。

For example: 例如：

_Question: The capital of Sierra Leone is […]
问题：塞拉利昂的首都是[…]
_Answer: Freetown 答案：弗里敦

In incremental reading, cloze deletions are generated from topics that have a form of a sentence or a simple paragraph.
在渐进阅读中，填空式删除是从具有句子或简单段落形式的主题生成的。

To create a cloze deletion do the following:
创建填空式删除的步骤如下：

make sure a topic contains a short sentence only (e.g. The capital of Sierra Leone is Freetown)
确保主题仅包含简短句子（例如：塞拉利昂的首都是弗里敦）
select an important keyword in that sentence (e.g. Freetown)
在该句子中选择一个重要的关键词（例如：弗里敦）
do one of the following:
执行以下操作之一：
- click the Cloze button () on the Read toolbar, or
  点击阅读工具栏上的完形填空按钮（），或
- press Alt+Z, or 按 Alt+Z，或
- choose Reading : Remember cloze from the HTML component menu.
  在 HTML 组件菜单中选择“阅读：记忆填空”。

Remember cloze will convert a sentence into a specific question with an answer. By using cloze, you will move from passive review to active recall. You do not need to wait until a paragraph or a sentence becomes hard to recall in passive review. For your most important material, you can create cloze items immediately after finding a piece of information that you need to remember well.
记忆填空功能会将句子转化为特定问题及答案。通过使用填空，你将从被动复习转向主动回忆。无需等到段落或句子在被动复习中难以回想时才行动。对于最重要的材料，你可以在发现需要牢记的信息后立即创建填空项。

The examples below show how to effectively use Remember cloze.
以下示例展示了如何高效使用记忆填空功能。

Figure: Two numbers from the extracted sentence are used as keywords for generating questions and answers (temperatures of 14 °C and -18 °C)
图：从提取的句子中选取两个数字作为生成问题和答案的关键词（温度为 14°C 和-18°C）

Figure: The sentence extracted during incremental reading (see the previous picture) is converted into a cloze deletion. (i.e. a question-answer pair forming the final product of incremental reading used in strengthening the memory of a given fact (here: hypothetical temperature on Earth devoid of atmosphere)). The picture from the original extract has been inherited (on the right). Pink texts at the bottom of the question are references generated automatically when importing an article from Wikipedia.
图示：在渐进阅读过程中提取的句子（见前图）被转换为完形填空题目（即一个问答对，构成渐进阅读的最终成果，用于强化特定事实的记忆（此处示例：假设地球无大气层时的温度））。原提取内容中的图片被继承显示在右侧。问题底部粉色文字是从维基百科导入文章时自动生成的参考文献。

When you click Cloze, you will not see your newly generated cloze. Only the selected keyword will change the color. This will speed up your work. However, if you would like to immediately edit the newly created cloze deletion, choose the Back button () on the navigation bar or press Alt+Left arrow. This will make it possible to add context clues, shorten the text, improve the wording, etc.
点击”完形填空”时，您不会立即看到新生成的填空题目。仅所选关键词会变色显示，这将提高您的工作效率。但若需立即编辑新建的完形填空题目，请点击导航栏的返回按钮（ Back enables you to go back to the most recently visited element ）或按 Alt+左箭头键。此操作可让您添加上下文线索、缩短文本、优化措辞等。

2.3.3.4 简化问题

While converting extracts into questions and answers, you should make sure your questions are simple, clear and carrying the relevant context. For example, if you have extracted the following fragment from your reading about the history of the Internet:
将摘录内容转换为问答形式时，应确保问题简洁明了且包含相关上下文。例如，若您从关于互联网历史的阅读材料中提取了以下片段：

The Internet was started in 1969 under a contract let by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah)
互联网始于 1969 年，由美国高级研究计划署（ARPA）签订合同启动，连接了美国西南部四所主要大学的计算机（加州大学洛杉矶分校、斯坦福研究所、加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校和犹他大学）

you may discover that when review intervals become long enough, you may not actually be able to recall the name of the ARPA agency or even forget the year in which the Internet started. You can then select an important keyword, e.g. 1969, and use Remember cloze to produce the following question-answer pair:
你可能会发现，当复习间隔变得足够长时，你可能实际上无法回忆起 ARPA 机构的名称，甚至忘记互联网开始的年份。这时你可以选择一个关键词，例如 1969 年，并使用 Remember cloze 功能生成以下问答对：

_Question: The Internet was started in […] under a contract let by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah)
问题：互联网始于[…]，由美国高级研究计划署（ARPA）签订合同启动，连接了美国西南部四所主要大学的计算机（加州大学洛杉矶分校、斯坦福研究所、加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校和犹他大学）
_Answer: 1969 答案：1969 年

In the course of learning, you will need to polish the above item by manual editing it to a more compact and understandable form:
在学习过程中，你需要通过手动编辑将上述条目打磨成更简洁易懂的形式：

_Question: The Internet was started in … under a contract let by the ARPA agency
问题：互联网始于…，由 ARPA 机构签订合同启动
_Answer: 1969 答案：1969 年

Or better yet: 或者更好的表述是：

_Question: The Internet was started in …
问题：互联网始于[…]（年份）
_

Answer: 1969 答案：1969 年

As for the precious information “lost” during the editing, it can (but does not have to) be learned independently with separate questions generated by Remember cloze.
至于编辑过程中“丢失”的珍贵信息，可以通过 Remember 填空功能生成独立问题来学习（但并非必须）。

The mini-editing of questions presented above added the following benefits to the newly created question-answer pair:
上述对问题的微编辑为新建的问答对带来了以下优势：

clearer purpose of the question: the fact that the question is about the year in which the Internet began is emphasized by using the red-colored (year) hint.
问题的目的更加明确：通过使用红色标注的（年份）提示，强调了该问题关注的是互联网开始年份。
brevity: by removing superfluous information, you will not waste time on information that is not likely to be remembered (only actively recalled material will be remembered for years). You will answer the question and never focus on which universities were originally connected by the early Internet. If you believe this information is also important, you will use the original extract to produce more cloze items that will focus solely on the universities in question by naming them in the answer field (if you disagree, read: 20 rules of formulating knowledge).
简洁性：通过去除冗余信息，避免在不太可能被记住的内容上浪费时间（只有主动回忆的材料才能被记住多年）。你将回答问题，而不会关注早期互联网最初连接了哪些大学。如果你认为这些信息也很重要，可以使用原始摘录制作更多填空题，通过在答案字段中直接命名相关大学来聚焦这一信息（如有异议，请阅读：20 条知识表述规则）。
understandability: “the ARPA agency” phrase may defy grammar rules you have learned in primary school, but it is by far more understandable than just the ARPA. In SuperMemo, understandability is more important than stiff rules of grammar or spelling!
可理解性：”the ARPA agency”这一短语可能违背了你在小学学到的语法规则，但它远比仅用”ARPA”更容易理解。在 SuperMemo 中，可理解性比僵化的语法或拼写规则更重要！

2.3.4 技能 4：重复与复习

SuperMemo is based on repetition. You will review the learned material from time to time to make sure you prevent forgetting.
SuperMemo 基于重复学习。你需要定期复习已学材料，以确保防止遗忘。

If you have never tried SuperMemo before, you will need to get the hang of standard repetitions as described here.
如果您从未尝试过 SuperMemo，您需要先掌握此处描述的标准复习方法。

In incremental reading, your review will be based on similar principles as in classical SuperMemo. The main differences are:
在渐进阅读中，你的复习将基于与经典 SuperMemo 相似的原则。主要区别在于：

the learning process will intermingle reading of new articles with reviewing your items
学习过程会穿插阅读新文章与复习已有条目
your items will mostly have a form of cloze deletions, i.e. sentences with a question posed by a missing part […] (e.g. The planet nearest the Sun is […])
你的条目大多会以填空形式呈现，即通过缺失部分提问的句子[…]（例如：离太阳最近的行星是[…]）
as the entire learning process is incremental, your cloze deletions will often show up in an unfinished form
由于整个学习过程是渐进式的，你的填空条目常会以未完成的形式出现

Incrementally processed articles will be subject to periodic review/reading. When you resume reading an article after a certain period, you will proceed to new sections, extracting newly acquired wisdom into separate elements with Alt+X (i.e. Remember extract). Usually, you will delete the remnants of the processed article with Delete before cursor (_Alt+_).
增量处理的文章将定期进行复习/阅读。当你在一段时间后恢复阅读某篇文章时，会继续阅读新章节，并通过 Alt+X（即“记住提取”）将新获得的知识提取为独立元素。通常，在处理完文章后，你会使用“删除光标前内容”（Alt+\）来删除已处理文章的残余部分。

The algorithms that determine the timing of (1) repetitions of question-and-answer material and (2) reviewing reading material are analogous but not identical. Most importantly, all repetitions and article presentations happen in increasing intervals by default. In incremental reading, you will see a constant inflow of new articles into your collection. Unprocessed material will need to compete with the newly imported material. Increasing review intervals make sure that your old material fades into lower priority if not processed early. The speed of processing will depend on the availability of your time and the value of the material itself. Articles that are boring, badly written, less important for your work or growth, will receive smaller portions of your attention and may go into long review intervals before you even manage to pass a fraction of the text. That is an inevitable side effect of a voluminous flow of new information into your collection and into your memory. However, intervals and priorities can easily be adjusted. If your priorities change, you can modify the way you process important articles. At review time, you can either read the entire article without interruption, or bring it back for review in a shorter interval. You can manually change its priority (e.g. with Alt+P). You can also use search tools (e.g. Ctrl+F) to locate more articles on the subject that you feel you have neglected. You can reprioritize a bunch of articles by changing their priority. You can shorten intervals of articles, or review them all when needed (see: Subset review).
决定（1）问答材料重复时间与（2）阅读材料复习时间的算法类似但不完全相同。最重要的是，默认情况下所有重复和文章展示都以递增间隔进行。在渐进阅读中，你会不断看到新文章流入你的学习集。未处理的材料需要与新导入的材料竞争。递增的复习间隔确保旧材料若未及时处理会逐渐降低优先级。处理速度取决于你的时间可用性及材料本身的价值。那些无聊、写得糟糕、对你的工作或成长不太重要的文章，将获得较少的关注，甚至可能在你还未读完一小部分文本前就进入长期间隔复习。这是大量新信息涌入你的学习集和记忆中的必然副作用。不过，间隔和优先级可以轻松调整。若优先级发生变化，你可以修改处理重要文章的方式。在复习时，你可以选择不间断地阅读整篇文章，或者在更短的间隔内将其重新纳入复习。你可以手动更改其优先级（例如使用 Alt+P）。你也可以使用搜索工具（如 Ctrl+F）来查找你感觉已忽略的该主题更多文章。通过更改优先级，你可以对一批文章进行重新排序。你可以缩短文章的复习间隔，或在需要时全部复习（参见：子集复习）。

The algorithm for reviewing questions and answers (e.g. cloze deletions) is quite complex and limits your influence on the timing of repetitions (see: SuperMemo Algorithm). This is to ensure that you achieve a high level of knowledge retention, which might be compromised by manual intervention. However, the algorithm for determining inter-review intervals for topics is much simpler and is entirely under your control. Each article receives a specific priority. The priority determines which articles are reviewed first and which can be postponed in case you run out of time. Each article is also assigned a number called the A-Factor that determines how much intervals increase between subsequent reviews. For example, if A-Factor is 2, review intervals will double with each review. Priority and A-Factors are set automatically, but you can change them manually at any time. Priorities and A-Factors are determined and modified heuristically on the basis of the length of the text, the way it is processed, the way it is postponed or advanced, and by many other factors. You can change the priority and A-Factor of an article by pressing Alt+P. You can also use Shift+Ctrl+Up arrow and Shift+Ctrl+Down arrow to increase or decrease an element‘s priority. Note that A-Factors associated with items cannot be changed by the user, as they are a reflection of item difficulty that determines the length of optimum inter-repetition intervals (see: Forgetting index).
问题和答案（如填空）的复习算法相当复杂，限制了用户对重复时间安排的影响（参见：SuperMemo 算法）。这是为了确保用户能达到较高的知识保留率，而手动干预可能会影响这一效果。然而，用于确定主题复习间隔的算法则简单得多，且完全由用户掌控。每篇文章都有一个特定的优先级，优先级决定了哪些文章会优先复习，哪些在时间不足时可以推迟。每篇文章还会被分配一个称为 A-Factor 的数值，该数值决定了后续复习间隔的增加幅度。例如，如果 A-Factor 为 2，则每次复习后的间隔时间会翻倍。优先级和 A-Factor 是自动设置的，但用户可以随时手动修改。优先级和 A-Factor 的确定及调整基于文本长度、处理方式、推迟或提前操作等多种因素启发式地进行。用户可通过按 Alt+P 来修改文章的优先级和 A-Factor。你也可以使用 Shift+Ctrl+上箭头和 Shift+Ctrl+下箭头来增加或减少元素的优先级。请注意，与项目关联的 A-Factor 不能由用户更改，因为它们反映了项目难度，决定了最佳复习间隔的长度（参见：遗忘指数）。

You can control the timing of article review by manually adjusting inter-review intervals. Use Ctrl+J (Reschedule) or Shift+Ctrl+R (Execute repetition) to determine the date of the next review. Ctrl+J will increment the current interval, while Shift+Ctrl+R will first execute a repetition and then set the new interval. For example, if your current interval is 100 and you specify the value of 3 in Reschedule, your new repetition date will be set in 3 days, and the last repetition date will not change (the new interval will be 103). If you do the same with Execute repetition, your new interval will be 3 and the last repetition date will be set to today. In other words, Reschedule increments the interval (it can also shorten intervals), while Execute repetition sets the length of the interval (while leaving a trace of a repetition executed in the learning process). Note that Reschedule (Ctrl+J) executed at Next repetition stage will first complete the repetition and will have the same effect as Execute repetition (Shift+Ctrl+R). To delay a repetition during learning, use any of the earlier stages of the repetition cycle.
你可以通过手动调整复习间隔来控制文章的复习时间。使用 Ctrl+J（重新安排）或 Shift+Ctrl+R（执行复习）来确定下一次复习的日期。Ctrl+J 会增加当前间隔，而 Shift+Ctrl+R 会先执行一次复习，然后设置新的间隔。例如，如果你的当前间隔是 100 天，在重新安排时指定值为 3，那么新的复习日期将被设定在 3 天后，而最后一次复习日期不会改变（新的间隔将是 103 天）。如果你用执行复习做同样的操作，新的间隔将是 3 天，且最后一次复习日期会被设定为今天。换句话说，重新安排会增加间隔（也可以缩短间隔），而执行复习会设置间隔的长度（同时在学习过程中留下一次复习执行的记录）。请注意，在“下一次复习”阶段执行重新安排（Ctrl+J）会先完成复习，效果与执行复习（Shift+Ctrl+R）相同。要在学习过程中推迟复习，请使用复习周期中的任何早期阶段。

In a heavily overloaded incremental reading process, you will often want to focus on a specific subject on a given day (e.g. before an exam). For that purpose, read about the priceless tool: subset learning.
在任务过重的渐进阅读过程中，你常会需要在特定日子（如考试前）专注于某个主题。为此，请了解这个无价工具：子集学习。

2.3.4.1 总结

use the Learn button to process, learn, and review all your knowledge
使用学习按钮来处理、学习和复习你所有的知识
the review of items is handled by the SuperMemo Algorithm. Grade your items well, formulate them well, and mark them with honest priorities. SuperMemo will take care of the rest
项目的复习由 SuperMemo 算法处理。请为你的项目打好分数，妥善表述它们，并用诚实的优先级标记。SuperMemo 会负责其余的工作
review of topics/articles also occurs in increasing intervals, however, you can always manually set the next date with Execute repetition (Shift+Ctrl+R). Make sure you mark your top articles with high priority. Otherwise, they can quickly fade from view
主题/文章的复习同样以递增间隔进行，但你随时可以通过执行重复（Shift+Ctrl+R）手动设置下一次日期。确保将你的重要文章标记为高优先级，否则它们可能很快从视野中消失

2.3.5 技能 5：处理大量知识

In incremental reading, you may quickly import and produce more learning material than you can effectively process. To make sure that you can swiftly handle the overload, SuperMemo uses the priority queue.
在渐进阅读中，你可能会快速导入和产生比你能有效处理的更多的学习材料。为了确保你能迅速应对过载，SuperMemo 使用了优先级队列

Using Alt+P (Priority : Modify on the element menu), you can set each element‘s priority from 0% to 100%. Note that 0% corresponds with high priority!
使用 Alt+P（元素菜单中的优先级：修改），你可以将每个元素的优先级设置为 0%到 100%。请注意，0%对应的是高优先级！

By default, the outstanding repetitions will be auto-sorted from high to low priority. This way, if you fail to complete your daily load of learning, it will only be the lower priority material that will suffer. Also by default, at the beginning of your working day (i.e. at your first run of SuperMemo), your outstanding material from previous days will be be auto-postponed (again with high-priority material being least affected).
默认情况下，待复习内容会按优先级从高到低自动排序。这样一来，如果你未能完成当天的学习任务，受影响的只会是优先级较低的材料。同样默认情况下，在每个工作日开始时（即首次运行 SuperMemo 时），之前未完成的复习内容会自动延期（同样，高优先级材料受影响最小）。

Read an article about the priority queue to learn more about:
阅读关于优先级队列的文章以了解更多内容：

manual sorting of elements,
元素的手动排序,
defining sorting criteria,
定义排序标准,
turning off auto-sort and auto-postpone, and more.
关闭自动排序和自动延期功能，以及其他选项。

For more options for handling the overload, see:
有关处理学习过载的更多选项，请参阅：

the postpone dialog to postpone portions of the learning material and to define the postpone criteria
使用延期对话框来推迟部分学习内容，并定义延期标准
Mercy to spread the excess of the learning material over a period of time (or to advance the material before a vacation, etc.)
仁慈地将过多的学习材料分散到一段时间内（或在假期前提前学习材料等）
to learn more about different options, see also: Postpone, Advance and Mercy
要了解更多不同选项，另请参阅：推迟、提前和宽限

2.4 其他基本技能

2.4.1 渐进阅读中知识的演进

3 main principles will underlie the evolution of knowledge in SuperMemo:
3 个主要原则将支撑 SuperMemo 中知识的演进：

decrease in complexity - articles will be converted into sets of paragraphs. Paragraphs will be dismantled into sets of independent sentences and statements. Sentences will be shortened to maximize the information-vs-wording ratio, etc.
复杂度降低——文章将被转换为段落集合。段落将被拆解为独立句子和陈述的集合。句子将被缩短以最大化信息与措辞的比例，等等。
active recall - all pieces of information will ultimately be converted into active recall material such as question-answer pairs, cloze deletions, picture recognition tests, sound recognition tests, etc. This is to maximize your recall of knowledge
主动回忆 - 所有信息片段最终都将转化为主动回忆材料，如问答对、填空测试、图片识别测试、声音识别测试等。这是为了最大化你对知识的记忆提取。
incrementalism - all changes will take place gradually in proportion to available time, with respect to your selected material’s priority, and in line with the gradually increasing strength of memory traces. Incremental nature of learning in SuperMemo will help you get the maximum memory effect in minimum time. See: The value of interruption in learning
渐进主义 - 所有变化都将根据可用时间逐步进行，与你所选材料的优先级相称，并与记忆痕迹逐渐增强的趋势保持一致。SuperMemo 中学习的渐进性将帮助你在最短时间内获得最大的记忆效果。参见：学习中打断的价值。

2.4.2 使用图片

For additional information, mnemonic cues, and a sheer fun of learning, an article that you read incrementally in SuperMemo can be illustrated with meaningful pictures taken from its contents, or from other sources. Press Ctrl+F8 to choose one of the pictures embedded in the article.
为了获取额外信息、记忆线索及纯粹的学习乐趣，你在 SuperMemo 中渐进阅读的文章可以用其内容中或其他来源的有意义图片进行插图说明。按 Ctrl+F8 可选择文章中嵌入的某张图片。

If you happen to import from Wikipedia, SuperMemo 16 or later makes it possible to illustrate an article and all its extracts and clozes with full resolution images instead of just thumbs.
如果你从维基百科导入内容，SuperMemo 16 或更高版本可以让你用全分辨率图片而非缩略图来为文章及其所有摘录和填空项添加插图。

Figure: Download images (Ctrl+F8) makes it possible to download remote images referred to in the HTML code of an HTML component and import them into the image registry. In the picture, pictures to illustrate the Donald Trump article from Wikipedia are being downloaded. At first, images are snapped from the browser renderer as thumbs. Full size images are downloaded in parallel. 5 images of the 34 listed have already been downloaded (as indicated in the caption) while the other 2 are still being downloaded (marked with → followed by the current download progress, i.e. 27.9% and 38.2% completed). You can illustrate the element with the thumbs or you can wait until the full images are downloaded. On an average speed connection, images usually download faster than you can review them. In other words, unlike in SuperMemo 16, you usually do not need to wait for image downloads. Insert will insert the picture to illustrate the article and all its extracts and clozes (those which are ready for insertion are marked with ✔). The thumbs/pictures that have not been inserted, will be available for download in all portions of the text that include the corresponding images.
图：下载图片（Ctrl+F8）功能允许下载 HTML 组件代码中引用的远程图片，并将其导入图片注册表。图中正在下载维基百科上关于唐纳德·特朗普文章的配图。初始阶段，图片会以缩略图形式从浏览器渲染器中截取，同时全尺寸图片会并行下载。列出的 34 张图片中已有 5 张完成下载（如标题所示），另外 2 张仍在下载中（标记为→后跟当前下载进度，即 27.9%和 38.2%）。您可以使用缩略图来示意元素，也可以等待完整图片下载完毕。在平均网速下，图片下载速度通常快于您的复习速度。换言之，与 SuperMemo 16 不同，您通常无需等待图片下载完成。”插入”按钮会将图片添加到文章中，并应用于其所有摘录和填空项（可插入的项标有✔）。未插入的缩略图/图片仍可在包含对应图片的所有文本段落中继续下载。

For more, see: Visual learning
更多内容请参阅：视觉学习

2.4.3 Topics vs. Items 主题与项目

In SuperMemo you see pieces of information presented to you in 2 basic forms:
在 SuperMemo 中，信息以两种基本形式呈现给您：

topics: these are usually longer articles that you want to read
主题：通常是您想要阅读的较长文章
items: these are usually specific questions that you will need to answer
项目：这些通常是你需要回答的具体问题

Topics and items are presented in a different manner and at different times. Topics keep the knowledge you want to learn (i.e. things you want to read about), while items keep the knowledge that you want to remember (i.e. the knowledge you already posses, but might forget).
主题和项目以不同的方式和时间呈现。主题包含你想学习的知识（即你想阅读的内容），而项目则包含你想记住的知识（即你已经掌握但可能会忘记的知识）。

2.4.3.1 Topics 主题

A topic in SuperMemo is an article, its part, or a sentence that you want to learn. Topics can also have a form of a picture, a video, a piece of music, etc. Unlike items, topics do not test your knowledge. They are used in passive reading, watching, or listening only. Short text topics are used to generate cloze deletions. Topics take part in the incremental learning process. Once they are converted to items, they are often dismissed (i.e. ignored in learning) or done (i.e. deleted from the learning process altogether). Both Done! and Dismiss must be executed by the user (i.e. they are not automatic).
SuperMemo 中的主题是一篇文章、其部分或你想学习的句子。主题也可以是图片、视频、音乐片段等形式。与项目不同，主题不会测试你的知识。它们仅用于被动阅读、观看或聆听。短文本主题用于生成填空删除。主题参与渐进学习过程。一旦它们被转换为项目，通常会被忽略（即在学习中不再使用）或标记为完成（即从学习过程中完全删除）。”完成！”和”忽略”操作必须由用户手动执行（即它们不是自动的）。

2.4.3.1.1 Using topics 使用主题

Topics are marked in Contents with a green T icon (). Topics may be very long (entire articles) or very short (single sentences). This is how you work with topics:
在目录中，主题以绿色 T 图标（ A topic taking part in the learning process ）标记。主题可能非常长（整篇文章）或非常短（单个句子）。以下是处理主题的方法：

read the topic from the top
从顶部开始阅读主题
if you find some interesting information, extract it (e.g. with Alt+X); the extract will form a new independent topic; the new topic will be shorter and will be handled in the same way as all other topics
如果发现有趣的信息，可将其提取出来（例如使用 Alt+X 快捷键）；提取的内容将形成一个新的独立主题；新主题会更短，并与其他所有主题以相同方式处理
decide how far you want to go into reading the topic depending on its priority and available time (e.g. interrupt fast, if you are in a hurry, or read it all, if the topic is of top importance)
根据主题优先级和可用时间决定阅读深度（例如：若时间紧迫可快速中断，若主题至关重要则通篇阅读）
if you finish reading the topic, execute Done! (e.g. Ctrl+Shift+Enter); this will delete the topic without deleting the material that it produced
完成阅读后执行”完成！”操作（如按 Ctrl+Shift+Enter）；这将删除主题但保留其生成的学习材料
only if the topic is as short as a single sentence, create cloze deletions (e.g. with Alt+Z)
仅当主题简短如单句时，才创建填空记忆（例如使用 Alt+Z 快捷键）
return to reading the topic next time it comes for review
待下次复习时继续阅读该主题

On longer topics you read and extract, on very short topics you generate cloze deletions.
对于较长的主题，你需阅读并提炼要点；极简短的主题则生成填空式记忆卡片。

2.4.3.2 Items 项目

Item in SuperMemo is a piece of knowledge that you want to remember. It usually has a question&answer form. The main difference between an item and a topic is that an item actively tests your memory (e.g. with a question), while a topic is used for passive review only (e.g. for reading, viewing, watching, etc.).
SuperMemo 中的记忆项是你希望记住的知识片段，通常采用问答形式。记忆项与主题的主要区别在于：记忆项会主动测试你的记忆（如通过提问），而主题仅用于被动复习（如阅读、观看等）。

2.4.3.3 Concepts 概念

SuperMemo 17 introduced a new element type: concept (denoted in Contents with an orange lightbulb icon ()). Such an element represents an important idea or subject. Multiple topics and items (or even tasks) can be linked to a concept. The link associates them with the idea/subject represented by the concept. The concept-based network of links is called a concept map. It forms a skeleton for the spreading activation which underlies neural review.
SuperMemo 17 引入了一种新元素类型：概念（在内容目录中用橙色灯泡图标 SuperMemo: A concept taking part in the learning process 表示）。这类元素代表重要观点或主题，可与多个主题、记忆项（甚至任务）建立关联。这种链接将它们与概念所代表的观点/主题联系起来。基于概念的链接网络称为概念图，它构成了神经复习底层扩散激活机制的框架。

2.4.3.4 Tasks 任务

In addition to items, topics and concepts, you can also use tasks in incremental learning. Tasks are jobs sorted by Value/Time or Value/Price ratio.
除了项目、主题和概念外，你还可以在渐进学习中运用任务。任务是根据价值/时间或价值/价格比率排序的工作。

For an extensive comparison of items, topics, concepts and tasks in SuperMemo, see: Element types in SuperMemo.
关于 SuperMemo 中项目、主题、概念和任务的详细比较，请参阅：SuperMemo 中的元素类型。

2.4.4 Reading overload 阅读过载

Overload occurs when the student has more outstanding items or topics to review than (s)he can handle. Few users can sustain more than 200 item repetitions per day. When the Outstanding parameter in the Statistics window starts going above that number, overload is likely.
当学生积压的待复习项目或主题超出其处理能力时，就会发生过载。很少有用户能持续每天完成超过 200 个项目的复习。当统计窗口中的“待复习”参数超过该数值时，很可能出现过载情况。

Overload can best be handled with Auto-postpone. However, a one-time big load can be resolved efficiently with Postpone (delaying all elements), or Mercy (spreading all review in time).
处理过载的最佳方式是使用自动延期功能。不过，对于一次性的大量积压，可以通过整体推迟（延迟所有元素）或仁慈模式（将复习分散到不同时间段）来高效解决。

You can also postpone a specific topic with all its extracts using the following method:
您还可以通过以下方法推迟特定主题及其所有摘录：

Go to the topic in question
转到相关主题
Press Ctrl+Space to open the topic, its extracts, and clozes in the browser
按 Ctrl+Space 在浏览器中打开该主题及其摘录和填空内容
Choose Process browser> : Postpone on the browser menu
在浏览器菜单中选择“进程浏览器>：推迟”

Note that you may need to use Learning : Locate extracts on the element menu if you have moved portions of your learning material to other branches.
注意：如果您已将部分学习材料移至其他分支，可能需要在元素菜单中使用“学习：定位摘录”功能。

2.4.5 Auto-sort and auto-postpone 自动排序和自动推迟

As long as you prioritize your learning material well, you should make your life easier by checking the following 2 options:
只要你合理安排学习材料的优先级，勾选以下两个选项就能让学习更轻松：

Learn : Sorting : Auto-sort repetitions that results in sorting your outstanding queue by priority at the start of each day.
学习：排序：自动排序重复项，每天开始时按优先级对未完成队列进行排序。
Learn : Postpone : Auto-postpone that results in postponing outstanding repetitions of lower priority at that start of each day. It ensures you do not get overloaded, and it ensures that you minimize delays for top priority material.
学习：推迟：自动推迟功能会在每天开始时推迟优先级较低的未完成复习。这确保您不会超负荷，同时最大限度地减少对高优先级材料的延迟。

Auto-postpone always leaves a number of top-priority elements in the queue. The purpose of the postpone is to get rid of the main mass of low-priority material and focus on top-priority material. You are most likely to use Postpone after a day of learning, while Auto-postpone is executed before your learning day begins. This is why it never affects today’s material, and does not postpone top-priority material from previous days. If you have Auto-postpone checked on the menu, you will always start the day with all the repetitions scheduled for that day, and a number of unexecuted top-priority repetitions from previous days. Even though Auto-postpone increases the intervals and reduces the retention of low-priority material, it also makes you benefit from the spacing effect. Research shows that longer intervals may paradoxically increase the speed of learning (up to a certain point). This comes from the fact that the default retention in SuperMemo (around 95%) is higher than the retention that delivers the largest number of items remembered per unit of time invested.
自动推迟功能始终会在队列中保留一定数量的最高优先级项目。推迟的目的是去除大量低优先级材料，专注于最高优先级材料。你很可能在学习一天后使用推迟功能，而自动推迟则在你学习日开始前执行。这就是为什么它从不影响当天的材料，也不会推迟之前几天的高优先级材料。如果在菜单中勾选了自动推迟，你每天开始时都会处理当天安排的所有复习任务，以及一些之前几天未完成的高优先级复习。尽管自动推迟会延长间隔并降低低优先级材料的记忆保留率，但它也能让你受益于间隔效应。研究表明，更长的间隔时间可能反而会提高学习速度（在一定范围内）。这是因为 SuperMemo 默认的记忆保留率（约 95%）高于单位时间内能记住最多项目的理想保留率水平。

You can start with default settings of the sorting criteria, however, if you feel you make insufficient progress with items (e.g. high forgetting index), you can reduce the proportion of topics. If the inflow of new material is too slow, you can increase the proportion of topics. If your priorities are imperfect, increase the degree of randomization. If you think you miss too many high priority items (see: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Priority protection from the main menu), reduce the randomization. By trial and error, you will arrive at your optimum. Even after you find your optimum, keep experimenting with different randomization and topic levels. This will help you avoid various cognitive biases that develop through the routine of learning. It may also be helpful to execute random review from time to time (just to get a general feel of your overall progress).
你可以从默认的排序标准设置开始，但如果发现项目进展不足（如遗忘指数过高），可以减少主题的比例。若新材料的流入速度过慢，则可以增加主题比例。当优先级设置不够理想时，可提高随机化程度。若认为遗漏了过多高优先级项目（参见主菜单中的“工具包：统计：分析：使用：优先级保护”），则应降低随机化。通过反复试验，你将找到最佳平衡点。即便在找到最优设置后，仍需持续尝试不同的随机化程度和主题比例，这有助于避免因学习常规而产生的认知偏差。偶尔执行随机复习（仅为了感知整体进度）也可能有所裨益。

With Auto-sort and Auto-postpone, you will nearly never have to worry about material overload. Each time you start SuperMemo for the first time on a given day, it will first postpone repetitions that you failed to execute on previous days. It will use default postpone criteria which you can always modify (e.g. with Learn : Postpone : All elements). After postponing the backlog of repetitions, SuperMemo will sort today’s repetitions and those that were left outstanding by Auto-postpone. Auto-sort will use sorting criteria specified earlier with Learn : Sorting : Sorting criteria.
通过自动排序和自动延期功能，您几乎无需担心学习材料过载。每当您在某天首次启动 SuperMemo 时，系统会先推迟您之前未能完成的复习任务。它将采用默认的延期标准（您随时可通过“学习→延期→所有内容”修改）。处理完积压的待复习项后，SuperMemo 会对当天的复习任务以及自动延期遗留的项目进行排序。自动排序将使用您先前通过“学习→排序→排序标准”设定的规则。

With Auto-postpone and Auto-sort, you can always begin your day with a manageable portion of material sorted by priority. Your learning sequence will be optimized with no action on your part (i.e. no options to choose, and no keys to press).
借助自动延期和自动排序功能，您每天都能从按优先级排列的适量学习材料开始。系统会自动优化学习顺序，无需您任何操作（即无需选择选项或按键）。

2.4.5.1 Overload hints 过载提示

With or without Auto-postpone, your only sure remedy against forgetting is always the same: complete your repetitions!
无论是否启用自动延期，对抗遗忘的唯一可靠方法始终如一：完成您的复习任务！
Auto-postpone affects all days except for today. If you have low-priority topics scheduled for today, Auto-postpone will delay them only tomorrow and only if you do not review them today. This is to ensure that low-priority topics also have a chance to enter repetitions as determined by your Randomization/Prioritization balance in the sorting criteria
自动推迟功能会影响除今天之外的所有日期。如果您今天安排了低优先级主题，自动推迟仅会在明天（且仅当您今天未复习它们时）将其延迟。这是为了确保低优先级主题也有机会按照排序标准中的随机化/优先级平衡进入复习流程。
In the Postpone dialog, Skip the following number of top priority elements skips only elements that were skipped by Skip conditions on the Parameters tab. It will not protect elements from being postponed if they are not protected by the postpone criteria. Whatever the value of this parameter, you can still have all your elements postponed. You can best view it as a pro-postpone parameter that is used to force extra postpones (not an anti-postpone parameter that protects your from extra postpones). Skip here means “skip postpone protections“ not “skip postpones“
在推迟对话框中，“跳过以下数量的最高优先级元素”仅跳过那些因参数选项卡上的跳过条件而被跳过的元素。如果元素未受到推迟标准的保护，此设置不会阻止它们被推迟。无论该参数值如何，您仍可能推迟所有元素。最好将其视为一个支持推迟的参数（用于强制额外推迟），而非防止额外推迟的保护参数。此处的“跳过”意为“跳过推迟保护”，而非“跳过推迟操作”。
Simulate in Postpone can be used to tell you how well your current postpone criteria work. It ignores Skip the following number of top priority elements because this parameter needs no simulation (it will always enforce skipping the said number of elements protected from Postpone by the postpone criteria)
在推迟功能中的“模拟”可以用于评估当前推迟条件的有效性。它会忽略“跳过以下数量的高优先级项目”这一参数，因为该参数无需模拟（该设置始终会强制跳过指定数量的受推迟条件保护的项目）

2.4.6 Subset review 子集复习

Subset review is a review of a portion of the learning material (e.g. before an exam). The portion may be identified with search, by branch selection in Contents, by concept group, and other means that determine a subset of elements. The reviewed subset material may be sorted by its sequence in the knowledge tree (Contents), priority, difficulty, interval, recency, etc.
子集复习是指对学习材料中的某一部分进行复习（例如考前复习）。这部分材料可以通过搜索、内容分支选择、概念组别等方式确定，形成元素的子集。被复习的子集材料可以按知识树中的顺序（内容）、优先级、难度、间隔时间、最近学习时间等进行排序。

For more, see Subset learning
更多内容请参阅《子集学习》

2.5 Hints and tips 提示与技巧

2.5.1 Importing articles 导入文章

Importing articles from Wikipedia is easiest:
从维基百科导入文章最为简便：
- to search for Wikipedia articles press Ctrl+F3, type in some keywords, choose Wikipedia, press Enter
  搜索维基百科文章请按 Ctrl+F3，输入关键词，选择维基百科后按 Enter 键
- to search for an article on a subject you are reading about, select a portion of text and press Ctrl+F3. Choose Wikipedia as described above
  若要查找当前阅读主题的相关文章，选中部分文本并按 Ctrl+F3。如上所述选择维基百科
- to import Wikipedia articles from Internet Explorer, press Shift+Ctrl+W (Edit : Web import : Wikipedia on the main menu)
  从 Internet Explorer 导入维基百科文章，请按 Shift+Ctrl+W（主菜单中：编辑→网络导入→维基百科）
To quickly import many articles from the web, do the following:
要从网页快速导入多篇文章，请按以下步骤操作：
1. find the articles (e.g. with Google),
  找到相关文章（例如通过谷歌搜索），
2. open them in Internet Explorer,
  在 Internet Explorer 中打开它们，
3. in SuperMemo, use Shift+Ctrl+A (Edit : Web import : All from the main menu)
  在 SuperMemo 中，使用 Shift+Ctrl+A 快捷键（或从主菜单选择编辑：网页导入：全部）
To quickly search for articles on the subject you are reading about, select a portion of text, press Ctrl+F3 and choose Google
要快速搜索与当前阅读主题相关的文章，请选中部分文本后按 Ctrl+F3 并选择 Google
To type your own notes in SuperMemo use Alt+N (Edit : Add a note on the main menu)
在 SuperMemo 中输入个人笔记请使用 Alt+N（主菜单中的编辑：添加注释选项）
If you would like to store pictures locally on your hard disk (in the image registry), and make them proliferate in incremental reading (e.g. show up in all extracts even if the extracts do not include the picture, etc.), then you must import the pictures to image components using one of the following methods:
若您希望将图片本地存储在硬盘上（存入图片注册表），并在渐进阅读中实现图片扩散（例如即使摘录内容不包含该图片，也能在所有摘录中显示），则必须通过以下方法之一将图片导入至图像组件：
- to import pictures included in a single article use Ctrl+F8 (Download images on the component menu), select images and click Insert
  导入单篇文章内包含的图片时，使用 Ctrl+F8（组件菜单中的下载图像功能），选择图片后点击插入
- to import pictures from the web, use Copy on the picture in your Internet browser and then press Shift+Ins or Ctrl+V in SuperMemo to paste the picture (if the picture does not paste, press Esc a few times to get to the display mode and try Shift+Ins or Ctrl+V again)
  从网页导入图片时，先在浏览器中对图片执行复制操作，然后在 SuperMemo 中按 Shift+Ins 或 Ctrl+V 粘贴（若粘贴失败，可多次按 Esc 切换至显示模式后重试 Shift+Ins 或 Ctrl+V）
- to import many pictures from many articles in Internet Explorer, use Edit : Web import : Pictures) and choose Local images only or Page of images as the import mode
  要在 Internet Explorer 中从多篇文章批量导入图片，请使用”编辑：网页导入：图片”功能，并选择”仅本地图片”或”图片页面”作为导入模式
- to optimize the tiling of many pictures after the import, use Components : Tile components on the element menu
  导入后若需优化多张图片的平铺排列，请使用元素菜单中的”组件：平铺组件”功能
- see also: Adding pictures to SuperMemo
  另请参阅：向 SuperMemo 添加图片
Wikipedia has recently changed from PNG to MathML default in displaying mathematical formulas. To display formulas in SuperMemo, log in to Wikipedia, choose Preferences : Appearance, go to the Math section and choose PNG. Click Save to save the preferences. You will be able to illustrate your elements with PNG formulas and make them proliferate down the knowledge tree with extracts and clozes
维基百科最近在显示数学公式时，默认设置已从 PNG 格式改为 MathML 格式。若要在 SuperMemo 中显示公式，请登录维基百科，选择“偏好设置→外观”，进入数学公式部分并选择 PNG 格式。点击保存以应用偏好设置。此后您便能用 PNG 公式为知识项添加插图，并通过摘录和填空使其在知识树中向下传播。
Instead of scanning paper books and doing OCR for the sake of incremental reading, always begin with looking for electronic equivalents. In most basic areas of knowledge, there are multiple sources of learning materials available. There are fewer and fewer cases where you need to do any scanning. These days, you can even be finicky and search for HTML texts to replace your nice PDF materials (to avoid the pain of converting PDF to HTML)
进行渐进阅读时，与其扫描纸质书籍并进行 OCR 识别，不如先寻找电子版资源。在大多数基础知识领域，都有多种学习材料可供选择。真正需要扫描的情况已越来越少。如今你甚至可以挑剔地寻找 HTML 文本来替代精美的 PDF 资料（以避免 PDF 转 HTML 的繁琐过程）。
Some texts rich in pictures and tables may be handled with difficulty by SuperMemo (the older the SuperMemo, the more difficulty you may experience). It may be very useful to learn to use HTML filters (press F6). Some of the problems stem from bugs in Internet Explorer that SuperMemo employs to display and edit texts formatted in HTML. This particularly refers to older versions of Internet Explorer (e.g. IE 6.0). It is therefore highly recommended you install Internet Explorer 7 or later to make your life easier
一些包含大量图片和表格的文本可能会让 SuperMemo 处理起来比较困难（SuperMemo 版本越旧，遇到的困难可能越多）。学习使用 HTML 过滤器（按 F6 键）会非常有用。部分问题源于 SuperMemo 用于显示和编辑 HTML 格式文本的 Internet Explorer 中存在的一些错误，尤其是旧版本的 Internet Explorer（如 IE 6.0）。因此，强烈建议您安装 Internet Explorer 7 或更高版本，以便让操作更加轻松。
If you are pressed by exam deadlines and still not too fluent with incremental reading, it would make more sense to do some of your old and new learning in parallel. For example, 30% incremental reading and 70% traditional learning. You are bound to make many mistakes in strategy and the discovery process may take longer than until the exam. At the beginning you will have a big overhead cost (strategy, material selection, formulation, learning SuperMemo itself, etc.). It would not then be surprising if your performance on the exam actually dropped at your first try! You could pick a couple of chapters that you particularly enjoy and use them in your incremental learning practice. You would then process the rest of the material using your old methods. You cannot possibly embark on a massive conversion of textbooks into SuperMemo material before you get the feel of how to do it right! It can backfire and discourage the use of SuperMemo. As always, proceed carefully and incrementally
如果你正面临考试截止日期的压力，同时对渐进阅读还不够熟练，那么同时进行新旧学习内容可能会更有意义。例如，30%的渐进阅读和 70%的传统学习。在策略上你难免会犯许多错误，探索过程可能比考试时间还要长。初期你会承担较大的额外成本（策略制定、材料选择、内容编排、学习 SuperMemo 本身等）。因此，第一次尝试时考试成绩反而下降也不足为奇！你可以挑选几个特别喜欢的章节用于渐进学习实践，其余材料则沿用旧方法处理。在尚未掌握正确方法前，贸然将大量教材转换为 SuperMemo 材料是不可取的！这可能会适得其反，打击使用 SuperMemo 的积极性。一如既往，谨慎行事，循序渐进。

2.5.2 Inflow of new articles 新文章流入

SuperMemo uses 2 basic element types: topics (articles) and items (questions and answers). Those are treated differently in the review process. Topics represent what you want to know, while items hold what you know. To better understand the difference, see: Topics vs. Items
SuperMemo 采用两种基本元素类型：主题（文章）和项目（问答）。在复习过程中，这两者会被区别对待。主题代表你想了解的内容，而项目则承载你已掌握的知识。要更好地理解两者的区别，请参阅：主题与项目对比
Keep your topics/articles in check. Use your sorting criteria to make sure you get a solid dose of daily items/questions in addition to your reading. High topic overload may slow your item flow and damage the active recall process. High topic load will make SuperMemo resemble traditional reading where your retention is unacceptably low. You can decide your optimum ratio on the basis of time needed for repetitions. For example, 5:1 item:topic ratio would probably still make you spend more time on reading than on reviewing. Increase that ratio to increase your retention, reduce the ratio temporarily if you need to do a great deal of reading. If you are not sure, set items:topics to anywhere between 3:1 and 8:1. Still too hard to decide? Review 5 items for each topic in the outstanding queue.
合理控制主题/文章数量。运用排序标准确保在每日阅读之外还能获得充足的问答项目训练。过高的主题负荷会减缓项目流进度，损害主动回忆过程。主题过多会使 SuperMemo 退化为传统阅读模式，导致记忆保持率低下。你可以根据复习所需时间决定最佳比例。例如，5:1 的项目:主题比例可能仍会让你花更多时间在阅读而非复习上。提高该比例可增强记忆保持率，临时降低比例则适用于需要大量阅读的情况。若不确定，可将项目:主题比例设置在 3:1 至 8:1 之间。仍难以抉择？针对待处理队列中的每个主题复习 5 个项目。
Toolkit : Statistics : Statistics : Protection can be used to inspect your progress in processing top priority material on a given day
工具包 : 统计 : 统计 : 保护功能可用于检查你在特定日期处理最高优先级材料的进度
Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Protection can be used to inspect the degree of processing of your top priority material over time
工具包 : 统计 : 分析 : 使用 : 保护功能可用于检查你随时间推移对最高优先级材料的处理程度

2.5.3 Reading 阅读

While reading, you can display the Read toolbar in the control bar by clicking its tab (). The toolbar may be helpful before you learn to use the keyboard to access all its functions
阅读时，你可以通过点击其标签（）在控制栏中显示阅读工具栏。在学会使用键盘访问其所有功能前，该工具栏可能会有所帮助
If you do not like the large spacing between the lines when you press Enter, use Shift+Enter. Remember this trick! Many users struggle for months with line spacing only to discover this precious tip. This tricky behavior is by Internet Explorer, not by SuperMemo
如果你不喜欢按回车键时行间距过大，可以使用 Shift+回车键。记住这个技巧！许多用户为行间距问题困扰数月，直到发现这个宝贵提示。这种棘手行为是由 Internet Explorer 引起的，而非 SuperMemo。
Once you finish processing the article, use Done! () on the learnbar or Learning : Done from the element menu (e.g. with Ctrl+Shift+Enter followed by all necessary confirmations with Enter). This will clean up your learning process without affecting the work you have done (all extracts and clozes will remain in the learning process). Done! deletes (1) the article, (2) its repetition history, (3) its components, etc. However, it leaves the original empty element as a source of reference and as a holder for the derived structure of extracts and cloze deletions. Done! is executed at the moment when you believe you have completed reading and processing a given piece of text. This usually means skipping all unimportant parts and extracting all important parts of the article. You repeat Done! on all topic extracts generated from the article. You will quickly discover that keeping the original articles for reference only clutters your collection, increases its size and produces an excess of search hits. Getting rid of the original is usually the preferred action. You can always get to the original article on the net using its reference link
处理完文章后，使用学习栏上的“完成！”（）或元素菜单中的“学习：完成”（例如按 Ctrl+Shift+Enter 并随后用 Enter 确认所有必要操作）。这将清理你的学习过程而不影响已完成的工作（所有摘录和填空项仍保留在学习过程中）。“完成！”会删除（1）文章，（2）其复习历史，（3）其组件等。然而，它会保留原始的空元素作为参考来源及派生摘录与填空结构的容器。当你认为已完成某段文本的阅读和处理时即可执行“完成！”，通常意味着跳过所有不重要部分并提取文章的所有关键内容。你需要对从该文章生成的所有主题摘录重复执行“完成！”。很快你会发现，仅保留原始文章作为参考会拖累你的学习集，增加其体积并产生过多搜索结果。通常更推荐删除原文。你始终可以通过引用链接在网络上找到原始文章。
If you return to an interrupted article in the learning process, the cursor in the text is set on the last-processed text. That text selection is called a read-point. When leaving the article, you can also manually set the read-point’ at the place where you interrupted reading. Choose Ctrl+F7 to set the read-point, or click the set read-point button () on the Read toolbar
如果在学习过程中返回到中断的文章，文本中的光标会定位到最后处理过的文本处。该文本选择称为阅读点。离开文章时，您也可以手动在阅读中断处设置阅读点。按 Ctrl+F7 设置阅读点，或点击阅读工具栏上的设置阅读点按钮（）
Highlighting texts automatically sets the read-point
高亮文本会自动设置阅读点
Use Clear read-point () on the Read toolbar, or press Ctrl+Shift+F7, to remove the read-point
使用阅读工具栏上的清除阅读点（），或按 Ctrl+Shift+F7，可移除阅读点
Enter is the default key used when progressing through the learning cycle. When a read-point is selected and you press Enter, instead of inserting a new line, SuperMemo will automatically begin or resume repetitions. This will also be the case if you make any selections in the text. Enter will play its usual function only if there are no selections in the text. Although using Del and Enter instead of just Enter in these circumstances may seem cumbersome, you will quickly find this behavior indispensable in learning. If you still do not like this Enter behavior despite giving it a try, set Allow Read-Point Enter=0 in [BIN]\supermemo.ini
Enter 是默认的学习周期推进键。当选中阅读点并按下 Enter 时，SuperMemo 不会插入新行，而是自动开始或继续复习。如果您在文本中做了任何选择，也会出现这种情况。只有当文本中没有选择时，Enter 才会发挥其常规功能。尽管在这些情况下使用 Del 和 Enter 而不仅仅是 Enter 可能显得繁琐，但您很快会发现这种行为在学习中不可或缺。如果您尝试后仍不喜欢这种 Enter 行为，可在[BIN]\supermemo.ini 中设置 Allow Read-Point Enter=0
If you use Delete before cursor, you may be annoyed by lack of Undo. However, if you mistakenly delete important texts (e.g. when using After instead of Before), you can find a temporary backup of the deleted text in collection‘s [TEMP] folder (the file is named Last text portion delete with element number and delete time appended). The backup file is deleted only at Repair collection or at File : Tools : Garbage, i.e. it will not disappear if you quit the element
若使用“删除光标前内容”功能时，可能会因无法撤销而感到困扰。但若误删重要文本（例如误用“之后”而非“之前”删除），可在集合的[TEMP]文件夹中找到被删文本的临时备份（文件名包含“最后删除的文本片段”及元素编号和删除时间）。该备份文件仅在执行“修复集合”或通过“文件:工具:清理垃圾”时才会被删除，即退出元素时不会消失。
Horizontal lines can be used to split articles. If you insert a horizontal line and call Split article, the article will be split into separate elements. Split article is also available from the Commander. To insert a horizontal line press Shift+Alt+H or type
, select it, and press Ctrl+Shift+1 (or choose Text : Convert : Parse HTML on the component menu). Parse HTML () is also available on the learnbar
水平线可用于分割文章。插入水平线后调用“分割文章”功能，文章将被拆分为独立元素。该功能也可通过指挥官调用。插入水平线请按 Shift+Alt+H 或输入
，选中后按 Ctrl+Shift+1（或在组件菜单中选择“文本:转换:解析 HTML”）。解析 HTML 功能（）同样可在学习栏中找到。
Use Ctrl+] and Ctrl+[ to change the size of the font in the selected text
使用 Ctrl+]和 Ctrl+[调整选中文本的字体大小

2.5.4 Generating clozes 生成填空题

In incremental reading, you should always strive at converting passive texts into active questions. Ideally, all passive texts should be deleted when done with. All interference from “outside world” makes SuperMemo less precise. Passive texts provide little extra help in learning. At the same time, they provide interference, and should only be used to generate new clozes (or for reference)
在渐进阅读中，你应始终致力于将被动文本转化为主动提问。理想情况下，所有被动文本在使用完毕后都应删除。来自”外部世界”的任何干扰都会降低 SuperMemo 的精确性。被动文本对学习的额外帮助微乎其微，同时它们会产生干扰，因此应仅用于生成新的填空项（或供参考）
When you press Alt+Z, the currently selected keyword in the current topic is marked as clozed. The newly created item is not visible (i.e. you will not immediately see the answer nor the deletion brackets). You can see the newly created item by pressing Alt+Left arrow. Use that key to edit the newly created cloze (e.g. to add context clues, shorten the text, improve the wording, etc.). However, if possible, you should do such mini-jobs incrementally, i.e. on the next encounter with the clozed item
按下 Alt+Z 时，当前主题中选定的关键词会被标记为填空项。新建的条目不可见（即你不会立即看到答案或删除括号）。按 Alt+左箭头可查看新建的填空项。使用该快捷键编辑新建的填空项（例如添加上下文线索、缩短文本、优化措辞等）。但若可能，这类微调工作应以渐进方式进行，即在下次遇到该填空项时处理
If you want to cloze more than one keyword, before you apply Cloze, you should make sure that the processed statement or paragraph is as simple as possible. You should try to use only one-sentence extracts to generate cloze deletions! Some newcomers dislike incremental learning at first. Monster cloze deletions are a chief reason for their negative feelings. Simplifying the parent paragraph to a simple statement will produce simple clozes that will require little processing. Using Cloze on complex texts multiplies the cost of re-editing when simplifying texts (in all cases where you cloze more than one keyword). If you use Cloze on a longer multi-sentence paragraph, you will have to put extra effort in simplifying the resulting items. All cloze deletions should be short enough to ensure you read them entirely at repetition time. Otherwise, your brain will tend to “deduce” the answer from non-semantic cues. This will defeat the purpose of learning! By using one-sentence extracts for cloze deletions, you will save ages on repetition time and eons on time needed to simplify clozes and converting them to the final form based on the minimum information principle. If you plan to cloze only a single keyword along the incremental principles, you can afford less pre-cloze simplification/editing, esp. on the material that still needs more work on its “big picture” structure
如果你想对多个关键词进行填空处理，在应用填空之前，应确保待处理的陈述或段落尽可能简洁。应尽量使用单句摘录来生成填空项！部分初学者最初可能不喜欢渐进学习，复杂的填空项往往是他们产生负面情绪的主要原因。将母段落简化为简单陈述能产生易于处理的填空项。若对复杂文本使用填空功能，当需要简化文本时（尤其是涉及多个关键词填空的情况），重新编辑的代价会成倍增加。如果在较长的多句段落上使用填空，你将不得不投入额外精力来简化生成的条目。所有填空项都应足够简短，确保复习时能完整阅读。否则，大脑容易通过非语义线索”推导”答案，这将违背学习初衷！通过采用单句摘录制作填空项，你不仅能大幅节省复习时间，更能省去根据最小信息原则简化填空项并将其转化为最终形式所需的漫长过程。如果你计划按照渐进式学习原则仅对单个关键词进行填空，可以适当减少填空前的简化/编辑工作，尤其是对那些仍需在“整体结构”上进一步加工的材料。
Your work on extracting fragments, producing cloze deletions and editing them should be incremental. In each review, do only as much work on the learning material as is necessary! Extracting and editing in intervals adds additional benefit to learning and is more time-efficient. Each time you rethink structure and formulation, you hone the representation and “connectivity” of a given piece of knowledge in your memory. In addition, your priorities change as you proceed with learning. At times, you will over-invest in a piece of knowledge that quickly becomes irrelevant or out-dated. The incremental approach will reduce the impact of over-investment. Incrementalism should then be used not only while reading, but also in the follow-up processing and formulation of knowledge. See: Examples. Unless you work with top-priority material, do not generate all your cloze deletions in one go. Make it incremental. Generate a cloze today, and another one at the next review. The incremental nature of the learning process, variegated coloring of texts marked with processing styles, and a complex extract hierarchy seem to quarrel with the perfectionist nature of many. However, the purpose of incremental reading is the maximum effect in minimum time. For that reason, at extract time, you are already forming passive trace memory engrams of the extracted sentence. The optimum strategy then is not to proceed with generating cloze deletions, but to move on to other elements in the queue or to other extracts in the same article (if the high priority of the article justifies it)
你在提取片段、制作填空删除和编辑它们的工作应该是渐进式的。每次复习时，只需对学习材料做必要的处理！间隔式的提取和编辑能为学习带来额外益处，且更节省时间。每次重新思考结构和表述时，你都在打磨记忆中特定知识的呈现方式和“连接性”。此外，随着学习的深入，你的优先级也会变化。有时你会过度投入于某些很快变得无关紧要或过时的知识。渐进式方法将减少过度投入的影响。因此，渐进主义不仅应在阅读时使用，也适用于后续的知识处理和表述。参见：示例。除非你处理的是最高优先级的材料，否则不要一次性生成所有填空删除。要采用渐进方式。今天生成一个填空，下次复习时再生成另一个。学习过程的渐进性、用处理样式标记文本的多样化着色以及复杂的提取层次结构，似乎与许多人的完美主义天性相冲突。然而，增量阅读的目的是以最少时间获得最大效果。因此，在提取时，你已经对提取的句子形成了被动痕迹记忆印迹。此时的最佳策略并非继续生成填空测试，而是转向队列中的其他元素或同一文章中的其他提取内容（如果文章的高优先级允许这样做）。
Once you finish processing a paragraph with cloze deletions, use Done! () on the learnbar or on the element menu (e.g. with Ctrl+Shift+Enter). This will clean up your learning process without affecting the work you have done. All clozes will remain in the learning process. Done! deletes the extract/paragraph, however, it leaves the original empty element as a holder of the derived cloze deletions. Once you believe your cloze deletions cover all vital keywords of the statement that forms the topic, you execute Done! again. In the end, only cloze items remain in the learning process. Note that the process of descending from the source article to individual clozes may take years. The whole process is incremental and is paced by the declining traces of memory. A single cloze generated from a short sentence often allows of retaining good memory of the entire statement for months. Except for mission-critical pieces of information, you do not execute cloze deletions on all keywords until individual keywords raise questions as to whether they can be recalled individually
当你完成对带有填空删除的段落处理后，使用学习栏上的“完成！”（）或元素菜单（例如使用 Ctrl+Shift+Enter）。这将清理你的学习过程而不影响已完成的工作。所有填空项将保留在学习过程中。“完成！”会删除提取的段落，但会保留原始空元素作为派生填空删除的占位符。一旦你认为填空删除涵盖了构成主题的陈述中的所有关键关键词，你可以再次执行“完成！”。最终，只有填空项保留在学习过程中。请注意，从源文章降级到单个填空的过程可能需要数年时间。整个过程是渐进式的，并由记忆痕迹的衰退来调节。从一个短句生成的单个填空通常可以让你在数月内保持良好的整体陈述记忆。除非是任务关键的信息，否则你不会对所有关键词执行填空删除，直到个别关键词引发关于它们是否能被单独回忆的问题。
Converting to plain text: Plain text takes much less space. Collections rich in plain text are faster to back up. You can convert short pieces of HTML to plain text as long as they do not contain formatting information that may be needed to effectively remember the text. In the long run, simple plain text items might do their work better by depriving you of additional cues carried by the formatting. Leave some of your items as HTML and convert some to plain text. After some time you will probably have your own preferences as to which do their work better
转换为纯文本：纯文本占用的空间小得多。富含纯文本的集合备份速度更快。只要不包含记忆所需的关键格式信息，您可以将短篇 HTML 转为纯文本。长远来看，简单的纯文本条目可能通过剥离格式带来的额外线索而更有效。保留部分 HTML 条目，同时转换部分为纯文本。经过一段时间后，您可能会对哪种形式效果更好形成自己的偏好
After generating a cloze, the last character remains selected. On one hand it indicates which keyword has just been processed, on the other, selections make it possible to use Enter to move to the next element in repetitions
生成完形填空后，最后一个字符保持选中状态。一方面它指示刚处理的关键词，另一方面，选中状态允许在复习时使用回车键跳转到下一个元素
If you keep getting questions about the template to use at cloze, use Search : Concepts to inspect the concept group to which you imported the article and uncheck Auto-Apply
若持续收到关于完形填空模板的提问，可通过搜索→概念功能检查导入文章所属的概念组，并取消勾选”自动应用”选项
You can change the appearance of extracts and cloze deletions with stylesheets. See: Changing the appearance of cloze keywords
您可以通过样式表修改摘录和完形填空的显示样式。参见：更改完形填空关键词外观

2.5.4.1 Changing the appearance of cloze keywords 更改填空关键词的外观

更改填空关键词的外观

This is how you can modify the default cloze style in SuperMemo:
以下是修改 SuperMemo 中默认填空样式的方法：

From the main menu, select Toolkit : Options
从主菜单中选择“工具”->“选项”
In the Options dialog box, click the Fonts tab
在选项对话框中，点击“字体”选项卡
On the Fonts tab, click the Stylesheet button
在“字体”选项卡上，点击“样式表”按钮
In the SuperMemo Stylesheet dialog box, select the Clozed option in the drop list at the top; then use Font, Color, and Background buttons to set individual properties of that style
在 SuperMemo 样式表对话框中，从顶部下拉列表选择“挖空”选项；然后使用字体、颜色和背景按钮设置该样式的各个属性

2.5.4.1.1 Removing cloze keyword formatting 移除填空关键词格式

移除填空关键词格式

Display the HTML code behind a given cloze text (e.g. with Ctrl+Shift+F6). In the HTML code, replace class=clozed with an empty string.
显示指定挖空文本背后的 HTML 代码（例如按 Ctrl+Shift+F6）。在 HTML 代码中，将 class=clozed 替换为空字符串。

	Before 之前	After 之后
HTML	This is my example element 这是我的示例元素	This is my example element 这是我的示例元素
WYSIWYG	This is my example element 这是我的示例元素	This is my example element 这是我的示例元素

Your cloze keywords will be formatted in the same way as the surrounding text.
你的填空关键词将采用与周围文本相同的格式进行格式化。

2.5.4.2 Mimic real life situations to combat memory interference

模拟现实生活情境以应对记忆干扰

Some texts present knowledge in the form that is difficult to remember. Lists and sets are a good example of knowledge that does not stick to memory. Even if you perfectly know the map of Africa, answering the request: “List all countries of Africa“ may be pretty hard. There are proven techniques that will help you tackle repetitive, list-rich, or boring knowledge with SuperMemo. All solutions are costly at memorization stage, but will pay handsomely in the long run due to lesser forgetting rate. The basic 2 principles are:
有些文本以难以记忆的形式呈现知识。列表和集合就是这类不易牢记的知识的典型例子。即使你完全了解非洲地图，当被要求”列出非洲所有国家”时，可能仍相当困难。已有成熟技巧能帮助你在 SuperMemo 中处理重复性高、列表密集或枯燥的知识。所有解决方案在记忆阶段成本较高，但由于遗忘率更低，长期来看回报丰厚。两个基本原则是：

gradually glue individual pieces to your overall knowledge structure
逐步将各个知识点整合到你的整体知识结构中
be as visual and mnemonic as possible
尽可能采用视觉化和记忆术手段

Here are some specific hints:
以下是一些具体提示：

use a mind map: search the net for a nice mnemonic picture of the subject studied (e.g. political map of Africa). The picture will provide the basic skeleton for your memory. Like ornaments on a Christmas tree, you will hang new pieces of knowledge on this mnemonic skeleton. Use the picture to illustrate all topics and items in the studied concept group.
使用思维导图：在网上搜索与学习主题相关的精美记忆图片（例如非洲政区图）。这张图片将为你的记忆提供基础框架。就像圣诞树上的装饰品一样，你可以将新的知识点挂在这个记忆框架上。利用这张图片来阐释概念组中的所有主题和条目。
do not learn it all at once: Add individual items gradually at a point when they acquire some special meaning. Add them when they fit snugly with the rest of your knowledge. Add them when you specifically need them or when you learn about a related subject. If you need enumerative knowledge for an exam, cram it using traditional methods, and still continue adding individual pieces in unique contexts later on when you feel they are interesting or important.
不要一次性学完所有内容：在单个条目获得特定意义时逐步添加它们。当它们与你现有的知识体系紧密结合时再添加。在你特别需要它们时，或是学习相关主题时进行添加。如果为了考试需要记忆枚举性知识，先用传统方法突击记忆，之后当你觉得某些内容有趣或重要时，再在独特情境下逐步补充这些单独的条目。
associate with stories: if you ask an expert in the field, you will probably hear that (s)he mastered enumerative knowledge by association with individual case stories. Whatever he or she learned at school was quickly forgotten, but individual cases or problems to solve leave a good and durable imprint due to their uniqueness. Once you hit upon a story that is relevant to your hard-to-remember items, try to learn those items in the context of that particular story (e.g. hang the Cameroon up on your knowledge tree only when reading about Eto’s move to Chelsea). If you encounter cases in the course of your practise, describe them shortly and use them to supply context.
与故事关联：如果你向该领域的专家请教，很可能会听到他（她）通过将列举性知识与个别案例故事相联系来掌握这些知识。在学校学到的内容很快就会被遗忘，但独特的个案或待解决问题因其独特性会留下深刻持久的印记。一旦你发现某个故事与你难以记忆的项目相关，尝试在那个特定故事的背景下学习这些项目（例如，只有在读到埃托转会切尔西的新闻时，才将“喀麦隆”挂到你的知识树上）。如果在实践过程中遇到案例，简要描述它们并用它们来提供上下文。
supplement with incremental reading: instead of formulating all items along the same repetitive and monotonous template, try to use incremental reading to generate cloze deletions that work on separate storylines. Ideally, you would review your topic and generate just a single subtopic (e.g. on a single country in Africa). Always choose the one that seems most obvious or most important to remember. Always try to add some supplementary material. Be sure you do not provide clues that will make you answer correctly without forming an appropriate association
补充增量阅读：与其按照相同重复且单调的模板制定所有项目，不如尝试使用增量阅读来生成针对不同故事线的填空删除。理想情况下，你应该回顾主题并仅生成一个子主题（例如关于非洲的某个国家）。始终选择看起来最明显或最重要的内容来记忆。始终尝试添加一些补充材料。确保不要提供线索，以免在没有形成适当关联的情况下正确回答问题。
compare with experts: ask an expert in the field how (s)he remembers a given fact or association. In some cases you may be dismayed to see how poorly experts recall compulsory college material. At other times, you will see how their memory tackles the problem with ease by using a simple mnemonic. This will help you emulate real life learning at a compressed timescale without ever wasting time on trying to master what others never manage to master anyway. That’s the basic difference between school learning and your efficient incremental learning: you do not cram it dry along a rigid prescription. You use your creativity to incrementally build a durable structure of useful knowledge!
与专家对比：向该领域的专家请教他们如何记忆特定事实或关联。有时你可能会惊讶地发现，专家们对必修大学课程内容的记忆竟如此薄弱；而另一些时候，你会看到他们如何通过简单的记忆技巧轻松解决问题。这能帮助你在压缩的时间尺度内模拟真实学习过程，避免浪费时间掌握那些他人也未能掌握的内容。这正是学校教育与你高效渐进式学习的本质区别：你不是机械地死记硬背固定内容，而是运用创造力逐步构建持久有用的知识结构！

2.5.4.2.1 Example: dealing with enumerations

示例：处理枚举项

If you happen to learn the geological periods, you are bound to generate nasty leeches, esp. if you are new to the subject. Using the top-down learning rule, be sure you know the eras, before you learn the periods, and before you move on to the epochs, and further down the tree of knowledge.
如果你正在学习地质年代分期，尤其作为初学者，很可能会产生顽固的记忆难点。遵循自上而下的学习原则，务必先掌握代（Eras），再学习纪（Periods），之后才推进到世（Epochs），逐步深入知识树的分支层级。

A typical mistake would be to start from cramming the meaningless sequence of periods. For example, clozing the Paleozoic Era sequence: “Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian“ could result in a question that is bound to cause problems: “Cambrian, Ordovician, […], Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian“. This cloze will trouble anyone who is not privy to the field. In other words, only those who come with the knowledge ready in their mind will be able to tackle this type of question at little cost! Conclusion: there is no point in learning lists the hard way unless you already know what you are trying to learn! Catch 22!
一个典型的错误是从死记硬背无意义的时期序列开始。例如，对古生代序列“寒武纪、奥陶纪、志留纪、泥盆纪、石炭纪、二叠纪”进行填空，可能会产生一个注定引发问题的问题：“寒武纪、奥陶纪、[…]、泥盆纪、石炭纪、二叠纪”。这种填空会让任何不熟悉该领域的人感到困扰。换句话说，只有那些已经掌握相关知识的人才能以较小的代价应对这类问题！结论是：除非你已经了解你试图学习的内容，否则以困难的方式学习列表毫无意义！这就是第 22 条军规！

Instead of using the above approach, it would make far more sense to first anchor the Silurian period in your mind with some meaningful event. For example, the appearance of the bony fish. This way, we might start with a cloze based on “The bony fish appeared in Silurian (443-419 mn years ago)“. The following question will be far easier to remember: “The bony fish appeared in …(443-419 mn years ago)“. Even if the answer is the same as in the original unfortunate cloze, that question is not semantically equivalent. You will need more cloze deletions. However, working with similar sequences should always proceed incrementally and in proportion to anchoring individual periods in memory. Later on you can move on to clozing dates, epochs, and other details. All the time you should try to add new interesting anchors and work with the material in parallel to the inflow of meaningful information that is likely to stay long in memory.
与其采用上述方法，不如先用某个有意义的事件在心中锚定志留纪时期。例如，硬骨鱼的出现。这样，我们可以从基于“硬骨鱼出现在志留纪（4.43-4.19 亿年前）”的填空开始。以下问题会更容易记忆：“硬骨鱼出现在…(4.43-4.19 亿年前)”。即使答案与最初那个不理想的填空相同，该问题在语义上并不等价。你需要更多的填空删除。然而，处理类似序列时应始终循序渐进，并与记忆中锚定各个时期的工作成比例。之后，你可以继续对日期、时代和其他细节进行填空。在整个过程中，你应该尝试添加新的有趣锚点，并与那些可能在记忆中长久留存的有意义信息流并行处理材料。

2.5.5 Learning 学习

Use Ctrl+W (Toolkit : Calendar from the main menu) to view the calendar of repetitions. Double-click a day to see which elements will be reviewed on that day. You can also inspect which elements had been reviewed on individual days in the past (switch from Workload to Repetitions mode)
使用 Ctrl+W（主菜单中的工具包：日历）可查看复习日程表。双击某一天即可查看当天需要复习的内容项。您还可以检查过去特定日期已复习的内容项（从“工作量”模式切换到“复习”模式）
To inspect the number of today’s outstanding elements, peek at the status bar which can be saved at the bottom of the screen in the default layout. You can also look at the Statistics window (e.g. with F5). The Statistics window can also be saved in the default layout (with Ctrl+Shift+F5)
要查看今日待处理内容项的数量，可观察默认布局下位于屏幕底部的状态栏。您也可以通过统计窗口查看（例如按 F5）。统计窗口也可通过 Ctrl+Shift+F5 快捷键固定在默认布局中
The optimum time allocation for reading (topics) and learning (items) depends on a number of factors: the subject and the importance of articles, their difficulty, fun factor, your interests, your preferences, your knowledge, your mood, your circadian cycle, etc. The optimum allocation of time can vary from seconds to hours! This is one of the factors where the power of incremental reading comes from. For some texts, you may find it difficult to reach reasonable attention levels for longer than a few minutes. Often you can retain your maximum processing power for just a single sentence or paragraph. On other texts that are highly interesting, well written, highly useful, or highly important, your curiosity and rage to master may kick in and let you go on for several hours without a break. In incremental reading, the primary criterion for time allocation is your level of concentration. You can literally lick a hundred articles in a continuous block of time and still keep your mind highly focused and alert. Some articles will be processed in depth, others will be quickly postponed. The concentration criterion is all-inclusive. It includes all factors listed above: difficulty of an article may affect your concentration, your tiredness will always reduce optimum allocations for difficult texts and increase allocations for interesting or enjoyable texts (those who help you “survive” a bad learning day)
阅读（主题）和学习（项目）的最佳时间分配取决于多种因素：学科和文章的重要性、难度、趣味性、你的兴趣、偏好、知识水平、情绪、昼夜节律等。最佳时间分配可以从几秒到几小时不等！这正是渐进式阅读强大功能的来源之一。对于某些文本，你可能发现很难保持几分钟以上的合理注意力水平。通常，你的最大处理能力可能仅能维持一个句子或段落的阅读。而对于那些极具趣味性、文笔优美、非常实用或极其重要的文本，你的好奇心和掌握欲望可能会被激发，让你连续数小时不间断地阅读。在渐进式阅读中，时间分配的主要标准是你的专注程度。你可以在连续的时间段内浏览上百篇文章，同时保持高度集中的注意力和警觉性。有些文章会被深入处理，而其他文章则会迅速推迟。专注力标准是全面包容的。它包含上述所有因素：文章的难度可能影响你的专注度，疲劳总会减少对困难文本的最佳分配时间，同时增加对有趣或令人愉悦文本的分配（这些文本能帮你“熬过”学习状态不佳的日子）
You can leave some low-priority material in the passive form (i.e. without generating cloze deletions). Naturally, this material will gradually become difficult to recall or entirely forgotten. The best moment for using Remember cloze is when you notice that the material becomes volatile. Do not convert the entire passage into clozes at once (unless it is very important). Pick the most important keyword and create just a single cloze deletion. When the next review of the passage comes along, you will be able to determine which other keywords must be used with cloze deletion to prevent forgetting the key information. It is very difficult to predict how many clozes you will need to generate to attain perfect recall of the whole passage. On occasion, a single cloze suffices. At other times, a single passage can require a dozen of clozes!
你可以将一些低优先级的材料保持被动形式（即不生成填空测试）。自然，这些材料会逐渐变得难以回忆或完全遗忘。使用记忆填空的最佳时机是当你注意到材料开始变得不稳定时。不要一次性将整段文字全部转为填空（除非它非常重要）。选择最重要的关键词，仅创建一个填空。当这段内容下次复习时，你就能确定需要增加哪些其他关键词的填空来防止关键信息被遗忘。很难预测需要生成多少个填空才能实现整段内容的完美回忆。有时，一个填空就足够了；而其他时候，单一段落可能需要十几个填空！
The better you get, the more often you will want to resort to incremental learning. The stronger your incremental learning skills, the shorter the working period that makes employing incremental learning effective. For a proficient user, even a next day’s assignment might make sense to be done with incremental learning tools. For a beginner though, it is enough to consider that it may take you a few months of practise to truly understand the flow of knowledge in incremental reading (and in your memory). This alone might make it ineffective in learning for a test that comes in a month or two
你越擅长渐进学习，就越会频繁地采用这种方法。渐进学习能力越强，其有效应用所需的工作周期就越短。对于熟练用户而言，即便是第二天的任务，使用渐进学习工具也可能很有意义。但对初学者来说，需要认识到可能需要几个月的练习才能真正理解渐进阅读（以及你记忆中的）知识流动规律。仅这一点就可能使渐进学习在应对一两个月后的考试时效果不佳。
Auto-postpone brings you closer to the ideal spaced repetition learning by reducing the load of low priority material that you cannot possibly master due to excess volume. In a sense, auto-postpone separates high priority material (spaced repetition) and low priority material (traditional learning). Without it, you are stuck in the middle of those two extremes
自动推迟功能通过减少你无法掌握的低优先级材料负担，让你更接近理想的间隔重复学习。从某种意义上说，自动推迟将高优先级材料（间隔重复）和低优先级材料（传统学习）区分开来。没有它，你就会卡在这两种极端情况的中间。
You can increase the randomization of your material by adding to Randomization degree in sorting criteria (Learn : Sorting : Sorting criteria from the main menu). Randomization can be set separately for topics and items. It should help you avoid tunnel vision and the priority bias
您可以通过在排序标准中增加随机化程度（主菜单中选择学习：排序：排序标准）来提高材料的随机性。随机化可以分别针对主题和项目进行设置。这有助于避免视野狭窄和优先级偏差。
You can shorten or increase the interval for individual elements. If you want to schedule a given article for review on a selected day, choose Learning : Reschedule on the element menu (e.g. by pressing Ctrl+J). You can also use Learning : Execute repetition (e.g. by pressing Ctrl+Shift+R). Execute repetition works like Reschedule with this difference that a repetition will be executed before rescheduling. Choose between the two depending on whether you have seen the contents of the item and have attempted to recall it from memory. Execute repetition requires providing a grade (unless you execute it on day when a repetition has already been done).
您可以缩短或延长单个元素的复习间隔。若想将特定文章安排在指定日期复习，请选择元素菜单中的学习：重新安排（例如按 Ctrl+J）。也可使用学习：执行复习（例如按 Ctrl+Shift+R）。执行复习与重新安排功能类似，区别在于执行复习会在重新安排前先完成一次复习操作。根据您是否已查看过该内容并尝试过记忆回忆，在两者间选择。执行复习需要提供评分（除非在当天已执行过复习的情况下操作）。
For items of lesser importance, reduce priority (Alt+P), increase the interval (Ctrl+Shift+R), or even increase the forgetting index. Forgetting index can be used to optimize the trade-off between the knowledge acquisition rate and knowledge retention. Giving items low priority in an overloaded collection is similar to giving it a higher forgetting index.
对于重要性较低的条目，可降低优先级（Alt+P）、延长间隔时间（Ctrl+Shift+R），甚至提高遗忘指数。遗忘指数可用于优化知识获取速率与知识保留率之间的平衡。在超负荷的集合中给予条目低优先级，类似于为其设置更高的遗忘指数。
The degree of damage incurred by material overload can be seen in Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Priority protection. On one hand you want to increase the value of Priority protection. On the other, limiting the speed of importing new articles in proportion to the progress of learning might make your collection “get stale” resulting in less fun in learning and lesser motivation. Some older articles may be pushed away to lower priorities by overload only to be deleted later as not important enough, not good enough, or outdated
材料过载造成的损害程度可通过工具包：统计：分析：使用：优先级保护查看。一方面你需要提高优先级保护值；另一方面，根据学习进度按比例限制导入新文章的速度，可能导致你的学习集”变得陈旧”，从而降低学习乐趣和动力。部分较早的文章可能因过载被挤到更低优先级，最终因不够重要、质量不足或过时而被删除。
You should never stop thinking about the value of items that you keep in your memory. See: Re-evaluation of items
你应当持续思考记忆中保留条目的价值。参见：条目重估机制
Use Learning : Spread in the browser to change the distribution of your learning material in time. You can speed up learning before an exam by compressing your learning schedule in a selected period. You can also redistribute the material in a longer period after a boring exam (for incremental review, re-learning, deprioritization, and/or elimination). For that latter job, you can choose a specific portion of the material to be served per day. Read about Mercy
使用学习：在浏览器中展开以改变学习材料的时间分布。你可以通过在选定的时间段内压缩学习计划来加快考试前的学习速度。也可以在枯燥的考试后，将材料重新分配到更长的时间段内（用于增量复习、重新学习、降低优先级和/或淘汰）。对于后者，你可以选择每天处理材料的特定部分。阅读关于 Mercy 的内容
Derivation steps in reasoning/mathematics. If you are learning mathematics, you might wonder if you should commit individual derivation steps of a mathematic proof or solution, or should you just focus on the final outcome. The choice will depend on your goals. If you only need the final formula, time spent on learning the derivation steps could be better spent learning other important portions of the material. If you are not sure today what you will need in the future, you could just type in the whole derivation into a single topic and memorize the final formula. Later, in incremental reading, you will make incremental decisions whether portions of the derivation are or are not important in your work or further learning. This piece of knowledge will compete with others in the learning process and in the long term you may ultimately decide if you want to memorize the details, keep them for passive review only, dismiss/delete some of the steps, or dismiss the entire derivation as redundant (or too costly to learn). Naturally, derivation will often enhance your ability to efficiently use the formula. Hence the decision is never easy. Once you have derivation steps committed, you can always play with their priority to determine the probability you will review them well enough to make a difference to your knowledge.
在推理/数学中的推导步骤。如果你正在学习数学，你可能会疑惑是否应该记住数学证明或解题的各个推导步骤，还是只关注最终结果。选择将取决于你的目标。如果只需要最终公式，花在学习推导步骤上的时间可能更适合用于学习材料的其他重要部分。如果你不确定未来需要什么，可以将整个推导过程输入到一个主题中，并记住最终公式。之后，在渐进阅读中，你将逐步决定推导的某些部分在你的工作或进一步学习中是否重要。这部分知识将在学习过程中与其他知识竞争，长期来看，你最终可能会决定是否要记住细节、仅保留它们用于被动复习、删除某些步骤，或者认为整个推导是多余的（或学习成本太高）而放弃。当然，推导通常会增强你有效使用公式的能力。因此，这个决定从来都不容易。一旦你提交了推导步骤，就可以随时调整它们的优先级，以确定你复习它们的概率是否足以对你的知识产生影响。
You can separate reading (topic) from review (items). However, variety is a spice of life. A random mix of reading and repetitions is a very powerful tool in overcoming the monotony of the earlier versions of SuperMemo. Interspersing topics with items provides for many of the advantages of incremental reading as opposed to traditional learning or classical SuperMemo. To review topics only (reading) choose (1) View : Outstanding, (2) Child : Topics and then (3) Process browser> : Learning : Learn (Ctrl+L). To make repetitions only (items), use an analogous method. It might be a better strategy to mix topics and items during the reading phase, and consolidate knowledge by making item-only repetitions later in the day. In the end, sticking to priorities, auto-sort, and auto-postpone will be the best least-biased long-term strategy
你可以将阅读（主题）与复习（项目）分开。然而，多样性是生活的调味品。阅读和复习的随机混合是克服早期 SuperMemo 版本单调性的非常强大的工具。将主题与项目穿插进行，提供了增量阅读相对于传统学习或经典 SuperMemo 的许多优势。要仅复习主题（阅读），请选择（1）查看：未完成，（2）子项：主题，然后（3）处理浏览器>：学习：学习（Ctrl+L）。要进行仅项目复习，请使用类似的方法。在阅读阶段混合主题和项目，然后在当天晚些时候通过仅项目复习来巩固知识可能是更好的策略。最终，坚持优先级、自动排序和自动推迟将是最无偏见的最佳长期策略。
Fun is the key to success: If your learning text is too “dry”, not too meaningful, too wordy, etc. the fun of learning will drop. If learning is not enjoyable, it is less likely to be effective. If you dislike a specific article, perhaps a Wikipedia replacement would be fun and more meaningful? Even if this is a bit longer, you can process it pretty fast with incremental reading, illustrate with pictures, and enjoy the process
乐趣是成功的关键：如果你的学习材料过于“枯燥”、缺乏意义、冗长等，学习的乐趣就会下降。如果学习过程不愉快，其效果往往会打折扣。若你对某篇文章不感兴趣，或许换成维基百科的内容会更有趣且意义更丰富？即使篇幅稍长，通过渐进阅读也能快速处理，添加图片辅助理解，享受学习过程。
Nurse your hunger for knowledge: You have to find the clear-cut link between knowledge and the value it brings to life. The hunger for knowledge grows as you get more educated (the more you know the more you know you don’t know). So there is an excellent remedy for poor motivation: learn more and see how it can impact your and others’ life
培育求知渴望：你必须明确知识与其为生活带来的价值之间的直接联系。随着教育程度的提高，求知欲会不断增强（知道的越多，越能意识到自己的无知）。因此，治疗动力不足有一剂良方：多学习，并观察它如何改变你及他人的生活。
You determine the speed of learning in incremental reading! You can determine the frequency of presentation of topics (e.g. using A-Factors, priorities, Mercy, etc.). You can determine the level of retention for items (e.g. with the forgetting index, priorities, auto-postpone, etc.). You can execute forced ahead-of-time review of any material (see: Subset review)
在渐进阅读中，你掌控学习节奏！你可以决定主题的呈现频率（例如利用 A 因子、优先级、仁慈机制等）。你可以设定知识点的记忆保持强度（例如通过遗忘指数、优先级、自动延期等功能）。你还能对任何材料执行强制提前复习（参见：子集复习）。
You MUST NOT memorize material that you do not understand! There is some hope that by doing more learning in other areas you will at some point understand. It is far more likely though that you will build up frustration with items that mean little. If you do not understand a term or concept, you need to dig deep into why. Is it terminology? This can be easily investigated and fixed. Or is it a problem with the material itself? Perhaps you can find an alternative on the net? Perhaps you can find a nice picture on the net to illustrate the item? Obviously, each little investigation takes time, but it is better to master 10-20% of the material well, that to cram an encyclopedia without comprehension. Even if you fail an exam, those 10% can be useful in the future (e.g. if you retake the exam). In general, schools load more than students can master and this leads to lots of stress and frustration. By choosing SuperMemo, you have already made the first good step. Now you need to make order in the process and think carefully about your best long-term strategy. Comprehension is the key to success!
你绝对不要去记忆那些你不理解的材料！虽然通过在其他领域多学习，你有可能在某个时候理解它，但更可能的是你会对这些意义不大的内容积累挫败感。如果你不理解某个术语或概念，你需要深入挖掘原因。是术语问题吗？这可以轻松调查并解决。还是材料本身的问题？也许你能在网上找到替代资料？或者找到一张好图片来说明这个条目？显然，每一项小调查都需要时间，但扎实掌握 10-20%的内容，远比囫囵吞枣地死记硬背整本百科全书要好。即使你考试不及格，那 10%的知识未来也可能派上用场（比如补考时）。通常学校灌输的知识量远超学生能掌握的范围，这导致大量压力和挫败感。选择 SuperMemo，你已经迈出了正确的第一步。现在你需要理顺学习流程，仔细思考最佳的长期策略。理解才是成功的关键！
If you want to grade an item Null or Bad, press 0 or 1 respectively
若要将项目评为”空”或”差”，请分别按 0 或 1 键
SuperMemo is not yet equipped with tools to help you efficiently use your knowledge for good causes. It will boost your knowledge but… you must be vigilant: Do not spend your time on gaining knowledge for the knowledge sake! Think applicability! Luckily, as your knowledge grows, so does your ability to use it efficiently
SuperMemo 目前尚未配备工具来帮助你高效利用知识造福社会。它能提升你的知识储备，但……你必须保持警惕：不要为了知识本身而花费时间获取知识！要思考实用性！幸运的是，随着知识的增长，你高效运用知识的能力也会同步提升。

2.5.5.1 Re-evaluation of items 项目重估

You should remember that all items introduced into your learning process require endless attention in reference to their applicability, formulation, importance, logic, etc. In a well-planned learning process, it should not be necessary to review items in the periods between individual repetitions. However, when an item comes up for a repetition, you should make a quick and nearly instinctive assessment of the following:
你应当记住，学习过程中引入的所有条目都需要持续关注其适用性、表述方式、重要性、逻辑性等方面。在一个规划良好的学习过程中，不应需要在两次复习间隔期间回顾条目。然而，当某个条目进入复习阶段时，你应当快速且近乎本能地评估以下几点：

Do I really need this item?
我真的需要这个项目吗？
What is the honest priority of this item in the entire spectrum of my (desired) knowledge?
在我（期望掌握的）全部知识体系中，这个条目的真实优先级是什么？
Is this item difficult to remember? If so, why?
这个条目难以记忆吗？如果是，原因是什么？
Is it factually correct? 这在事实上准确吗？
Is it as simple and clear as it could be?
它是否尽可能简单明了？
Do I really need to know it now?
我现在真的需要了解这个吗？
Do you need supplementary knowledge to understand all ramifications of the item?
你是否需要补充知识来全面理解该条目的所有含义？

Here are some typical actions you will take depending on the answer to the above questions:
根据上述问题的答案，您通常会采取以下典型行动：

edit the item. You will use keys such as Q, A, or E to enter a desired text field and edit it. In more complex items you will use Ctrl+T to circle between components, Alt+click to switch a component between editing and dragging modes, or Ctrl+E to enter the editing mode
编辑条目。您将使用 Q、A 或 E 等键进入目标文本字段进行编辑。在更复杂的条目中，可使用 Ctrl+T 循环切换组件，Alt+点击切换组件的编辑/拖动模式，或按 Ctrl+E 进入编辑模式
de-prioritize the item. For items that are not important enough, or you are not sure are important enough, use Alt+P and reduce their priority. You can also use Ctrl+Shift+Down arrow for minor deprioritizations
降低项目优先级。对于不够重要或不确定是否足够重要的项目，使用 Alt+P 降低其优先级。也可使用 Ctrl+Shift+下箭头进行小幅优先级下调
reschedule the item. If you know the item well or for some reason want to manually increase (or decrease) the length of the inter-repetition interval, press Ctrl+Shift+R to select the date of the next repetition
重新安排项目。若已熟练掌握项目内容或需要手动调整复习间隔时长，按 Ctrl+Shift+R 选择下次复习日期（可延长或缩短间隔）
dismiss the item. If you are sure you are not likely to need the item in the future, but you would like to keep it in your collection for reference or archival purposes, press Ctrl+D. Dismissed items are removed from the learning process
搁置项目。若确认未来可能不再需要但希望保留作参考或存档，按 Ctrl+D。被搁置项目将退出学习流程
delete the item. The key Del is very useful in cleaning your collection from garbage that results from your desire to know more than your memory can hold. In the editing mode or in spelling items (i.e. at times when Del plays text editing functions), you may need to use Ctrl+Shift+Del instead. Please note that deleting an element in SuperMemo will delete all its children! You may therefore wish to learn to always use safer Done (Ctrl+Shift+Enter) instead
删除项目。Del 键可有效清理因求知欲超出记忆容量而产生的冗余内容。在编辑模式或拼写项目时（即 Del 键执行文本编辑功能时），需改用 Ctrl+Shift+Del。注意：SuperMemo 中删除元素会同步删除其所有子项！建议始终使用更安全的”完成”操作（Ctrl+Shift+Enter）替代
delay or forget the item. If you think the item is too difficult at the moment, you can postpone learning it. For this purpose, choose Ctrl+J to set a new interval or use Forget to transfer the item to the pending queue. This will give you some time to import some supplementary material that will help you understand the item
延迟或忘记该条目。如果您认为当前条目难度过高，可以暂缓学习。为此，请按 Ctrl+J 设置新间隔，或使用”忘记”功能将条目移至待处理队列。这将为您争取时间导入辅助材料以帮助理解该条目

2.5.6 Formulation 制定

Use minimum information principle which says that simple elements formulated for active recall bring much better learning results than complex elements. This holds true even though one complex element may be equivalent to a large number of simpler elements. See: Minimum information principle.
运用最小信息原则，即简单元素通过主动回忆能带来更好的学习效果，即使一个复杂元素可能等同于大量简单元素。参见：最小信息原则。
Some information may be presented as a list. Lists should be avoided. However, some are inevitable (e.g. list of nerves, list of tributaries, list of EU admissions, etc.). If you need to memorize lists, use mnemonic techniques and try to mimic real life situations to combat memory interference. See also: Learning lists
部分信息可能以列表形式呈现。应尽量避免使用列表，但某些情况不可避免（如神经列表、支流列表、欧盟成员国列表等）。如需记忆列表内容，请运用记忆技巧，并模拟真实场景以应对记忆干扰。另见：列表学习法
The way you ask the question in SuperMemo may differ from the way your life asks you the same question. In other words, you may store some material in SuperMemo, but a real-life situation will trick you into being unable to recall it. In other words, you need to properly formulate the material to maximize its recall in all potential contexts
你在 SuperMemo 中提问的方式可能与生活中遇到相同问题时的提问方式不同。换句话说，你可能在 SuperMemo 中存储了某些材料，但现实情境会诱使你无法回忆起来。因此，你需要恰当地组织材料，以最大化其在所有潜在情境中的回忆效果。
Remember about the universality of memorized rules. For example, it is better to learn a universal mathematical formula than just the examples of its use. Examples can be used to emphasize applicability in various contexts
牢记记忆规则的普适性。例如，学习一个通用的数学公式比仅学习其应用实例更好。实例可以用来强调在不同情境下的适用性。
You can use Parse HTML (Ctrl+Shift+1) to convert selected HTML code into formatting (e.g. try inserting
or
and parsing it with Parse HTML). You can also use this option to remove formatting (e.g. if you want to get rid of line breaks)
您可以使用“解析 HTML”（Ctrl+Shift+1）将选中的 HTML 代码转换为格式（例如尝试插入
或
并用解析 HTML 功能处理）。此功能也可用于清除格式（例如需要删除换行时）。
You can edit your more elaborate texts using your favorite HTML editor. You need to associate that editor with the filename extension *.HTM. For example, if you associate Microsoft Expression Web (free) with .HTM, you can edit your texts by just pressing Ctrl+F9. If you would rather leave your associations unchanged, you can use F9 to view the file in Internet Explorer, and choose File : Edit with Microsoft Expression Web (that menu item is added to Internet Explorer by Expression Web). For more see: Open HTML files in the default HTML editor
您可以使用喜爱的 HTML 编辑器编辑复杂文本。需将该编辑器与.HTM 文件扩展名关联。例如，若将 Microsoft Expression Web（免费版）与*.HTM 关联，只需按 Ctrl+F9 即可编辑文本。若希望保持原有文件关联不变，可按下 F9 在 Internet Explorer 中查看文件，并选择”文件→使用 Microsoft Expression Web 编辑”（该菜单项由 Expression Web 添加至 IE）。详见：在默认 HTML 编辑器中打开 HTML 文件
Background color styles are used in incremental reading to preserve the original font used in documents. However, for this to work you must uncheck the following option in your Internet Explorer: Tools : Internet options : General : Accessibility : Formatting : Ignore colors specified on webpages
在渐进阅读中，背景颜色样式用于保留文档原始字体。但要使此功能生效，您需在 Internet Explorer 中取消勾选以下选项：工具 → Internet 选项 → 常规 → 辅助功能 → 格式 → 忽略网页上指定的颜色

To learn more about efficient formulation read: Effective learning: 20 rules of formulating knowledge
要了解高效制定学习内容的更多信息，请阅读：有效学习：制定知识的 20 条规则

2.5.7 Pictures 图片

Important pictures should be kept in image components (not inside HTML texts). Use Ctrl+V or Shift+Ins to paste a picture from the clipboard. You can paste the picture to a new element or to an image component. Do not paste pictures to HTML. Having pictures pasted into an image component makes it easy to resize, tile, fit, or move the image, as well as to change its attributes such as stretch, transparency, display time (e.g. at answer time only), etc. Pictures pasted or imported to image components are stored in the image registry and can be searched for by their name. They can be reused in many elements. They are automatically used to illustrate all extracts and clozes generated from the article that holds the picture. They cannot be easily lost when editing texts, etc. HTML components can keep remote pictures stored on the web but, naturally, you will lose them once the picture is removed from the remote server
重要图片应保存在图像组件中（而非 HTML 文本内）。使用 Ctrl+V 或 Shift+Ins 从剪贴板粘贴图片。可将图片粘贴至新元素或图像组件中。切勿将图片粘贴到 HTML 里。将图片粘贴至图像组件后，可轻松调整大小、平铺、适配或移动图像，并能修改拉伸、透明度、显示时间（如仅在回答时显示）等属性。粘贴或导入到图像组件的图片会存储于图像注册表，可通过名称搜索，并能在多个元素中重复使用。这些图片会自动用于展示从包含该图片的文章生成的所有摘录和填空内容。在编辑文本时不易丢失。HTML 组件可保存网络上的远程图片，但当远程服务器删除图片后，这些图片自然也会丢失。
Use Download with Insert or Localize in Download images on the component menu (Ctrl+F8) to transfer remote pictures to your hard disk
使用组件菜单中的”下载并插入”或”本地化下载图片”功能（Ctrl+F8），将远程图片转存至本地硬盘。
Use Rename (member) (Alt+R) to give pictures meaningful names for an easy search in the image registry
使用”重命名（成员）”功能（Alt+R）为图片赋予有意义的名称，便于在图像注册表中快速搜索。
To search for a picture, use Search : Find elements (Ctrl+F). Alternatively, you can locate it via the image registry with:
要搜索图片，请使用“搜索：查找元素”（Ctrl+F）。或者，您也可以通过图像注册表定位：
1. Search : Images (to open the image registry), and
  “搜索：图片”（打开图像注册表），以及
2. Ctrl+S to search the registry (same as Search : Find texts on the registry menu)
  使用 Ctrl+S 在注册表中搜索（与注册表菜单中的“搜索：查找文本”功能相同）
If you want a picture to be part of the answer (i.e. not visible at question time), mark it with Answer on the image component menu
若希望图片作为答案的一部分（即在提问时不可见），请在图片组件菜单中将其标记为“答案”

To learn more about using pictures, see: Visual learning
要了解更多关于使用图片的信息，请参阅：视觉学习

2.5.8 References 参考文献

See: Hints for using references
参见：使用参考文献的提示

2.5.9 Your own discoveries 个人发现

In incremental learning, you will quickly discover why some of your own ideas about the learning process might not be optimum. Here are some things that you will discover on your own within the first 2-3 months of intense incremental learning:
在渐进学习中，你将很快发现为什么你自己关于学习过程的一些想法可能并非最优。以下是你将在密集渐进学习的前 2-3 个月内自行发现的一些事情：

recognition is good for your exam, but recall is vital for your professional skills in the long-term
识别对你的考试有好处，但长期来看，回忆对你的专业技能至关重要
manually organizing the timing of review is not what suits your memory best; it is actually quite the opposite to the idea of SuperMemo, which says that you review the material at moments that help stabilize memories
手动安排复习时间并不符合记忆的最佳规律；这实际上与 SuperMemo 的理念背道而驰，SuperMemo 主张在有助于巩固记忆的时刻进行复习
manually organizing the order of review is not what suits your memory best (even though subset review is a very useful tool in SuperMemo when preparing for an exam)
手动安排复习顺序并不利于记忆（尽管在备考时，子集复习是 SuperMemo 中非常实用的工具）
for beginners, traditional learning might be superior to SuperMemo in a very short-term (perhaps up to 1-2 months) because of the steep learning curve. You need to learn the toolset of incremental reading before you can reap the benefits (unless you employ simple Q&A learning when SuperMemo might be superior even within a week’s perspective)
对于初学者而言，传统学习方法在极短期内（可能 1-2 个月内）可能优于 SuperMemo，因为后者存在陡峭的学习曲线。你需要先掌握渐进阅读的工具集才能收获其益处（除非采用简单的问答式学习，这种情况下 SuperMemo 可能在一周内就显现优势）
you may reach 95% recall within 1-2 weeks on condition that you do not postpone your review. However, if you dump 1,000 pages of topics into the process at once, you will simply not manage to review all that material as scheduled by SuperMemo, and your retention might hover around 60-80% depending on how much time you invested in making repetitions
只要不拖延复习，你可以在 1-2 周内达到 95%的记忆保持率。但若一次性导入 1000 页主题材料，你将无法按 SuperMemo 的计划完成全部复习，此时记忆保持率可能徘徊在 60%-80%之间，具体取决于你投入的复习时间
once SuperMemo learns a bit about your memory and habits (1-3 weeks), you will oscillate around 95% recall as of the first repetition (if you do not delay, and if you stick to the rules of formulating knowledge)
一旦 SuperMemo 对你的记忆和习惯有所了解（1-3 周后），只要你不拖延并遵循知识构建规则，首次复习时的记忆保持率就会稳定在 95%左右
you will quickly discover that multiple cloze deletions on a single paragraph are not a good idea (e.g. compare the measured forgetting index with items that have the same cloze keywords separated, or just see how thus gained knowledge works in practice)
你会很快发现，在单个段落中使用多个填空删除并非明智之举（例如：比较相同填空关键词分散时的遗忘指数差异，或直接观察这种知识获取方式的实际效果）
you can look at learning parameters in SuperMemo to see how different approaches to learning affect your progress
你可以查看 SuperMemo 中的学习参数，了解不同学习方法如何影响你的进步

2.6 Advantages of incremental reading

渐进式阅读的优势

In incremental learning, you learn fast, you acquire massive loads of knowledge, retain memories for life, remember almost all that you have learned, understand things better, develop harmoniously in all directions, enhance your creativity, and all that while having incredible fun! If that sounds too good to be true, please read more below or just give it a solid try.
渐进学习中，你学得快、掌握海量知识、记忆终身保留、几乎记住所有所学内容、更深入理解事物、全方位协调发展、提升创造力，同时还能享受难以置信的乐趣！若觉得好得难以置信，请继续阅读下文或直接亲身体验。

2.6.1 Massive learning 大规模学习

Incremental learning offers a possibility of studying a huge number of subjects in parallel. In traditional reading, very often, one book or academic subject must be completed before studying another. With incremental learning, there is virtually no limit on how many subjects you can study at the same time. The volume of processed knowledge can be staggering. Only the availability of time and your memory capacity will keep massive learning in check.
渐进学习提供了同时并行学习大量学科的可能性。在传统阅读中，通常需要完成一本书或一门学科后才能开始另一门。而通过渐进学习，你同时学习的科目数量几乎没有限制。所处理的知识量可能庞大到惊人，唯有时间限制和你的记忆容量会制约这种大规模学习。

2.6.2 Lifetime memories 终身记忆

As incremental learning is based on spaced repetition, all memories that you form while learning will be indefinitely protected from forgetting. See: General principles of SuperMemo. Only SuperMemo makes it possible to implement incremental reading. Incremental reading requires continual retention of knowledge. Depending on the volume of knowledge flow in the program, the interval between reading individual portions of the same article may extend from days to months and even years. SuperMemo (repetition spacing) provides the foundation of incremental reading, which is based on stable memory traces that would not fade between the bursts of reading
由于渐进学习基于间隔重复，你在学习过程中形成的所有记忆都将被无限期保护而不被遗忘。参见：SuperMemo 的通用原则。只有 SuperMemo 能实现渐进阅读。渐进阅读需要知识的持续保留。根据程序中知识流的体量，同一篇文章各部分的阅读间隔可能从数天延长至数月甚至数年。SuperMemo（间隔重复）为渐进阅读提供了基础，它建立在稳定的记忆痕迹之上，确保在阅读间歇期记忆不会消退。

2.6.3 High retention 高保留率

In incremental learning, the review of the learning material is governed by a spaced repetition algorithm known as the SuperMemo method. The algorithm ensures 95% knowledge retention by default. That fraction can be increased at the cost of higher cost in time (i.e. more frequent review). Retention can also be reduced to increase the overall speed of learning. In heavily overloaded collections, 95% retention figure refers only to top-priority material. To save time, low priority material may be reviewed less frequently, resulting in lesser retention.
在渐进学习中，学习材料的复习由一种称为 SuperMemo 方法的间隔重复算法所控制。该算法默认确保 95%的知识保留率。这一比例可以通过增加时间成本（即更频繁的复习）来提高。也可以降低保留率以提升整体学习速度。在严重超负荷的学习集合中，95%的保留率仅适用于最高优先级的材料。为了节省时间，低优先级材料可能会减少复习频率，从而导致较低的保留率。

2.6.4 Comprehension 理解力

One of the limiting factors in acquiring new knowledge is the barrier of understanding. Building knowledge in your brain is like assembling a jigsaw puzzle. Some pieces cannot be placed in the puzzle before the others. Some pieces capitalize on others. There is no point in memorizing facts about Higgs boson before you learn what the standard model is and that, in turn, should follow the general understanding of particle physics which itself requires some ABC of physics. In incremental reading, if you encounter texts related to Higgs boson you can manually delay it until the time you hope your Physics ABC will provide the ground for understanding the boson. In traditional reading, you would just waste your time on reviewing Higgs boson material just because you would not have tools to effectively reschedule and reprioritize your reading in the middle of a longer article. Traditionally, your decision to skip the material would provide no definite way of coming back to the skipped material in the future. With incremental reading, you waste no time on reading material you do not understand. You can safely skip portions of material and return to them in the future. You become the master of the conscious knowledge building process. You can gradually build understanding of complex phenomena.
获取新知识的限制因素之一是理解障碍。在大脑中构建知识就像拼图游戏，某些拼图块必须优先放置，而另一些则基于前者。在学习标准模型之前记忆希格斯玻色子的事实毫无意义，而标准模型本身又需要建立在粒子物理学的基础理解之上，后者又离不开物理学的入门知识。在渐进阅读中，若遇到与希格斯玻色子相关的文本，你可以手动延迟学习，直到你的物理学基础能为理解玻色子提供支撑。传统阅读中，你可能会仅仅因为无法在长篇文章中途有效调整阅读优先级，而浪费时间复习希格斯玻色子资料。传统方式下，跳过材料的决定无法确保未来能重新拾起这些内容。而渐进阅读则让你无需在无法理解的材料上浪费时间，可以安全跳过部分内容并在未来回顾。你成为有意识知识构建过程的主人。你可以逐步理解复杂的现象。

All written materials, depending on the reader’s knowledge, pose a degree of difficulty in accurately interpreting their meaning. This is particularly visible in highly specialist scientific papers that use a sophisticated symbol-rich language. A symbol-rich language is a language that gains conciseness by the use of highly specialist vocabulary and notational conventions. For an average reader, symbol-rich language may exponentially raise the bar of lexical competence (i.e. knowledge of vocabulary required to gain understanding). Incremental reading makes it possible to delay the processing of those articles, paragraphs or sentences that require prior knowledge of concepts that are not known at the moment of reading. The processing of the learning material will only take place then when the new information begins to slot in comfortably in the fabric of the reader’s knowledge. You can then gradually proceed through this material and gradually build the understanding from basic or simple facts towards details or more complex components of knowledge. You will build understanding, resolve contradictions and ultimately creatively discover new truths about the learned material. Over time, you will optimize the structure of knowledge in your mind in terms of coherence, integrity, and representation. Incremental reading will make it possible to tackle the hardest material that might otherwise seem unreadable.
所有书面材料，根据读者的知识水平，在准确解读其含义时都存在一定难度。这在高度专业化的科学论文中尤为明显，这类论文常采用符号密集的语言。符号密集语言通过使用高度专业化的词汇和符号约定来提升简洁性。对于普通读者而言，符号密集语言可能会指数级提高词汇能力门槛（即理解所需掌握的词汇量）。渐进阅读使得读者能够暂缓处理那些需要预先掌握当前阅读时尚未了解的概念的文章、段落或句子。只有当新信息能够自然融入读者现有知识体系时，才会对这些学习材料进行处理。随后你可以逐步推进学习进程，从基础或简单事实出发，循序渐进地构建对知识细节或更复杂组成部分的理解。通过这种方式，你将建立认知体系，化解矛盾，最终创造性地发现所学材料的新真相。随着时间的推移，你将在头脑中优化知识结构，使其更具连贯性、完整性和表现力。渐进式阅读将使你能够攻克那些原本看似难以理解的艰深材料。

2.6.5 Uniform progress 均匀进展

Instead of focusing on a single subject of study, the student will review dozens of subject areas in a single day. Instead of monopolizing his or her knowledge with a single area of expertise, he or she will harmoniously deepen all facets of his knowledge in proportion to needs and/or interests. The growth of the knowledge tree will also be guided by the present level of understanding of individual subjects, in proportion to the growth of the supporting knowledge and specialist terminology. Instead of growing a few thick branches, the knowledge tree will grow twigs in all possible directions while still adding bulk to the trunk and main boughs. Incremental learning is inherently incapable of producing medical experts who have never heard of the Kuiper Belt, or astronomers who have no idea what constitutes a basic healthy diet. SuperMemo helps you prioritize the acquisition of knowledge in various fields. It also helps you fine-tune the balance between specialization and general knowledge. See also how SuperMemo prevents tunnel vision
学生不再专注于单一学科领域，而是每天复习数十个不同主题。与其垄断某一专业领域的知识，他/她将根据需求和兴趣，和谐地深化知识的各个方面。知识树的生长也将由对各学科当前理解程度引导，与支撑性知识及专业术语的增长成比例。不同于只培育几根粗壮枝干，这棵知识树将在所有可能方向萌发新枝，同时仍为主干和主要枝杈增添体量。渐进式学习本质上无法培养出从未听说过柯伊伯带的医学专家，或对基本健康饮食一无所知的天文学家。SuperMemo 帮助你在不同领域优先获取知识，并微调专业知识与通识之间的平衡。另见 SuperMemo 如何防止视野狭隘化

2.6.6 Creativity boost 创造力提升

The key to creativity is an association of remote ideas. By studying multiple subjects in unpredictable order, you will increase your power to associate ideas. This will immensely improve your creativity. Incremental reading may be compared to brainstorming with yourself. SuperMemo will throw at you various articles, paragraphs, statements and questions in a most unexpected order. In the long run, the greatest creative advantage comes from knowledge permanently stored in your memory (as opposed to knowledge that requires Google). It is only a matter of creative effort and invested time before different pieces of knowledge can be associated to form new quality. This will also provide your brain with an entertaining form of mental training that will be highly appreciated in all forms of professions based on intellectual performance.
创造力的关键在于关联远距离的想法。通过以不可预测的顺序学习多个学科，你将增强关联想法的能力。这将极大地提升你的创造力。渐进阅读可以比作与自己进行头脑风暴。SuperMemo 会以最意想不到的顺序向你呈现各种文章、段落、陈述和问题。长远来看，最大的创造性优势来自于永久储存在你记忆中的知识（与需要依赖谷歌的知识相对）。只需投入创造性的努力和时间，不同知识片段就能相互关联，形成新的质量。这也会为你的大脑提供一种娱乐性的思维训练，在以智力表现为基础的各类职业中都将受到高度评价。

With incremental mail processing, it is also possible to mesh your learning, creative writing, and creative problem solving with a creative mail exchange with other people. This may appear helpful in collective problem solving or in complex projects when you need to strike a balance between focused individual work and pulling the team brains together. This process is called incremental brainstorming. Incremental brainstorming is slower, but it does not need synchronization (circadian rhythm, time zones, motivation, etc.), and you do not need to interrupt each other’s work. Incremental brainstorming will never replace face-to-face interactive collaboration, however, it has many advantages associated with incremental learning (creativity, prioritization, attention, meticulousness, long-term viability, etc.). It may provide an excellent knowledge-based supplement, or be your best creative collaboration tool when working at a distance (esp. via different time zones). The creative process is unpredictable, and when you hit your best ideas when the rest of the team is asleep, it makes a good sense to strike the iron while hot: employ creative elaboration and send your idea out.
通过增量邮件处理，您还可以将学习、创意写作和创造性问题解决与他人进行创意邮件交流相结合。这在集体问题解决或复杂项目中尤为有用，当您需要在专注的个人工作与团队头脑风暴之间取得平衡时。这一过程被称为增量头脑风暴。增量头脑风暴速度较慢，但它无需同步（如昼夜节律、时区、动机等），也不会打断彼此的工作。虽然增量头脑风暴永远无法取代面对面的互动协作，但它具备增量学习的诸多优势（创造力、优先级划分、注意力、细致性、长期可行性等）。它可以作为出色的知识补充工具，或在远程工作时（尤其是跨越不同时区）成为您最佳的创意协作方式。创意过程充满不确定性，当团队其他成员休息时您灵感迸发，此时趁热打铁最为明智：运用创意阐述并立即将想法发送出去。

For more on the employment of incremental learning in the creative process see:
关于渐进式学习在创新过程中的应用，详见：

2.6.7 Consistency (resolving chaos and contradiction)

一致性（解决混乱与矛盾）

Contradiction and chaos in your learning material comes from bad sources, from errors, from disagreements in science, or from the fact that you start the process from importing a set of unrelated or even chaotic articles describing a studied complex problem.
学习材料中的矛盾与混乱源于不良来源、错误、科学分歧，或是由于你从导入一组描述所研究复杂问题的互不关联甚至混乱的文章开始这一过程。

If your learning material contains contradictory information, your brain will quickly alert you to this fact. In classical learning, you would often relearn new facts that would contradict earlier learned facts. Then you would relearn the older version again and this wasteful cycle might repeat more than once. In SuperMemo, the same process can take place; however, there will be two mechanisms that will turn chaos and contradiction into a self-limiting condition. The first mechanism relies on high retention of knowledge in SuperMemo that will often make you instantaneously spot the contradiction: Wait a minute! I have already learned this fact and the answer was different! Unfortunately, even SuperMemo isn’t hermetic to contradiction (your retention actually never reaches 100%). The second mechanism is the convergence of contradictory material in time. If you, for example, learn two different answers to What is the size of human population?, say, 5.5 billion and 6 billion, you will naturally provide a wrong answer to one of these questions. Once you relearn it the new way, you will provide a wrong answer to the other question. Inter-repetition intervals for these two contradictory items will get shorter with each relearning cycle. The repetitions of contradictory items converge in time. Sooner or later, the red alert will be raised by your brain. You will quickly resolve the difference and delete one of the items. Similar process will affect hazy or incompletely specified information. Your knowledge will grow in consistency with time.
如果你的学习材料包含相互矛盾的信息，大脑会迅速向你发出警报。在传统学习中，你经常会重新学习与先前掌握事实相矛盾的新内容，随后又再次复习旧版本，这种低效循环可能反复发生。在 SuperMemo 中，虽然同样可能出现这种情况，但有两重机制能将混乱与矛盾转化为自我限制状态：第一重机制依赖于 SuperMemo 的高知识保留率，它能让你立即发现矛盾——“等等！我之前学过这个，但答案不一样！”不过，即便是 SuperMemo 也无法完全避免矛盾（实际记忆保留率永远达不到 100%）。第二重机制是矛盾材料会随时间推移趋于一致。例如，若你学习了两个不同版本的”全球人口数量”答案（比如 55 亿和 60 亿），你自然会答错其中一题。当你用新答案重新学习后，又会答错另一题。这两个相互矛盾的项目的复习间隔会随着每次重新学习周期而缩短。矛盾项目的重复会在时间上趋于一致。迟早，你的大脑会发出红色警报。你将迅速解决差异并删除其中一个项目。类似的过程也会影响模糊或不完全明确的信息。随着时间的推移，你的知识将变得更加一致。

In scientific research, acquiring engineering knowledge, studying a narrow topic of interest, etc. we are constantly faced with a chaos of disparate and often contradictory statements. By introducing the chaos of new research into SuperMemo, you will gradually locate contradictions and strive at building better and more consistent models in your memory. Incremental reading stochastically juxtaposes pieces of information coming from various sources and uses the associative qualities of human memory to emphasize and then resolve contradiction. You will quickly lean towards theories that are better supported by research findings. Those supported poorly will be less firm and will often cause recall problems. Naturally, it may happen that you wish to learn contradictory statements too. For example, the opinions of dissenting scientists. In those cases, SuperMemo will help you emphasize the need of rich context. You will label individual statements with their proponent names or with the school of thought labels.
在科学研究、工程知识获取或特定兴趣领域的深入学习中，我们常会遭遇大量零散且常相互矛盾的论述。通过将新研究的混沌信息引入 SuperMemo，你将逐步发现矛盾点，并努力在记忆中构建更完善、更一致的认知模型。渐进阅读通过随机并置来自不同来源的信息片段，利用人类记忆的联想特性来凸显并最终解决矛盾。你会迅速倾向于那些有更多研究依据支持的理论，而支持薄弱的理论则记忆不牢固，常引发回忆困难。当然，有时你可能也需要学习相互矛盾的观点，例如持异议科学家的见解。此时，SuperMemo 会帮助你强调丰富上下文的重要性，你可以用提出者姓名或学派标签来标注不同观点。

2.6.8 Stresslessness 无压力

Observers and new users of SuperMemo believe that complexity of incremental reading must make it stressful. Some report that even reading about incremental learning is stressful. However, even though complexity always leads to a degree of stress or confusion, in the long-term, the opposite is true: SuperMemo helps you combat stress. Stressless learning is one of the greatest advantages of incremental learning. All the advantages listed in this section contribute to the sense of fun and relaxation. However, SuperMemo’s ability to combat information overload might be the chief factor. Conversely, low stress levels have a miraculous impact on the effectiveness of learning.
初次接触 SuperMemo 的观察者和新用户常认为渐进阅读的复杂性必然带来压力。有些人甚至表示，光是了解渐进学习就令人感到紧张。然而，尽管复杂性总会伴随一定程度的压力或困惑，长期来看恰恰相反：SuperMemo 能帮助你对抗压力。无压力学习是渐进学习最显著的优势之一。本节列出的所有优点共同营造出轻松愉悦的学习体验，其中对抗信息过载的能力可能是最关键的因素。反过来，低压力水平对学习效果有着神奇的提升作用。

Not everyone is stressed with information overload. There is a precondition for experiencing stress of having too much to read or too much to learn: obsessive hunger for knowledge, fear of not being able to keep up, pressing need for new knowledge, etc. This precondition is met in a great proportion of the general population according to a number of studies, and is actually less likely in younger individuals, including students, who are shielded from stress by their less crystallized motivation for learning.
并非所有人都会因信息过载而焦虑。产生”阅读或学习内容过多”的应激反应存在前提条件：对知识的强迫性渴求、害怕跟不上进度的恐惧感、对新知识的迫切需求等。多项研究表明，这种心理状态在普通人群中普遍存在，但在包括学生在内的年轻群体中反而较少出现——他们尚未固化的学习动机形成了天然的压力屏障。

The term Information Fatigue Syndrome has been coined recently to refer to stress coming from problems with managing overwhelming information. Some consequences of IFS listed by Dr. David Lewis, a British psychologist, include: anxiety, tension, procrastination, time-wasting, loss of job satisfaction, self-doubt, psychosomatic stress, breakdown of relationships, reduced analytical capacity, etc. The information era tends to overwhelm us with the amount of information we feel compelled to process. Incremental reading does not require all-or-nothing choices on articles to read. All-or-nothing choices are stressful! Can I afford to skip this article? For months I haven’t had time to read this article! etc. SuperMemo helps you prioritize and skip articles partially (by decision) or automatically (i.e. behind the scenes). Oftentimes, reading 3% of an article may provide 50% of its reading value. Reading of articles may be delayed without your participation, i.e. not by stressful procrastination, but by a sheer competition with other pieces of information on the basis of their priority. In incremental reading, instead of hesitating or procrastinating, you simply prioritize.
最近创造的“信息疲劳综合症”一词指的是因处理海量信息问题而产生的压力。英国心理学家大卫·刘易斯博士列举的 IFS 后果包括：焦虑、紧张、拖延、浪费时间、丧失工作满足感、自我怀疑、心身压力、关系破裂、分析能力下降等。信息时代往往让我们感到被迫处理的信息量过大。渐进式阅读不需要对文章做出全读或全不读的选择。全有或全无的选择会带来压力！我能跳过这篇文章吗？几个月来我一直没时间读这篇文章！等等。SuperMemo 帮助你优先处理并部分跳过文章（通过决定）或自动跳过（即在后台）。通常，阅读一篇文章的 3%可能提供其 50%的阅读价值。文章的阅读可以在你不参与的情况下延迟，即不是通过令人压力的拖延，而是纯粹基于优先级与其他信息竞争。在渐进式阅读中，你不必犹豫或拖延，只需优先处理。

If you happen to open a dozen of tabs in your web browser, you will often be stressed about the optimum course of action. You might be late for sleep, or late for work, and yet you do not want to lose the information. In SuperMemo, you just import&prioritize. Or just import. Nothing is lost. You will encounter the imported material as soon as your learning time allocations permit. Similarly, you can clear your 1,000 pieces mail Inbox in a few hours with all pieces of mail well prioritized and scheduled for review.
如果你在浏览器中一次性打开了十几个标签页，往往会因如何最优处理而感到压力重重。可能你已临近睡眠时间或上班迟到，却又不愿丢失这些信息。在 SuperMemo 中，你只需执行导入并优先处理，或者单纯导入即可。所有内容都不会遗失，一旦你的学习时间安排允许，导入的材料就会适时出现。同样地，你可以在几小时内清理完收件箱中的 1000 封邮件，所有邮件都会被妥善优先排序并安排复习时间。

Once you know you can rely on SuperMemo in presenting review material for you, you can eliminate the stress and anxiety related to having too much to study or too much to read. You will never manage to read or learn all that you would hope for, but you will at least not lose sleep over planning and scheduling. SuperMemo is a promise of the best use of your potential. With this conviction, you can devote all your energy to comprehension, analysis and retention of the learned material.
一旦确信可以依赖 SuperMemo 为你安排复习材料，就能消除因学习或阅读任务过多而产生的压力和焦虑。虽然你永远无法读完或学完所有期望的内容，但至少不必再为计划与排期而失眠。SuperMemo 是对你潜能最佳利用的承诺。怀着这份信念，你可以将全部精力投入到对学习材料的理解、分析和记忆上。

SuperMemo helps you take away a big deal of information overload stress. In a typical IFS stress therapy, you will see that scrupulous notes, ordering one’s desk, planning one’s work, keeping a calendar of appointments, etc. all have a strong therapeutic value. SuperMemo does exactly the same: it helps you keep a scrupulous and well-prioritized record of what you want to read and takes away stressful chaos from the process of acquiring information and learning the collected material. SuperMemo eliminates disorder and the ensuing uncertainty that often characterizes wild searches for information on the net.
SuperMemo 能大幅缓解信息过载带来的压力。在典型的 IFS 压力治疗中，细致笔记、整理桌面、工作计划、日程管理等都具有显著疗效。SuperMemo 同样如此：它帮助你建立严谨且优先级分明的阅读记录，消除信息获取和学习过程中的混乱压力。SuperMemo 消除了无序及随之而来的不确定性——这些常出现在网络信息狂搜中的典型问题。

2.6.9 Attention 注意力

Human brain has an in-built limit on the attention span. We all get bored with things. This is particularly visible in kids. Limited attention helps maximize the learning input. This is why most toys have a short lifespan, and other kids’ toys seem always more interesting. The same is true of reading. Even the best articles can become taxing if they get too long. Millions of people do a daily channel zapping on TV. This absurd activity is driven precisely by the craving for dense action and information variety. A gripping movie goes “too slow” for a typical channel zapper. This is why he or she prefers to watch three movies at the same time (even though the coherence of the plot of each will suffer). Incremental learning is a perfect remedy to the limited attention span. Even a single unlucky paragraph in an article may greatly reduce your enthusiasm for reading. If you stumble against a few frustrating paragraphs, you may gradually develop a dislike of reading a particular article. You may even become fed up with reading for the entire evening.
人类大脑对注意力持续时间有内在限制。我们都会对事物感到厌倦，这在儿童身上尤为明显。有限的注意力有助于最大化学习输入，这就是为什么大多数玩具寿命短暂，而其他孩子的玩具看起来总是更有趣。阅读也是如此，即使是最好的文章，如果篇幅过长也会变得令人疲惫。数百万人每天都会在电视上频繁换台，这种荒谬行为正是源于对密集动作和信息多样性的渴望。对典型的频道冲浪者来说，扣人心弦的电影节奏”太慢”，因此他们宁愿同时观看三部电影（尽管每部电影的剧情连贯性都会受到影响）。渐进式学习是解决注意力持续时间有限的完美方案。即使文章中只有一个令人不快的段落，也可能大大降低你的阅读热情。如果你连续遇到几个令人沮丧的段落，可能会逐渐对阅读特定文章产生厌恶，甚至整个晚上都对阅读感到厌烦。

In incremental reading, once you sense any sign of boredom or distraction, you can jump to the next article with mostly positive side effects (expressed mainly in better memories produced by spaced learning). Unlike in channel zapping, you won’t miss any information. Just the opposite, you will maximize attention per paragraph. Your attention to the same piece of information may depend on your mood, amount of prior reading, today’s interest that may depend on the piece of news you heard on the morning radio, etc. With incremental reading, you can fit your best attention to each individual piece of reading. You can change the approach depending on your circadian status (i.e. the time of the day, mental energy, etc.). You can deprioritize articles that undermine attention. You can split intimidating articles into more manageable portions. The boost in attention is one of the main reasons why incremental reading is more fun than ordinary reading.
在渐进阅读中，一旦察觉到无聊或分心的迹象，你可以跳转到下一篇文章，这通常会产生积极的副作用（主要表现为间隔学习能形成更牢固的记忆）。与频道切换不同，你不会错过任何信息。恰恰相反，你将最大化对每个段落的注意力。对同一信息的注意力可能取决于你的情绪、先前阅读量、当天兴趣（比如晨间广播听到的新闻等）。通过渐进阅读，你可以为每段阅读材料匹配最佳注意力状态。你可以根据昼夜节律状态（即一天中的时间、脑力水平等）调整方法。可以降低那些削弱注意力的文章的优先级，或将令人生畏的长文拆分为更易处理的部分。注意力提升是渐进阅读比普通阅读更有趣的主要原因之一。

2.6.10 Consolidation 巩固

Everything we learn must be reviewed from time to time in order to be remembered. If you read an article in intervals, you already begin the consolidation of memory which may save you lots of time. In traditional reading, you would need to read the whole article, and then to review the article later several times. With earlier releases of SuperMemo, you would need to read the whole article, and then only review the most important parts of the article in SuperMemo at intervals determined by the program. Now you can begin the consolidation-review cycle already during reading! Incremental reading combines the process of extracting pieces of valuable knowledge with memory consolidation. This pre-consolidation will often dramatically reduce the number of repetitions required before your material gets to be reviewed in long intervals of months and years. By the time you convert parts of the material into clozes or question-answer items, you will already have it well-consolidated. This consolidation will be based on solid context, a degree of redundancy (that helps retention), and an easy-to-remember formulation based on cloze deletion. Extracting pieces of information from a larger body of knowledge provides your items with all the relevant context. This slow process of jelling out knowledge produces an enhanced sense of meaning and applicability of individual pieces of information. Semantically equivalent pieces of information may be consolidated in varying contexts adding additional angles to their associative power. In other words, not only will you remember better. You will also be able to view the same information from different perspectives.
为了记住所学的一切，我们必须不时地进行复习。如果你间隔性地阅读一篇文章，就已经开始了记忆的巩固过程，这可能会为你节省大量时间。在传统阅读中，你需要先完整阅读整篇文章，之后再多次回顾。而在早期版本的 SuperMemo 中，你需要先完整阅读整篇文章，然后仅通过程序设定的间隔时间在 SuperMemo 中复习文章最重要的部分。现在，你可以在阅读过程中就开始巩固-复习的循环！渐进式阅读将提取有价值知识片段的过程与记忆巩固相结合。这种预先巩固通常能显著减少材料在进入数月乃至数年长间隔复习前所需的重复次数。当你将部分材料转化为填空或问答条目时，它已经得到了很好的巩固。这种巩固将基于坚实的上下文、一定程度的冗余（有助于记忆保留），以及通过填空删除形成的易于记忆的表述。从更广泛的知识体系中提取信息片段，能为你的学习项目提供所有相关背景。这种缓慢的知识提炼过程增强了单个信息片段的意义感和适用性。语义相同的信息可以在不同语境中整合，为其联想力增添新的维度。换言之，你不仅能记得更牢，还能从不同角度审视同一信息。

2.6.11 Prioritization 优先级排序

You always have a long queue of articles to read, and there are always more articles to read than you can ever hope to remember. In incremental reading, you can precisely determine the priority of each article, paragraph, sentence or question. Evaluating articles and prioritizing them is difficult because you cannot do a good evaluation without actually reading a part of the article in question. In incremental reading, you can read the introduction and then decide when to read the rest. If an article is extremely valuable or interesting, you can process it entirely at once. Other articles can slowly scramble through the learning process. Yet others may ultimately be deleted. The prioritization will continue while you are reading the article. If the evaluation of quality or content changes while reading, so will the reading-review schedule.
你总是有一长串待读文章，而想记住的文章数量永远超出你的能力范围。在渐进阅读中，你可以精确确定每篇文章、段落、句子或问题的优先级。评估文章并确定其优先级很困难，因为如果不实际阅读文章的一部分，就无法做出良好的评估。在渐进阅读中，你可以先阅读引言，然后决定何时阅读其余部分。如果某篇文章非常有价值或有趣，你可以一次性处理完。其他文章可以在学习过程中慢慢消化。还有一些文章最终可能会被删除。在你阅读文章的过程中，优先级会持续调整。如果在阅读过程中对质量或内容的评价发生变化，阅读和复习计划也会相应调整。

Prioritization tools will ensure that important pieces of information will receive better processing. This will maximize the value of your reading time. This will also reduce the impact of material overflow on retention. You will always remember the desired proportion of your top-priority material. While the lesser priority material may suffer more from the overflow and be remembered less accurately. Priority of articles is not set in stone. You can modify it manually while reading in proportion to the value you extract from a given article. The priority will also change automatically each time you generate article extracts. It will change if you delay or advance scheduled reading. The priority of extracts is determined by the priority of articles. The priority of questions and answers produced from individual sentences is determined by their parenting extracts. Multiple prioritization tools will help you effectively deal with massive changes in your learning focus. With the prioritization tools you can always determine your learning focus in numbers!
优先级工具将确保重要信息得到更好的处理，从而最大化您的阅读时间价值，并减少材料过载对记忆保持的影响。您总能记住高优先级材料的理想比例，而较低优先级的材料可能因过载影响更大，记忆准确度下降。文章优先级并非一成不变，您可在阅读时根据提取的价值手动调整。每次生成文章摘录时优先级也会自动变化，推迟或提前安排阅读同样会触发调整。摘录的优先级由文章优先级决定，而单个句子生成问答的优先级则继承自其父级摘录。多重优先级工具能有效应对学习重点的大幅变化，让您始终能用数字精确掌控学习焦点！

This is one of the most important things about incremental reading: efficient fishing for pieces of golden knowledge!
渐进阅读最关键的要点之一：高效筛选黄金知识片段！

2.6.12 Speed (of reading) 阅读速度

Incremental readers can beat speed readers in the speed of reading! This is true even for relative beginners with little or no speed-reading training. The caveat: all that is possible at the cost of delayed comprehension. In speed-reading, you always need to worry about the comprehension level. High comprehension is where speed-reading skills are vital. However, in incremental reading, you can quickly skim through less important portions of the text without worrying you will miss a detail. The skimmed fragment will be scheduled for later review. You can optionally determine when the review will happen and at what priority (low priority review may be delayed further, often automatically). You can quickly jump from paragraph to paragraph, get the overall picture, mark fragments for later reading, mark fragments for detailed study, etc. This speed-reading method, with a bit of training, is stress free. You will eliminate the greatest bottleneck of speed-reading: fear of missing important pieces of information. When you come back to the skimmed fragments in the future, they may have already become irrelevant or less important. That is one of a savings in time generated by incremental reading. You always focus on top priority material and you spend little time worrying about things that are left for later reading. Incremental reading is speed-reading without the loss of comprehension. Once you speed-read the entire article, you can slowly digest it again from the very beginning in the incremental reading process. Needless to say, speed-reading does not come close to incremental reading when it comes to long-term retention. Memories are always subject to forgetting. All valuable information that you collect while reading may be forgotten at any time. Pieces that would be retained without SuperMemo (e.g. through regular use) produce minimum workload. Other pieces will allow you to never need to come back to the article in question. In conclusion, all knowledge that you need in the long-run, should be best acquired via incremental reading. Traditional reading can still be used for entertainment, temporary knowledge (e.g. how to install a sound board), curiosity (e.g. news), etc. This is not to say that speed-reading skills are not useful in incremental reading. If you are already a solid speed-reader, you can add to your speed and comprehension with the help of incremental reading. In the process, you will hone your skills further and become even a faster reader.
渐进式阅读者可以在阅读速度上超越速读者！即使对于几乎没有或完全没有速读训练的初学者来说，这也是事实。但需要注意的是：这一切都是以延迟理解为代价的。在速读中，你总是需要担心理解水平。高理解度正是速读技巧至关重要的地方。然而，在渐进式阅读中，你可以快速浏览文本中不太重要的部分，而不必担心会错过细节。被略读的片段会被安排稍后复习。你可以自行决定复习的时间及优先级（低优先级复习可能会被进一步延迟，通常是自动进行的）。你可以快速跳转段落、把握整体脉络、标记待读片段、标注需精读部分等等。经过少量训练后，这种速读方法毫无压力。你将消除速读的最大瓶颈：害怕遗漏重要信息。当你未来回顾那些曾被略读的片段时，它们可能已经变得无关紧要或重要性降低了。这是渐进阅读节省时间的一个方面。你总是专注于最高优先级的材料，而很少花时间担心那些留待以后阅读的内容。渐进阅读是一种不会损失理解速度的速读法。一旦你快速浏览完整篇文章，就可以在渐进阅读过程中从头开始慢慢消化它。不用说，就长期记忆而言，速读远不及渐进阅读。记忆总是会遗忘的。你在阅读时收集的所有有价值信息都可能随时被遗忘。那些无需 SuperMemo 也能保留的内容（例如通过常规使用）产生的工作量最小。其他内容则让你永远无需再回到相关文章。总之，所有你长期需要的知识，最好通过渐进阅读来获取。传统阅读仍可用于娱乐、临时知识（例如如何安装声卡）、满足好奇心（例如新闻）等。这并不是说速读技巧在渐进阅读中没有用处。如果你已经是一个熟练的速读者，通过渐进阅读的帮助，你可以进一步提高速度和理解力。在这个过程中，你将磨练技能，成为一个更快的读者。

See also: Speed-reading on steroids, which also explains the bell-shaped curve of changes in the cost of topic review.
另请参阅：Speed-reading on steroids，其中还解释了主题复习成本变化的钟形曲线。

2.6.13 Speed (of formulating items)

条目构建速度

Cloze deletion is the fastest tool for converting texts into items. In addition to massive imports, you can introduce your own rough notes into SuperMemo and later gradually convert them into well-structured knowledge. Less important material may remain unstructured and, as such, less well-remembered. You will see how passive notes gradually fade in your memory and how their individual components will need to be reinforced by formulating specific well-structured items. You will make such reinforcement decisions on the one-by-one basis depending on the importance of the fading material and the degree of recall problems. Naturally, due to a typical learning overflow, you will always neglect some portions of the material. This is how you will gain additional speed understood as the time invested per item. You will generate items faster, re-formulate them with greater ease, and save additional time by neglecting less important material. This is prioritization via formulation. Less important material will remain in a less processed and messier state characterized by lower retention.
填空删除是将文本快速转换为知识项的最快工具。除了批量导入外，您还可以将自己的粗略笔记引入 SuperMemo，随后逐步将其转化为结构良好的知识。重要性较低的材料可以保持非结构化状态，因此记忆效果也会较差。您将看到被动笔记如何在记忆中逐渐淡化，以及如何通过制定具体、结构良好的知识项来强化其中的各个组成部分。您将根据淡化材料的重要性和回忆问题的程度，逐一做出强化决策。自然，由于典型的学习溢出效应，您总会忽略部分材料。这正是您通过每项投入时间获得额外速度的方式——更快生成知识项、更轻松地重新表述内容，并通过忽略次要材料节省额外时间。这就是通过表述实现的优先级排序。重要性较低的材料将保持较低加工度和较混乱的状态，其特征是保留率较低。

2.6.14 Meticulousness 一丝不苟

With well-prioritized stream of information, you are served knowledge in smaller chunks. This makes it possible to truly focus on most important pieces and discover things that would never get noticed in the mass of voluminous learning. Good attention brings meticulousness and creative discovery. In other words, this is a marriage of prioritization, attention, and creativity advantages with a new twist: noticing things that are hard to notice in massive learning.
通过精心优先排序的信息流，知识以更小的模块呈现给你。这使得真正专注于最重要的部分成为可能，并发现那些在庞杂学习中容易被忽视的内容。良好的注意力带来细致入微和创造性发现。换言之，这是优先排序、注意力与创造力优势的结合，并带来新视角：注意到那些在大规模学习中难以察觉的细节。

2.6.15 Training 训练

With massive incremental reading, you will hone a set of skills that are vital for efficient learning. By repeating the same procedures over and over again, day in and day out, over the months and years, you will become a master of processing and retaining knowledge! If you want things well done, do them often. Here are some examples of skills that will get a boost and change your learning:
通过大规模渐进式阅读，你将磨练出一套对高效学习至关重要的技能。日复一日、年复一年地重复相同流程，你将精通知识的处理和保留！想要做好事情，就要经常去做。以下是一些会得到提升并改变你学习方式的技能示例：

Recognizing suitable texts at a glance of an eye. Some texts are great for efficient reading, some are full of chaff and waffle. The more articles you need to preview fast and prioritize, the faster you can do it and more accurate you become. This is an exercise in expert pattern recognition.
一眼识别适合的文本。有些文本适合高效阅读，有些则充满冗余废话。需要快速预览并优先处理的文章越多，你的速度和准确性就越高。这是专家级模式识别的实践训练。
Formulating knowledge efficiently. In terms of learning efficiency, the difference between well-formulated and ill-formulated items may be as high as 1:10 or even 1:100. Some items are mnemonic. Others are confusing. Some require 5-6 repetitions in a lifetime. Others permanently reside among leeches that come back for review and waste your precious time.
高效地构建知识。就学习效率而言，构建良好的条目与构建不佳的条目之间的差异可能高达 1:10 甚至 1:100。有些条目具有助记性，而另一些则令人困惑。有些条目一生只需复习 5-6 次，而其他条目则长期滞留在“水蛭”行列中反复出现，浪费你宝贵的时间。
Mnemonic skills. The more you try to remember, the better you know how to remember things fast and for long. Mnemonic skills can be developed in dedicated courses. They can also improve with each single item you formulate and memorize.
记忆技巧。你尝试记忆的内容越多，就越能掌握快速且长久记忆的方法。记忆技巧可以通过专门的课程来培养，也会随着你构建和记忆的每一个条目而提升。
Speed-reading skills. Fast reading is a hallmark of incremental learning. Traditional speed-reading is very different from speed-reading with SuperMemo. You nearly never need to worry about missing information. Incremental reading carries none of the burdens of a typical hit-and-miss speed-reading. There is no limit on the speed of skimming. Mastery of keyboard is as important as the eye saccades. The more you skim, the better you skim. The more you hurry, the more you skim. Incremental learning accelerates your hunger for knowledge, and the speed at which you devour it.
速读技能。快速阅读是渐进学习的标志。传统速读与使用 SuperMemo 的速读截然不同。你几乎无需担心遗漏信息。渐进阅读没有典型速读那种时灵时不灵的负担。浏览速度没有限制。键盘操作熟练度与眼球扫视同样重要。浏览得越多，浏览效果越好。越匆忙，浏览得越多。渐进学习加速你对知识的渴望，以及你消化知识的速度。
Semantic skills. The language is a jigsaw puzzle of words and phrases played on a set board of grammar. Understanding the language is vital for speed-reading where the structure of a sentence needs to be parsed in a fraction of a millisecond at a single glance. In incremental reading, correct formulation of clozes will often require minor rewording. Like in a puzzle, you will need to shift a word from here to there, remove sections of sentences, insert context, change the tense, remove referential ambiguity, etc. Mastery of the grammatical sentence skeleton and the semantics will increase with every and each new cloze polished for long-term memory.
语义技能。语言是在语法固定棋盘上由词汇和短语组成的拼图游戏。理解语言对速读至关重要，因为需要在瞬间一瞥中解析句子结构。在渐进阅读中，正确构建填空项常需微调措辞：如同拼图般移动单词位置、删减句子片段、插入上下文、调整时态、消除指代歧义等。每打磨一个长期记忆填空项，对语法句架和语义的掌控力都将随之提升。
Prioritizations skills. New students, however smart, are often totally blind to the priority of knowledge. They are unable to judge the extent of their present and future knowledge. They find it difficult to differentiate gold from garbage. Seemingly precious knowledge becomes garbage if it does not pass the priority test that ensures it can ever be mastered. The lifetime capacity of the human brain is limited. Without understanding the limits, newcomers to incremental learning will often embark onto a futile quest for mastering details that would steal room needed for memories that are essential to one’s existence (professional and beyond). With every passing month and with the constant increase in the size of your knowledge and your collection (i.e. also “knowledge to-be”), you will better understand your ultimate limits. Your knowledge selection skills will keep improving for years to come.
优先级判断能力。然而，无论新生多么聪明，他们往往对知识的优先级一无所知。他们无法评估自己当前及未来知识的广度，难以区分精华与糟粕。若知识无法通过确保其可被掌握的优先级测试，那些看似珍贵的知识也会沦为垃圾。人类大脑的终身容量是有限的。若不了解这一限制，渐进学习的新手常会徒劳地追求掌握那些细节，这些细节会挤占对个人生存（职业及其他方面）至关重要的记忆空间。随着时间推移，你的知识储备和待学集合（即“待吸收知识”）不断增长，你将更清晰地认识到自身的终极局限。未来数年里，你的知识筛选能力将持续精进。
Editing and SuperMemo skills. SuperMemo is complex. It takes months to fully explore. SuperMemo is also keyboard-oriented. The list of keyboard shortcuts is overwhelming. Only with the mastery of the keyboard and SuperMemo itself can you become a true pro of incremental learning who can whiz through dozens of articles per hour. You will edit dozens of little pieces of texts to optimally formulate your questions. Speed-reading and semantic skills, combined with editing skills will help you instantly mold the texts in your collection to suit your long-term goals.
编辑与 SuperMemo 技能。SuperMemo 功能复杂，需数月时间才能全面掌握。它更倾向于键盘操作，快捷键列表令人应接不暇。唯有精通键盘操作和 SuperMemo 本身，你才能成为真正的渐进学习高手，每小时快速处理数十篇文章。你将编辑大量文本片段以优化问题表述。速读能力、语义理解技巧与编辑技能相结合，可帮助你即时调整知识库中的文本，使其符合长期学习目标。

2.6.16 Knowledge database 知识库

Once your collection grows rich in materials from various domains, you can use it before you use Google to search for information about a subject within the material that you already want to learn. The search results will not be as rich, but they will be far more focused on the areas of your interest. While doing search&review, you will be able to reduce the future workload in many areas. This is fun!
当你的知识库积累了大量跨领域材料后，在通过谷歌搜索某主题信息前，可优先检索已有学习资料。搜索结果虽不如谷歌丰富，但能精准聚焦于你感兴趣的领域。通过这种”搜索&复习”模式，你能有效减少未来多个领域的学习负担。这过程充满乐趣！

2.6.17 All-in-one archive 一体化存档

Once you become proficient with SuperMemo you can use it as an all-encompasing archive of all your media files. Those files do not need to be part of the learning process, however, you can combine archiving functions with the incremental process (e.g. when annotating your family photo album collection). SuperMemo may be a great way to get rid of those dusty paper documents, tape recorder cassettes, CDs, photo albums, school notebooks, etc. You can archive this in dedicated folders on your computer and import it all to SuperMemo. Incremental processing of archive has many advantages. For example, while annotating family pictures from two centuries ago, you can fill in the gaps in information by simple face recognition that may rely on a degree of learning or creative juxtaposition of photographs from different sources in close intervals. Incremental audio can also convert your jukebox SuperMemo into a stream of music with a maximized fun factor. There are millions of ways of sorting tracks on your media player device, by filename, by date, by annotation, by priority, by recent viewing… all that does not compare to the incremental review process. This is because the quality of your experience when processing music or photos is based on the same forgetting mechanisms that affect learning. You want to see or listen to some things more often than others, but not too often. Forgetting is the key to experiencing music or imagery or videos again and again with a heightened degree of fun, pleasure and, last but not least, learning.
一旦你熟练掌握了 SuperMemo，你可以将其用作所有媒体文件的全面存档工具。这些文件不必成为学习过程的一部分，但你可以将存档功能与渐进式处理相结合（例如在注释家庭相册集时）。SuperMemo 可能是摆脱那些积尘的纸质文件、录音带、CD、相册、学校笔记本等的绝佳方式。你可以将这些内容存档在电脑上的专用文件夹中，并全部导入 SuperMemo。渐进式处理存档有许多优势。例如，在注释两个世纪前的家庭照片时，你可以通过简单的面部识别填补信息空白，这可能依赖于一定程度的学习或不同来源照片在短时间间隔内的创造性并置。渐进式音频还可以将你的点唱机 SuperMemo 转化为充满最大化乐趣的音乐流。在媒体播放设备上有数百万种排序音轨的方式，按文件名、日期、注释、优先级、最近查看…所有这些都无法与渐进式复习过程相媲美。这是因为在处理音乐或照片时，你的体验质量与影响学习的遗忘机制相同。你希望某些内容比其他内容更频繁地观看或聆听，但频率也不宜过高。遗忘是让你以更高的趣味、愉悦感，以及同样重要的学习效果，反复体验音乐、图像或视频的关键。

2.6.18 Fun 乐趣

The sense of productivity might be one of the most satisfying emotions. This is why incremental learning should be highly enjoyable. This only magnifies its powers. To experience the elation of incremental learning, you may need a few months of focused practice. You will first have to start with the basic tools and techniques. Then you will need to master knowledge representation skills. Finally, you will need a couple of months of heavy-load incremental learning to perfect the details and develop your own “incremental learning philosophy”. You will also need to grow your collection as size matters for the fun of learning. Last but not least, incremental learning requires good language skills, some touch-typing skills, and patience (SuperMemo will often want you to go against your own intuition). Although the material is originally imported from electronic sources, it always needs to be molded, shortened, provided with context clues, restructured for wording and grammar, etc. The skills involved are not trivial and require practice.
生产力感可能是最令人满足的情绪之一。这正是渐进学习应当高度愉悦的原因所在，这种愉悦感只会放大它的效力。要体验渐进学习带来的振奋，你可能需要数月的专注练习。首先必须从基础工具和技巧入手，接着需要掌握知识呈现技能，最后还需通过几个月高强度的渐进学习来完善细节并形成自己的”渐进学习哲学”。同时你也需要扩充知识库，因为规模对学习乐趣至关重要。最后同样重要的是，渐进学习需要良好的语言能力、一定的盲打技巧以及耐心（SuperMemo 常会要求你违背自身直觉）。虽然材料最初来自电子资源，但总需要经过重塑、精简、添加上下文线索、调整措辞和语法等处理。这些涉及的技能并非微不足道，需要不断练习。

If you have used SuperMemo and/or spaced repetition, you may have concluded that learning with SuperMemo is boring due to its repetitive nature. Those who can compare the classic SuperMemo with incremental learning will testify that incremental learning is by far more fun. In contrast to classic SuperMemo, where you focus on the review of the old material, incremental reading interweaves the old with the new. Novelty adds to the fun and efficiency of learning. Incremental learning is by far more challenging and colorful than typical repetitions. In addition to review and reading, you can import rich graphics, audio and video to spice up your learning process.
如果你使用过 SuperMemo 和/或间隔重复学习法，可能会觉得 SuperMemo 的学习过程因其重复性而显得枯燥。那些将传统 SuperMemo 与渐进学习法对比过的人会证明，渐进学习要有趣得多。与专注于复习旧材料的传统 SuperMemo 不同，渐进阅读将新旧内容交织在一起。新鲜感增添了学习的乐趣和效率。渐进学习远比常规复习更具挑战性和丰富多彩。除了复习和阅读，你还可以导入丰富的图形、音频和视频来为学习过程增添趣味。

In the end, you risk becoming seriously addicted to incremental learning. The statement “I do not read books“ should no longer be considered in a negative light! As long as you keep incremental learning in rational check, it will benefit you and others around you.
最终，你可能会对渐进学习上瘾。”我不读书”这句话不应再被视为负面表态！只要你能理性控制渐进学习，它就会对你和你周围的人有益。

2.7 Disadvantages 缺点

Most of disadvantages of incremental learning come from factors that are a disadvantage in nearly all human pursuits: opportunity and overhead costs. However, there are also disadvantages that come from the fact that Incremental learning is not for everyone. Poor selection of knowledge may result in wasting time on low-quality learning. Moreover, incremental learning may lead to frustration, stress, addiction, compulsive use, and other undesirable effects on user’s psychology.
渐进式学习的大部分缺点源于几乎所有人类活动中都会存在的不利因素：机会成本和间接成本。然而，还有一些缺点则是因为渐进式学习并不适合所有人。知识选择不当可能导致时间浪费在低质量的学习上。此外，渐进式学习还可能引发沮丧、压力、成瘾、强迫性使用等对用户心理的不良影响。

Here is the short list of disadvantages to consider:
以下是需要考虑的缺点简要列表：

opportunity costs: each time you learn with SuperMemo, you are not doing something else. You might be neglecting your creative pursuits, other people, your children, your own health, etc. Incremental learning makes sense only if it is done in the right proportion to your other activities. That proportion will depend on your skills, goals, profession, lifestyle, personality, and more. You need to strike the optimum balance on your own. It might be just a few minutes to polish your English or professional knowledge. Or it might be a few hours if you are a medical student. You always need to keep opportunity costs in mind and keep a score of costs and benefits.
机会成本：每次使用 SuperMemo 学习时，你都在放弃做其他事情。你可能忽视了创造性追求、他人、孩子或自身健康等。只有当增量学习与其他活动的比例适当时，它才有意义。这个比例取决于你的技能、目标、职业、生活方式、性格等因素。你需要自行找到最佳平衡点——可能只需花几分钟打磨英语或专业知识，也可能像医学生那样投入数小时。始终牢记机会成本，并权衡利弊得失。
overhead costs: there is no way around a steep learning curve in incremental learning. You will be thwarted by limitations of software, and the overall complexity of the concept. You will wonder why some solutions in SuperMemo have been set upside down against your best intuition. You will keep improving your skills, and strategies over long months and years. Even mastering the basic techniques will take a lot of time. You should be aware of that difficulty before you embark on the process that is bound to cause some stress and frustration at the beginning. At the same time, you should find hope in the fact that for a pro, the overhead costs are negligible. All extra operations are semi-automatic while the learning process proceeds largely uninterrupted in student’s mind. While keystrokes are issued, knowledge is actively being processed by the memory system. All operations have been optimized for pro use. Once you get to a pro level and follow the recommended strategy, overhead cost disadvantage will cease to matter.
间接成本：在渐进学习中，陡峭的学习曲线是无法避免的。你会受到软件限制和概念整体复杂性的阻碍。你会疑惑为什么 SuperMemo 中的某些解决方案与你最直觉的判断背道而驰。你将在漫长的岁月中持续提升技能和优化策略。即使掌握基础技巧也需要大量时间。在开始这段注定会在初期带来压力和挫败感的旅程前，你应当意识到这些困难。与此同时，你也应从专业用户的视角获得希望——对他们而言，间接成本几乎可以忽略不计。所有额外操作都是半自动化的，而学习过程在学生的脑海中基本不受干扰。当敲击键盘时，记忆系统正在主动处理知识。所有操作都针对专业使用进行了优化。一旦你达到专业水平并遵循推荐策略，间接成本的劣势将不复存在。
learning garbage (GIGO): if your selection of learning material is poor, or your formulation skills inadequate, you risk wasting lots of time on learning things that you do not need or that do not bring a tangible memory effect. This is why you must read 20 rules of formulating knowledge, keep knowledge selection at the front of your mind, and be honest with your priority queue.
学习垃圾（GIGO）：如果学习材料选择不当，或知识表述能力不足，你可能会浪费大量时间学习不需要或无法产生实质性记忆效果的内容。因此，你必须阅读《20 条知识表述规则》，时刻牢记知识选择的重要性，并对优先级队列保持诚实。
frustration and stress: incremental learning is not for everyone. It requires a certain level of proficiency with the language that may be hard for some to reach. It requires a mind that is somewhat abstract-enabled. Did you do well in math? Or science? These are good omens. If incremental learning is not fun after a few months of determined study, you need to re-read this entire article with utmost attention. Otherwise, your incremental adventure will not bring fruit.
挫败与压力：渐进式学习并不适合所有人。它需要一定程度的语言熟练度，这对某些人来说可能难以达到。它还需要一个具备抽象思维能力的大脑。你在数学或科学方面表现好吗？这些都是好兆头。如果经过几个月坚定学习后，渐进式学习仍无乐趣，你需要以极度专注的态度重读整篇文章。否则，你的渐进式学习之旅将不会结出果实。

Incremental learning must be fun to work!
渐进式学习必须有趣才能有效！

2.8 Incremental reading: Summary

渐进阅读：总结

If you are serious about learning, you must learn incremental reading! Without it, you might be missing the best part of SuperMemo!
如果你对学习是认真的，就必须掌握渐进阅读！否则，你可能会错过 SuperMemo 最精华的部分！
Incremental reading makes it possible to read thousands of articles in parallel without getting lost.
渐进阅读能让你并行阅读数千篇文章而不迷失方向。
Use Extract (Alt+X) and Cloze (Alt+Z) to extract the most valuable pieces of knowledge while reading. Use the keyboard for maximum speed. However, if you are new to SuperMemo, you can also use the learnbar for the job.
阅读时使用提取(Alt+X)和填空(Alt+Z)功能来摘取最有价值的知识片段。使用键盘操作可达到最快速度。但如果你是 SuperMemo 新手，也可以使用学习工具栏完成操作。
Standard repetitions and incremental reading should be intermingled. This serves variety and creativity. Auto-sort repetitions will sort your repetitions, introduce a tiny degree of randomness, and ensure a steady, moderate, and prioritized inflow of new articles into the learning process. Read more about the priority queue
常规复习与渐进阅读应当交替进行。这能保持学习多样性并激发创造力。自动排序复习功能会整理你的复习任务，引入微量随机性，并确保新文章以稳定、适度且优先级明确的方式流入学习流程。了解更多关于优先队列的内容
You can control the timing and priority of review in incremental reading by modifying intervals (Shift+Ctrl+R or Ctrl+J), priority (Alt+P), and the forgetting index (e.g. Shift+Ctrl+P).
在渐进阅读中，您可以通过修改间隔（Shift+Ctrl+R 或 Ctrl+J）、优先级（Alt+P）和遗忘指数（如 Shift+Ctrl+P）来控制复习的时间和优先级。
Use read-points (Ctrl+F7), good titles (Alt+T), reference labels (Alt+Q), and manually inserted context clues to minimize context recovery overhead (i.e. the cost of recalling the correct context of individual questions).
使用阅读点（Ctrl+F7）、优质标题（Alt+T）、参考标签（Alt+Q）以及手动插入的上下文线索，以最小化上下文恢复开销（即回忆单个问题正确上下文的成本）。
Auto-postpone will automatically delay the review of the excess of low-priority material. Use Postpone to manually handle the overload or define the postpone criteria.
自动推迟功能会延迟处理过量低优先级材料的复习。使用推迟功能手动处理过载或定义推迟标准。
Do not forget to review 20 rules of formulating knowledge to make sure you do not waste hours on badly formulated material.
别忘了复习 20 条知识表述规则，确保您不会在表述不当的材料上浪费大量时间。

3. References 参考文献

3.1 Why need references? 为什么需要参考文献？

For example: 例如：

Q: He was born in …
问：他出生于[…]（年份）

cannot be answered without the context. However, the following question is already easier to understand:
脱离上下文无法回答。不过以下问题已经更容易理解：

Q: He was born in …
问：他出生于[…]（年份）

#Title: Barrack Obama #标题: 巴拉克·奥巴马
#Source: Wikipedia #来源: 维基百科

To speed up learning, in the incremental reading process, the above question should naturally be replaced with:
为了加速学习，在渐进阅读过程中，上述问题应自然地替换为：

Q: Obama was born in …
问：奥巴马出生于[…]（年份）

or 或

Q: Obama was born in …
问：奥巴马出生于[…]（年份）

#Title: Barrack Obama #标题: 巴拉克·奥巴马
#Source: Wikipedia #来源: 维基百科

References are not stored in HTML files that hold your articles but in a reference registry (i.e. in a separate database). The reference registry does not hold the text of references either. All reference texts are held in the text registry and are available for global text searches. In earlier versions of SuperMemo, each text would keep its own copy of references. In newer SuperMemos, elements keep only pointers to reference registry, which in turn keeps pointers to individual text fields in the text registry. As a result, many elements can hold the same reference, and many references can hold the same text. This results in a significant saving in space in your collection. More importantly, you can update the reference in a single element and see the change show in all elements using the same reference. This way, you do not need to waste time on search&replace to correct a single misspelling or reference inaccuracy that propagated to many elements.
参考文献并不存储在包含文章的 HTML 文件中，而是存放在一个独立的引用注册表（即单独的数据库）中。引用注册表也不保存参考文献的文本内容，所有参考文献文本均存储在文本注册表中，并支持全局文本搜索。在早期版本的 SuperMemo 中，每段文本会保留其自身的参考文献副本。而在新版 SuperMemo 中，知识元素仅保存指向引用注册表的指针，而引用注册表则进一步指向文本注册表中的具体文本字段。这种设计使得多个元素可以共享同一参考文献，同时多篇参考文献也能引用相同的文本内容，从而显著节省知识库的存储空间。更重要的是，您只需在单个元素中更新参考文献，所有使用该引用的元素都会同步显示变更。这样，您无需浪费时间通过搜索替换来修正一个已传播到多个元素中的拼写错误或引用不准确问题。

3.2 Example 示例

If you select the title of the source article and press Alt+T (Reference : Title on the HTML component menu), each extract will be marked by the title of the source article. If you use Edit : Web import : All, your articles will be provided with basic references (such as #Title, #Link, #Date, etc.). If you need more context (e.g. to add the author, the journal, etc.), you can use the reference link button () on the navigation bar to jump to the source article from which the extract was produced. On the parent article, that button will lead you to the original link on the net.
如果你选中源文章的标题并按下 Alt+T（参考：HTML 组件菜单上的标题），每个摘录都会以源文章的标题标记。如果你使用编辑：网页导入：全部，你的文章将附带基本引用（如#标题、#链接、#日期等）。如果需要更多上下文（例如添加作者、期刊等），你可以使用导航栏上的引用链接按钮（ SuperMemo: Reference button on the navigation bar in the element window ）跳转到生成摘录的源文章。在父文章上，该按钮将带你跳转至网络上的原始链接。

Figure: Typical snapshot of incremental reading. While learning about the greenhouse effect, the student extracts the fragment saying that “An ideal thermally conductive blackbody at the same distance from the Sun as Earth would have a temperature of about 5.3 °C. However, because Earth reflects about 30%[5][6] of the incoming sunlight, this idealized planet’s effective temperature (the temperature of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation) would be about −18 °C.[7][8] The surface temperature of this hypothetical planet is 33 °C below Earth’s actual surface temperature of approximately 14 °C.[9]. The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as greenhouse effect“. The extracted fragment will inherit illustrations placed on the right, as well as article references. The student can move on to reading another article by pressing Enter. The picture on the right is stored locally in the image registry (on the user’s hard disk) and can be reused to illustrate other articles or questions.
图：渐进阅读的典型快照。在学习温室效应时，学生提取了以下片段：“一个与地球距离太阳相同、理想导热的黑体温度约为 5.3°C。然而，由于地球反射了约 30% [5] [6] 的入射阳光，这个理想化行星的有效温度（即辐射量相同的黑体温度）约为−18°C。 [7] [8] 该假设行星的表面温度比地球实际表面温度（约 14°C）低 33°C。 [9] 造成实际表面温度与有效温度差异的机制源于大气层，即众所周知的温室效应”。提取的片段将继承右侧的插图及文章参考文献。学生可通过按 Enter 键继续阅读另一篇文章。右侧图片存储在本地图像注册表（用户硬盘）中，可重复用于其他文章或问题的插图。

3.3 Reference system highlights

参考文献系统亮点

To mark texts as reference fields use the Reference submenu on the HTML component menu (e.g. Reference : Select or Alt+Q)
要将文本标记为参考字段，请使用 HTML 组件菜单中的“参考”子菜单（例如：参考：选择或按 Alt+Q）
Reference fields #Article, #Parent and #Concept group are added automatically and are not stored in the reference registry. These fields are not generated in elements that have no other reference fields defined
参考字段#文章、#父级和#概念组会自动添加，且不存储在参考注册表中。这些字段不会在未定义其他参考字段的元素中生成
References marked with Alt+Q options show up in the reference field and can be deleted from the text’s body (if no longer needed)
通过 Alt+Q 选项标记的引用会显示在参考字段中，并可从文本正文中删除（如果不再需要）
Hover your mouse over the Reference link button () on the navigation bar to quickly see the reference in longer extracts.
将鼠标悬停在导航栏上的参考链接按钮（）上，可快速查看较长摘录中的参考内容
From the user’s point of view, there is a little difference in the way the references are handled as compared with earlier SuperMemos. SuperMemo 2008 or later differentiates between the following 2 types of references edits:
从用户的角度来看，与早期 SuperMemo 相比，引用处理方式略有不同。SuperMemo 2008 及后续版本区分以下两种引用编辑类型：
- local edits that affect only the present element and create a new reference record vs.
  仅影响当前元素并创建新引用记录的本地编辑
- global edits which change the original reference in all the elements that use it.
  在所有使用该引用的元素中修改原始引用的全局编辑

When SuperMemo is not sure if your edits are local or global, it will ask you
当 SuperMemo 不确定您的编辑是本地还是全局时，它会向您询问

Note that all extracts generate elements that are children of the original article. If you have problems with recalling the original context of a fragment, you can always call it back by pressing the Parent button on the navigation bar. You can also use the Reference link button () to get to the source article, or, if you have already reached it, to get to the original article on the web.
请注意，所有摘录生成的内容都是原文章的子项。如果您在回忆片段原始上下文时遇到困难，可以通过点击导航栏上的“父项”按钮随时调出原文。您也可以使用“参考链接”按钮（）跳转至源文章，若已到达源文章，则可进一步跳转至网络上的原始文章。
If you choose an empty selection for the #Date reference, you will mark the text with the current date and time stamp
如果您为#Date 引用选择空选区，系统将用当前日期和时间戳标记该文本
AND-Search in SuperMemo works on texts, not on elements. This means that reference texts do not take part in AND-Search for the main body of text. This may result in false misses. In SuperMemo, texts and individual reference fields are all treated as separate texts and are all searched independently
SuperMemo 中的 AND 搜索作用于文本而非元素。这意味着参考文本不参与主文本的 AND 搜索，可能导致误判遗漏。在 SuperMemo 中，文本和各独立参考字段均被视为独立文本并分别进行搜索
Formatting of references can be changed via stylesheets
参考文献的格式可通过样式表进行修改
Converting HTML to plain text does not affect the formatting of references (i.e. plain text entries can have their references formatted by a stylesheet)
将 HTML 转换为纯文本不会影响参考文献的格式（即纯文本条目可以通过样式表来格式化其参考文献）
You can edit references in the reference area or in a dedicated window that you can open by choosing Reference : Edit from the element menu. You only need to use legal reference field tags at the beginning of each reference line (e.g. #Author:). If SuperMemo is not sure if your changes should apply to the current element only, or to all elements that use the reference, it will ask you
您可以在参考文献区域或通过选择元素菜单中的”参考文献 : 编辑”打开的专用窗口中编辑参考文献。只需在每行参考文献开头使用合法的字段标签（例如#作者:）。如果 SuperMemo 不确定您的更改是仅应用于当前元素还是所有使用该参考文献的元素，它会询问您
You can quickly modify (i.e. set, merge, and delete) the references across a number of elements. To do that, open them in the element browser, right-click your mouse and choose:
您可以快速修改（即设置、合并和删除）多个元素的参考文献。为此，请在元素浏览器中打开它们，右键单击鼠标并选择：
- Process browser> : Reference : Set reference to set the same reference to a subset of elements,
  处理浏览器> : 参考文献 : 设置参考文献，将相同的参考文献应用于元素子集，
- Process browser> : Reference : Merge reference to add reference fields to a subset of elements,
  流程浏览器> : 参考 : 合并参考以将参考字段添加到元素子集
- Process browser> : Reference : Delete reference to remove reference fields from all elements in the subset
  流程浏览器> : 参考 : 删除参考以从子集的所有元素中移除参考字段
References no longer clutter your HTML files. In the past, the size of references would often be greater than the length of the text itself
参考不再使您的 HTML 文件杂乱无章。过去，参考的篇幅常常超过文本本身的长度
Reference registry keeps the references (see below), and their individual text fields are stored in the text registry
参考注册表保存参考（见下文），其各个文本字段存储在文本注册表中
References are added to HTML texts at load time, so that you can still have references located at the bottom of your texts as in earlier versions of SuperMemo
引用会在加载 HTML 文本时自动添加，因此您仍可以像早期 SuperMemo 版本那样在文本底部放置参考文献
Adding an existing reference to an element (e.g. with Reference : Link from the element menu) does not add to the size of the collection
向元素添加现有引用（例如通过元素菜单中的”引用：链接”功能）不会增加知识库的存储大小

Important! Do not add your own non-reference texts below the horizontal bar marking the reference area. All reference field area is owned by SuperMemo. Any modifications to that area will be treated as changes to reference fields. Changes that do not conform with reference field formatting will be discarded without warning.
重要提示！请勿在标记参考文献区域的水平线下方添加非引用内容。所有参考文献区域均由 SuperMemo 管理。对该区域的任何修改都将被视为对引用字段的更改。不符合引用字段格式的修改将被直接丢弃且不予警告。

Figure: References help you quickly recover the context of a given element as well as track its source and build a list of citations. In the picture, an extract from an article on sleep and dreaming. Blue marks an extract produced from the presented text. Yellow marks the search string (i.e. REM-on cells) that was used in Search : Find elements (Ctrl+F) to find all the elements (including this one) containing the string. Pink marks the reference area (consisting of the #Title, #Author, #Date, #Source, #Article, #Parent, and #Concept group fields), which will propagate to all children elements (extracts and clozes) generated from this element.
图：引用功能帮助您快速恢复特定元素的上下文，同时追踪其来源并建立引用列表。图中展示了一篇关于睡眠与梦境文章的摘录。蓝色标记了从当前文本生成的摘录内容。黄色标记了搜索字符串（即 REM-on cells），该字符串用于通过搜索功能（Ctrl+F）查找包含此字符串的所有元素（包括当前元素）。粉色标记了引用区域（包含#标题、#作者、#日期、#来源、#文章、#父级和#概念组字段），这些字段将自动传播到从此元素生成的所有子元素（摘录和填空）中。

Figure: References are kept in a dedicated registry while their individual text fields (e.g. #Title, #Author, #Date, #Source, etc.) are stored in the text registry, and thus are available for global text searches. In the picture, reference registry holds 71,791 members. Those highlighted in yellow are references of downloaded images. The remaining references describe imported articles. The selected Quantum Biology reference describes and article imported from Nature Physics in Feb 2013. The element list panel (bottom-right) displays topics generated from that article. All those topics share the same reference.
图：引用保存在专用注册表中，而其各个文本字段（如#Title、#Author、#Date、#Source 等）则存储在文本注册表中，因此可用于全局文本搜索。图中显示引用注册表包含 71,791 个成员。黄色高亮部分为下载图像的引用。其余引用描述的是导入的文章。选中的 Quantum Biology 引用描述了 2013 年 2 月从 Nature Physics 导入的一篇文章。元素列表面板（右下角）显示了由该文章生成的主题。所有这些主题共享同一个引用。

3.4 Editing references 编辑参考文献

You an use Reference: Edit in SuperMemo Commander, however, you can also edit references in the reference area (which is pink in the default stylesheet). You can safely delete reference fields, but you need to decide if that change should be local (for that element only) or global (for all elements using this reference). You will not be able to delete #Article, #Parent: or #Concept group fields because they are added automatically to the reference section (i.e. they are not part of the reference itself). You can freely change the text of references. Illegal changes are all changes that do not comply with the reference format, e.g. lines that do not start with reference field tags, or lines that start with unknown reference field tags (e.g. #Country). If you are unsure how this process works, import a single article from Wikipedia to a newly created collection, create some extracts and play with editing to see how references are processed.
您可以使用 SuperMemo Commander 中的“参考：编辑”功能，但也可以在参考区域（默认样式表中显示为粉色）编辑参考文献。您可以安全地删除参考字段，但需要决定该更改是局部的（仅针对该元素）还是全局的（针对使用该参考的所有元素）。您将无法删除#Article、#Parent:或#Concept group 字段，因为它们会自动添加到参考部分（即它们不是参考本身的一部分）。您可以自由更改参考文本。不合法的更改包括所有不符合参考格式的更改，例如不以参考字段标签开头的行，或以未知参考字段标签（如#Country）开头的行。如果不确定此过程如何运作，请从维基百科导入一篇文章到新创建的集合中，创建一些摘录并进行编辑操作，以了解参考文献的处理方式。

3.5 Image references 图像引用

Image references are created automatically when importing from the web or from an HTML document. In SuperMemo 16, unless you imported images with whole references pages, duplicate detection would depend on image names. If you renamed your images to make reuse easy, duplicate detection wouldn’t work. This changed with SuperMemo 17. URLs are kept in the text registry which can accept a degree of “garbage” as text reuse is automatic. The adopted complex solution may make SuperMemo a bit slower when importing images from imported articles or when importing pictures from the web. However, your collection is unlikely to swell with multiple image duplicates. Duplicate imports are automatically prevented and the imported image is replaced with the stored original (wiki thumbs are replaced with their high-resolution originals).
从网页或 HTML 文档导入时，图片引用会自动创建。在 SuperMemo 16 中，除非您导入带有完整引用页面的图片，否则重复检测将依赖于图片名称。如果您为了便于重用而重命名了图片，重复检测将失效。这一情况在 SuperMemo 17 中得到了改变。URL 会保存在文本注册表中，该注册表能容忍一定程度的”垃圾信息”，因为文本重用是自动进行的。采用的复杂解决方案可能会使 SuperMemo 在从导入的文章或网页导入图片时速度稍慢。然而，您的集合不太可能因多个图片副本而膨胀。重复导入会被自动阻止，导入的图片会被存储的原图替换（维基缩略图会被替换为高分辨率原图）。

Image references allow of searching for picture names along other texts in elements with Edit : Find elements (Ctrl+F).
图片引用允许在元素中通过编辑：查找元素（Ctrl+F）与其他文本一起搜索图片名称。

You can find image references in the reference registry (choose Search : References from the main menu). Alternatively, you can first locate the image via the image registry (Search : Images from the main menu), and choose View : Reference from the registry menu (available with a right-click).
您可以在引用注册表中查找图像引用（从主菜单中选择搜索：引用）。或者，您可以先通过图像注册表（主菜单中的搜索：图像）定位图像，然后从注册表菜单中选择查看：引用（右键点击可用）。

In the reference registry, to view the image related to a given reference, click Go to at the bottom of the window.
在引用注册表中，要查看与给定引用相关的图像，请点击窗口底部的“转到”。

To see all elements associated with a given image/reference, click List at the bottom of either registry (image or reference).
要查看与给定图像/引用关联的所有元素，请点击任一注册表（图像或引用）底部的“列表”。

4. Additional skills in incremental learning 渐进学习中的附加技能

4.1 Recognizing unsuitable texts

识别不合适的文本

Best articles for incremental reading are fact-rich and context-rich. You need to develop your own rules for selecting quality reading material. Nothing can substitute for your own experience. You will learn to identify texts that are hard to process and yield lower reading efficiency.
渐进阅读的最佳文章应富含事实与上下文。你需要制定自己的规则来筛选优质阅读材料，任何东西都无法替代个人经验。你将学会识别那些难以处理且阅读效率较低的文本。

Let’s consider two extremes:
让我们考虑两个极端情况：

Wikipedia: Wikipedia is great because it is crowd-sourced and many authors edit only a small section of a text in total abstraction of the rest of the article. This is why even a small portion of the text (as in incremental reading) will usually contain all relevant context
维基百科：维基百科的优越性在于其众包特性，许多作者仅独立编辑文本的某个小节，完全脱离文章其余部分。因此即使是文本的一小部分（如渐进阅读中所示）通常也包含所有相关上下文。
Fiction: Fiction is best read linearly and you can just use a paper bookmark in a paper book to do as well as you would do with incremental reading
小说类：小说最适合线性阅读，使用纸质书签的传统阅读方式就能达到与渐进阅读相同的效果。

Many articles fall in between Wikipedia and fiction extremes. Where Wikipedia would say “the http protocol”, a typical article might just say “the protocol” (if “the” is clear from preceding passages). Some text are peppered with “as I mentioned in the previous chapter”, or “go to the next section”, or “the three points explained in the previous chapter”, etc. Abuse of working memory in text writing makes incremental reading difficult. This means that if authors use a lot of “referential ambiguity”, the texts are not good for incremental reading. Example ambiguity keywords: “the”, “they”, “he”, “it”, etc.
许多文章介于维基百科与虚构作品的极端之间。维基百科会明确写出“HTTP 协议”，而典型文章可能仅用“该协议”（若前文已清晰表明所指）。部分文本充斥着“如我在前一章所述”“转至下一节”“前章阐述的三要点”等表述。文本写作中对工作记忆的滥用使得渐进阅读变得困难。这意味着若作者大量使用“指代模糊性”，此类文本便不适合渐进阅读。模糊性关键词示例：“该”“他们”“他”“它”等。

Many articles are also filled with irrelevant chaff (super-memory.com isn’t impervious to that weakness). Too much beating about the bush without clearly stating the conclusions that are most important to the reader. “Speculative philosophy” might be a good inspirational read, but probably not for incremental reading. You need to decide.
许多文章还充斥着无关紧要的冗余内容（super-memory.com 也未能免俗）。过多拐弯抹角却不明确点明对读者最重要的结论。“思辨哲学”或许能带来启发，但可能不适合渐进阅读。这需要您自行判断。

Some narratives should just best be read passively. They may be a compilation of facts that are generally obvious. In such cases you can just read and dismiss. Or you can read and schedule another review in a month or in a year (if you worry you miss something important). Or you can try to write, in your own words, a sentence or two on what new things you have learned from the narrative. Your sentence would shortly extract the quintessence from an otherwise lengthy passage. If it is meaningful and quintessential, you shall find little trouble with locating keywords suitable for clozing.
有些叙述性内容最好仅作被动阅读。它们可能是显而易见的事实汇编。这种情况下，你可以直接阅读后略过，或者读完后安排一个月或一年后再次复习（若担心遗漏重要内容）。另一种方式是尝试用自己的话写一两句话，总结从叙述中学到的新知识。你的句子应能简短提炼出冗长段落的核心要义。如果内容有意义且精炼，你就能轻松找到适合设置填空的关键词。

You need to develop your own rules for deciding which articles are good for reading. The chief rule might be: import anything that looks interesting, start reading, and if you recognize tell-tale problems, just deprioritize or delete or fish for a few highlights and then delete.
你需要制定自己的规则来判断哪些文章值得阅读。首要原则或许是：导入任何看起来有趣的内容开始阅读，若发现典型问题迹象，只需降低优先级、删除，或摘取少量重点后删除。

Remember that you need to differentiate between unsuitable texts and difficult texts.
请记住，你需要区分不适合的文本与难度较高的文本。

4.2 Handling incomprehensible articles

处理难以理解的文章

In incremental reading, you will often encounter material that is difficult to understand. You will need to develop analytical skills that will help you identify the reasons for the difficulties. If the culprit is the author, delete the article. If you need to digest other pieces of your collection first, delay the article. If you need more knowledge, delay the article and import more knowledge that will be needed to boost understanding. Do not forget that some texts make an inherently poor material for incremental reading (e.g. descriptions of scientific experiments, mathematical derivations, programming examples in source code, case studies, etc.). In such cases, use traditional methods of thorough analysis, summarize results of your analysis, and use SuperMemo to keep track of your own summaries. See: Recognizing unsuitable texts (incl. example).
在渐进阅读中，你经常会遇到难以理解的材料。你需要培养分析技能，以帮助你识别困难的原因。如果问题出在作者身上，就删除文章。如果你需要先消化其他收藏的内容，就推迟阅读这篇文章。如果你需要更多知识，就推迟文章并导入更多有助于提升理解的知识。别忘了，有些文本天生就不适合渐进阅读（例如科学实验的描述、数学推导、源代码中的编程示例、案例研究等）。在这种情况下，使用传统的深入分析方法，总结你的分析结果，并用 SuperMemo 来跟踪你自己的总结。参见：识别不适合的文本（含示例）。

This is how you can approach complexity in incremental reading:
以下是你在渐进阅读中处理复杂性的方法：

Start reading the article from the top. Once you find a difficult fragment, analyze it, and diagnose the reasons for your comprehension problems
从文章开头开始阅读。一旦遇到难以理解的部分，先进行分析，找出理解困难的原因
If the rest of the article does not depend much on the difficult fragment, extract it, and keep on reading
如果文章后续内容不太依赖该难点片段，可将其单独提取出来，然后继续阅读
If the rest of the article cannot be understood without understanding the difficult fragment choose one of the following:
如果文章剩余部分必须理解该难点片段才能继续，请选择以下方案之一：
- if you need more knowledge to understand the fragment: postpone the article (Learning : Reschedule from the element menu or Ctrl+J)
  若需要补充知识才能理解该片段：暂缓阅读本文（通过元素菜单选择”学习：重新安排”或按 Ctrl+J）
- if the fragment is hopelessly intricate and leaves no hope for the future (e.g. because of wrong grammar, wording, formulation, logic, etc.), delete the article, and search for alternative material
  如果该片段过于复杂且毫无希望（例如由于语法错误、措辞不当、表述不清、逻辑混乱等原因），请删除文章并寻找替代材料
If you decide to postpone the article with Ctrl+J, decide what new knowledge you will need before getting back to the difficult fragment. List dictionary entries, encyclopedia articles, articles on the net that you will need to process before going any further. Schedule the search for materials as separate topics or try to search for new knowledge instantly
若决定用 Ctrl+J 推迟阅读文章，需明确在重读困难片段前需要获取哪些新知识。列出所需的词典条目、百科全书文章、网络文章等材料。可将材料搜索任务单独设为学习主题，或立即着手搜索新知识
Estimate the earliest time when you hope you will be able to understand the difficult article and use the appropriate interval with Ctrl+J. If the article includes high priority knowledge, it is always better to err on the safe side and provide a too early review
预估最早能理解这篇困难文章的时间，并使用 Ctrl+J 设置相应间隔。若文章包含高优先级知识，为保险起见，宁可设置过早的复习时间

4.3 Randomizing repetitions 随机化复习安排

You can execute outstanding repetitions in a subset. If you would like to use a random sequence, follow these steps:
您可以在子集中执行待复习项。如需使用随机顺序，请按以下步骤操作：

open the element subset in the browser
在浏览器中打开元素子集
choose Random : Randomize browser on the browser menu (Shift+Ctrl+F11)
选择随机：在浏览器菜单上随机化浏览器（Shift+Ctrl+F11）
choose Learn on the browser menu (Ctrl+L)
在浏览器菜单中选择”学习”（Ctrl+L）

You can display the Read toolbar by clicking the Read tab at the bottom of the element window (at Middle or higher level).
您可以通过点击元素窗口底部的“阅读”标签（中级或更高级别）来显示阅读工具栏。

Figure: The Read toolbar at the bottom of the element window. It features options used in incremental reading
图：元素窗口底部的阅读工具栏。它包含了增量阅读中使用的选项

Paste article (Ctrl+N) - paste a new article from the clipboard to the current collection
粘贴文章（Ctrl+N）——将剪贴板中的新文章粘贴到当前集合中。
Remember extract (Alt+X) - use the selected part of the text to create a new element and introduce this new element into the learning process. This is one of the most important options used in incremental reading. Use Alt+X on a selected text to tell SuperMemo that the selection is important and that you want to better remember it in the future
记住摘录（Alt+X）——使用选中的文本部分创建新元素，并将该新元素引入学习流程。这是渐进阅读中最重要的一项功能。对选中的文本使用 Alt+X，告诉 SuperMemo 该内容很重要，您希望未来能更好地记住它。
Schedule extract (Shift+Alt+X) - use the selected text to create a new topic and schedule its review on a selected day with a selected priority. Schedule extract is the same as Remember extract but you can manually select the first interval, priority, and more
安排摘录（Shift+Alt+X）——使用选中的文本创建新主题，并在指定日期以指定优先级安排复习。安排摘录与记住摘录功能相同，但您可以手动选择首次间隔、优先级等参数。
Remember cloze (Alt+Z) - create a new cloze deletion element based on the current keyword selection and introduce that new element into the learning process
记住填空项（Alt+Z）——基于当前关键词选择创建一个新的填空删除元素，并将该新元素引入学习流程
Example: You can convert the following sentence:
示例：您可以将以下句子转换为：

In 1947 the UN voted to divide Palestine into Arab and Jewish states
1947 年联合国投票决定将巴勒斯坦划分为阿拉伯国家和犹太国家

to question: 问题形式：

In 1947 the UN voted to divide Palestine into Arab and […] states
1947 年联合国投票决定将巴勒斯坦划分为阿拉伯和[…]国家

by: 通过：
1. selecting the word Jewish and
  选择单词“犹太”并
2. choosing Cloze (or pressing Alt+Z).
  选择填空（或按 Alt+Z）。
In addition to Extract (above), this is the most important option of incremental reading.
除了提取（如上所述），这是渐进阅读中最重要的选项。
Schedule cloze - create a new cloze deletion and schedule it for repetition on a selected day
安排填空 - 创建一个新的填空删除项，并将其安排在选定日期进行复习
Task extract - use the selected part of the text to create a new task element and put this element on the current tasklist
任务提取 - 使用文本的选定部分创建新的任务元素，并将该元素放入当前任务列表
Split article - split the article into multiple topics using various chapter markers such as headlines, horizontal lines, Wikipedia sections, SuperMemo splitmarks, etc. This can substantially accelerate decomposition of very long articles and prioritization of article chapters
拆分文章 - 使用各种章节标记（如标题、水平线、维基百科章节、SuperMemo 拆分标记等）将文章拆分为多个主题。这可以大幅加速超长文章的分解和文章章节的优先级排序
E-mail (Shift+Ctrl+E) - send the element or the selected text via e-mail (you can annotate the element or comment on the selected text)
电子邮件（Shift+Ctrl+E） - 通过电子邮件发送当前元素或选中的文本（可对元素添加注释或对选中文本进行评论）
E-mail FAQ - use the selected text as the basis of an FAQ question, and send the answer to the question’s author. Your response will automatically be added to an FAQ file of your choice. It can also produce a Wiki version. All FAQs at SuperMemo Website have been created by means of E-mail FAQ. Many FAQs at SuperMemoPedia have been created using this option as well
电子邮件常见问题 - 将选中文本作为常见问题的基础，并将答案发送给提问者。您的回复会自动添加到您选择的 FAQ 文件中。此功能也可生成 Wiki 版本。SuperMemo 网站上的所有 FAQ 均通过此功能创建，SuperMemoPedia 中的许多 FAQ 同样使用了此选项
Highlight - highlight the currently selected text
高亮显示 - 对当前选中的文本进行高亮标记
Change highlight style - change the highlight style (i.e. font, font style, font size, font color, and text highlight color)
更改高亮样式 - 修改高亮样式（包括字体、字体样式、字号、字体颜色及文本高亮颜色）
Ignore (Shift+Ctrl+I) - ignore the selected text in reading by marking it with the ignore style
忽略（Shift+Ctrl+I）- 通过将选定文本标记为忽略样式，在阅读时忽略它
Delete before cursor (_Alt+_) - delete texts before the cursor (e.g. after processing it)
删除光标前内容（Alt+\）- 删除光标前的文本（例如处理完成后）
Delete after cursor (Alt+.) - delete texts after the cursor (e.g. footnotes, external links, literature references, etc.)(SuperMemo references located at the bottom of the text are not affected)
删除光标后内容（Alt+.）- 删除光标后的文本（如脚注、外部链接、文献引用等）（位于文本底部的 SuperMemo 引用不受影响）
Set read-point (Ctrl+F7) - mark the selected text as the point from which you will resume reading the next time you return to the presented article. In incremental reading, you rarely need to use Set read-point as all extract, cloze, highlight, and other operations will automatically set the read-point for you
设置阅读点（Ctrl+F7）- 将选定文本标记为下次返回阅读文章时的起始位置。在渐进阅读中，您很少需要手动设置阅读点，因为所有提取、填空、高亮等操作都会自动为您设置阅读点
Go to read-point (Alt+F7) - go to the text that has been selected as the read-point
转到阅读点（Alt+F7）- 跳转到被选为阅读点的文本
Clear read-point (Shift+Ctrl+F7) - remove the read-point from the currently processed text
清除阅读点（Shift+Ctrl+F7） - 从当前处理的文本中移除阅读点

4.5 One memory, one action 一次记忆，一次操作

In incremental reading, you achieve highest efficiency if your process knowledge in small steps separated in time. This way you can accomplish a good memory effect at little processing effort. However, many users fall into traps of inefficiency where too little or too much work is done on a subject in a single review.
在渐进阅读中，若以时间间隔的小步骤处理知识，你将获得最高效率。这种方式能以极少的处理努力实现良好的记忆效果。然而，许多用户会陷入效率陷阱：要么在单次复习中对某个主题投入过少，要么过度处理。

4.5.1 Futile review 无效复习

Futile review is an example of insufficient work done (one action, zero memory). Futile review is born in this mental scenario: you see a topic and think: I am in no mood for this material now. Let’s execute Next repetition. This is wrong! You must take action or you will loop into wasting time and learning little! It is a cardinal sin to execute processing operations without actually learning anything. When a topic arrives, you may have a dozen of excuses: “I do not like this one. Let’s do it tomorrow“. Or “I am too sleepy for this one“. Or “This one will take too much time.“ If you find yourself in a loop and constantly rescheduling the same topic, or spending time rescheduling a number of topics, you are hurting the efficiency of learning! This is the time that could be spent on more productive steps.
无效复习是投入不足的典型表现（一次操作，零记忆）。这种心理场景会催生无效复习：当你看到某个主题时心想”现在没心情学这个，直接执行下次复习吧”。这是错误的！你必须采取行动，否则将陷入浪费时间却收获甚微的循环！执行处理操作却未实际学习是重大过失。当主题出现时，你可能有诸多借口：”我不喜欢这个，明天再说”，或”我太困了不适合学这个”，又或”这个会花太多时间”。若发现自己不断重新安排同一主题，或耗费时间调整多个主题的排期，你正在损害学习效率！这些时间本可用于更有成效的步骤。

If you do not want incremental reading to become a waste of time, you must always take some action when you see a topic. For example:
若不想让渐进阅读变成浪费时间的行为，你必须在看到每个主题时采取一些行动。例如：

read a sentence and delete it, or mark as ignore, or extract it
阅读句子并删除它，或标记为忽略，或提取它
if the article is not vital for your further progress, set low priority (e.g. 99%)
如果文章对你未来的进展不重要，设置为低优先级（例如 99%）
for the material that you won’t have time for in a month or more, set the interval (e.g. to 333 days)
对于一个月或更长时间内无法处理的材料，设置间隔（例如 333 天）

In other words, either make tiny inroads into the text, or mark it clearly as low priority or to-be-done later. Consider also Delete or Done!
换句话说，要么对文本进行微小的切入，要么明确标记为低优先级或稍后处理。也可以考虑删除或完成！

4.5.2 Item perfectionism 条目完美主义

Another facet of the same problem is taking too many actions on a single piece of information. It is highly inefficient to work on colors, fonts, pictures, priorities, etc. during a single repetition. All those actions can be spread over time. Naturally, setting the right priority is one of the most important steps. Perhaps a piece of information is not important enough to ever squeeze through your crowded learning. If so, you will save tons of time on not doing colors and styles.
同一问题的另一面是对单一信息采取过多操作。在一次复习中同时处理颜色、字体、图片、优先级等是极低效的。这些操作可以分散在不同时间进行。当然，设定正确优先级是最关键的步骤之一。或许某条信息根本不值得在你繁忙的学习中挤占时间。若真如此，你就能省下大量不必花费在颜色和样式上的时间。

Here also you should remember: one memory, one action. Each time you review a piece of information, you are allowed to do an edit, font change, template change, concept group change, etc. However, unless you can do all your actions in a single burst of machine gun keyboard strikes, or unless some actions are associated with learning new things, you should rather limit your actions to a single step per single repetition.
这里同样要记住：一次记忆，一个动作。每次复习信息时，你可以进行编辑、字体更改、模板更改、概念组更改等操作。但除非你能用一连串键盘敲击完成所有动作，或某些动作与学习新内容相关，否则最好将每次复习的操作限制在单一步骤内。

One memory, one action rule demands that every operation in incremental learning should leave a trace in your memory. It also says that one operation on a piece of data is better than two operations at the same time
“一次记忆，一个动作”原则要求渐进学习中的每个操作都应在记忆中留下痕迹。同时也表明，对数据分步操作优于同时执行多个操作。

4.5.3 Example: incremental item structuring

示例：渐进式条目结构化

The following item may look like a violation of the 20 rules:
以下条目可能看似违反了 20 条原则：

Question: Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines. Eicosanoids include (1) prostaglandins that produce fever and vasodilation, and (2) […] that attract certain white blood cells
问题：炎症由类二十烷酸和细胞因子引起。类二十烷酸包括（1）导致发热和血管舒张的前列腺素，以及（2）[…]这类能吸引特定白细胞的物质
Answer: leukotrienes 答案：白三烯

However, the 20 rules were written in 1999 for classical SuperMemo. Incremental learning is incremental across the spectrum of rules and principles. In particular, formulating items and building understanding are incremental too.
然而，20 条规则是 1999 年为经典版 SuperMemo 编写的。增量学习贯穿于所有规则和原则的谱系中。具体而言，条目的表述和理解构建同样具有增量性。

According to the one memory, one action principle, the presented item will assume its final shape some time in the undefined future (or never, if its priority is not high enough). It must be processed incrementally due to the following factors:
根据”一次记忆，一次操作”原则，当前呈现的条目将在未定义的未来（或优先级不足时永不）形成最终形态。由于以下因素，它必须被渐进式处理：

incremental build up of comprehension, and
理解力的逐步积累，以及
incremental reformulation that requires time.
需要时间逐步重构。

The 20 rules say “Do not memorize until you understand“, however, understanding is also an incremental process. Converting this item to plain “What eicosanoids attract white blood cells?“ might make sense only if the student fully understands and remembers the hierarchy of inflammation factors, and involved eicosanoids. If this is not the case, carrying the context in the shape of this complex item is a form of transitional stage between a topic and an item. The item still asks the question vital for active recall. However, it also makes sure that full context is provided until the rest of the knowledge structure is firmly established in student’s mind. In incremental reading, the order of reading is often chaotic, the understanding is incremental, and the effort to build a solid knowledge structure is gradual too.
二十条原则指出“未理解前勿背诵”，然而理解同样是一个渐进的过程。将此条目简化为单纯的“哪些类二十烷酸会吸引白细胞？”可能仅在学生完全理解并记住炎症因子的层级结构及相关类二十烷酸时才有意义。若非如此，保留这一复杂条目中的上下文，就相当于在主题与记忆条目之间搭建了一个过渡阶段。该条目仍提出了主动回忆所需的关键问题，同时也确保在学生的知识结构尚未牢固建立前，提供完整的背景信息。在渐进阅读中，阅读顺序常是跳跃的，理解是逐步深入的，构建扎实知识体系的努力同样需要循序渐进。

In addition to the incremental buildup of comprehension, extensive edits of items are costly (esp. a total rewrite of the item to a plain question). In fact, one of the main advantages of incremental reading is the minimum need for typing. This is why we use electronic sources in the first place (instead of just books that offer no disadvantage when entire items are typed in anyway). This is why an important efficiency principle in incremental learning is to minimize edits by complying with the one memory, one action principle.
除了理解力的逐步积累外，对条目进行大量编辑（尤其是将条目完全重写为简单问题）成本高昂。事实上，增量阅读的主要优势之一正是对打字需求的最小化。这也是我们首选电子资源的根本原因（而非仅使用书籍——毕竟当整段内容无论如何都需要手动输入时，书籍并无劣势）。因此，增量学习中一项重要的效率原则就是通过遵循”一次记忆，一次操作”原则来最小化编辑工作。

Let us see how the presented item might evolve in successive repetitions. Note that all edit steps my proceed only with solidification of related knowledge (i.e. a single repetition may actually bring no edits at all). The execution of those steps will also be somewhat dependent on item priority. High priority items will receive more exposure, more processing and will demand better formulation quality.
让我们看看所展示的条目在后续重复中可能如何演变。请注意，所有编辑步骤只有在相关知识巩固后才能进行（即单次重复可能实际上不带来任何编辑）。这些步骤的执行也会在一定程度上取决于条目的优先级。高优先级条目将获得更多曝光、更多处理，并需要更高质量的表述。

4.5.3.1 Take 1: original complex item

初版：原始复杂项目

Figure: A cloze deletion related to inflammation, with a formulation that seems to violate the 20 rules. This cloze will be improved incrementally over many repetitions along the principle: “one memory, one action“
图示：一个关于炎症的填空式删除项，其表述似乎违反了 20 条规则。该填空将通过多次重复按照“一次记忆，一个动作”的原则逐步改进。

4.5.3.2 Take 2: moving a clue to the answer field

尝试二：将线索移至答案区

Question: Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines. Eicosanoids include (1) prostaglandins that produce fever and vasodilation, and (2) […]
问题：炎症由类二十烷酸和细胞因子产生。类二十烷酸包括（1）引起发热和血管舒张的前列腺素，以及（2）[…]
Answer: leukotrienes (that attract white blood cells)
答案：白三烯（吸引白细胞）

4.5.3.3 Take 3: removing the prelude

尝试三：移除前导部分

Question: Inflammation: Eicosanoids include (1) prostaglandins that produce fever and vasodilation, and (2) […]
问题：炎症：类二十烷酸包括（1）引起发热和血管舒张的前列腺素，以及（2）[…]
Answer: leukotrienes (that attract white blood cells)
答案：白三烯（吸引白细胞）

4.5.3.4 Take 4: bare bones item

第四版：精简核心项目

Question: Inflammation: Eicosanoids include (1) prostaglandins, and (2) […]
问题：炎症：类二十烷酸包括（1）前列腺素，和（2）[…]
Answer: leukotrienes 答案：白三烯

4.5.3.5 Further reading 延伸阅读

4.6 Learning lists 学习列表

Lists and sets are difficult to remember. It is hard to remember the whole set of countries that belong to the European Union. When learning lists, you should rather decompose the problem into smaller subproblems.
列表和集合难以记忆。要记住欧盟所有成员国的完整名单尤为困难。在学习列表时，你应当将问题分解为更小的子问题。

Let us consider an example in which you want to memorize the entire sequence of letters in the alphabet. It won’t be very effective if you use the following item:
让我们以记忆字母表全部字母顺序为例。如果使用以下条目，效果会很不理想：

Question: What is the sequence of letters in the alphabet?
问题：字母表的字母顺序是什么？
Answer: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
答案：A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

You will notice that you frequently stumble on parts of the sequence and need to stop repetitions just to exercise the entire sequence in the traditional way (like we all learn poems by rote).
你会注意到，你经常在序列的某些部分卡壳，不得不中断重复，只是为了用传统方式练习整个序列（就像我们死记硬背诗歌那样）。

However, you can approach this in a way that guarantees quick effects:
然而，你可以采用一种能快速见效的方法：

Question: What is the sequence of letters in the alphabet between A and E?
问题：字母表中 A 到 E 之间的字母顺序是什么？
Answer: A, B, C, D, E
答案：A, B, C, D, E

Question: What is the sequence of letters in the alphabet between D and H?
问题：字母表中 D 和 H 之间的字母序列是什么？
Answer: D, E, F, G, H
答案：D, E, F, G, H

Question: What is the sequence of letters in the alphabet between G and K?
问题：字母表中 G 和 K 之间的字母序列是什么？
Answer: G, H, I, J, K
答案：G, H, I, J, K

etc. etc. 等等

After 2-3 weeks of repetitions, you may take on an extra task of recalling the whole sequence after each repetition of these simplified items. This will make sure you can recite the entire alphabet quickly. You will also frequently rehearse that parts of the sequence that are harder for your memory (e.g. V, W, X, Y, Z) as opposed to those that are much simpler (e.g. A, B, C, D, E).
经过 2-3 周的复习后，你可以额外承担一项任务，即在每次复习这些简化项目后回忆整个序列。这将确保你能够快速背诵整个字母表。你还将频繁地复习那些对你的记忆来说较难的部分（如 V, W, X, Y, Z），而不是那些简单得多的部分（如 A, B, C, D, E）。

4.6.1 Practical problems with memorizing lists

记忆列表的实际问题

You may develop a good methodology for memorizing lists in SuperMemo. However, you may later discover that the memorized lists are not very useful in real life, or worse, your memory may fail you when you undergo a baptism of fire. You already know that list should not form an answer to a question. In a list A, B, C, SuperMemo needs to separately understand your difficulties with linking A and B, B and C, etc. You can use cloze deletion to learn lists using multiple items. For example:
你可以开发一种在 SuperMemo 中记忆列表的好方法。然而，你可能会发现，记忆的列表在现实生活中并不十分有用，或者更糟的是，当你经历严峻考验时，你的记忆可能会让你失望。你已经知道，列表不应该构成问题的答案。在列表 A、B、C 中，SuperMemo 需要分别理解你在链接 A 和 B、B 和 C 等方面的困难。你可以使用填空删除法通过多个项目来学习列表。例如：

Parent template topic/extract:
父模板主题/摘录：

A B C

Items generated with cloze deletion:
使用填空删除生成的条目：

Item 1: 条目 1：

Question: […] B C 问题： […] B C
Answer: A 答案：A

Item 2: 项目 2：

Question: A […] C 问题：A […] C
Answer: B 答案：B

Item 3: 项目 3：

Question: A B […] 问题：A B […]
Answer: C 答案：C

It is important to know that Item 1 above may make you fail to answer with A to the question C if you only learn to answer Item 1 by understanding the association of B with A. In such cases, you will need even more work by formulating items: A-B (where A is the question and B is the answer), A-C, B-A, B-C, C-A, and C-B. Although you will get six items instead of one, you knowledge is likely to be more solid and you may actually spend less time on repetitions of those multiple items than on repetitions of the conglomerate A-B-C item
重要的是要知道，如果仅通过学习理解 B 与 A 的关联来回答项目 1，上述项目 1 可能会让你无法用 A 来回答问题 C。在这种情况下，你需要通过制定以下项目来投入更多工作：A-B（其中 A 是问题，B 是答案）、A-C、B-A、B-C、C-A 和 C-B。虽然你会得到六个项目而非一个，但你的知识可能会更加牢固，而且实际上在这些多个项目的重复上花费的时间可能比在复合项目 A-B-C 的重复上更少。

4.6.2 Lists can often be ignored

列表往往可以被忽略

In a majority of cases, we do not need to learn lists at all. The perception that a list is worth memorizing is often a reflection of a bad habit we bring from school where lists are a frequent feature at exams.
在大多数情况下，我们根本不需要学习列表。认为列表值得记忆的看法，往往反映了我们从学校带来的坏习惯，因为列表在考试中频繁出现。

A user of SuperMemo asked: “Could you please help me with extracting items from the following text? I am really not sure where to mark the boundaries of extracts and how to use cloze deletion?“:
一位 SuperMemo 用户问道：”能否请您帮我从以下文本中提取条目？我真的不确定如何划定提取内容的边界，以及如何使用填空删除？”

Changing Rates of Mental Illness
精神疾病发病率的变化

Mental illness is becoming an increasing problem for two reasons. First, increases in life expectancy have brought increased numbers of certain chronic mental illnesses. For example, because more people are living into old age, more people are suffering from dementia. Second, a number of studies provide evidence that rates of depression are rising throughout the world
精神疾病正日益成为严重问题，原因有二。首先，预期寿命的延长导致某些慢性精神疾病患者数量增加。例如，由于更多人步入老年，痴呆症患者也随之增多。其次，多项研究证据表明，全球抑郁症发病率正在上升。

This fragment is difficult to process because it is an enumeration (a list) that forms one large logical structure. However, for understanding the subject, you do not really need to remember how many factors affect mental illness. You primarily need to remember the relationship between the cause and the effect. If you ignore the enumeration, you can simply produce the following topics that will each be easy to process further:
这段内容难以处理，因为它是一个构成大型逻辑结构的列举（列表）。然而，对于理解主题而言，你并不需要确切记住有多少因素会影响精神疾病。你主要需要记住的是因果关系。如果忽略列举部分，可以简单地生成以下易于进一步处理的子主题：

Mental illness is becoming an increasing problem
精神疾病正成为一个日益严重的问题

Increases in life expectancy have brought increased numbers of certain chronic mental illnesses
预期寿命的增长导致某些慢性精神疾病的患者数量增加

Because more people are living into old age, more people are suffering from dementia
由于更多人步入老年，患痴呆症的人数也在增加

Rates of depression are rising throughout the world
全球范围内的抑郁症发病率正在上升

If you believe that you cannot live without the enumeration, you can first extract the facts listed above, and then simplify the enumeration by deleting all superfluous information:
如果你认为没有列举就无法理解，可以先提取上述事实，然后通过删除所有冗余信息来简化列举：

Mental illness is increasing for 2 reasons:
精神疾病增加的原因有两个：

increases in life expectancy have brought increased chronic illnesses
预期寿命延长导致慢性病发病率上升

rates of depression are rising
抑郁症的发病率正在上升

4.6.3 Using Decompose 使用分解功能

Little known but very useful function in SuperMemo can help you tackle lists.
SuperMemo 中鲜为人知但极其实用的功能，能助你高效处理列表信息。

If you are learning the names of fruits, you might see a text like this:
如果你正在学习水果名称，可能会看到这样的文本：

Examples of fruits are apples, oranges, pears, cherries, banana…
水果示例包括苹果、橙子、梨、樱桃、香蕉等…

You do not want to memorize the whole list of fruits, esp. that the longer it gets the more likely you are to fail. There is no definite or complete list of fruits that would make a good memorization target. All you really want to know is that an apple is a fruit, or an orange is a fruit, etc. The list itself is rather useless. You can keep it as a reference in SuperMemo, but memorizing it would be a waste of time.
你并不需要记忆整个水果列表，尤其是列表越长，失败概率越高。根本不存在一个完美或完整的水果列表值得作为记忆目标。你真正需要掌握的只是”苹果是水果”或”橙子是水果”这类知识点。列表本身并无实际价值。在 SuperMemo 中可将其保留为参考资料，但强行记忆纯属浪费时间。

You can use Decompose to quickly achieve your learning goals in reference to fruits. Start from modifying the topic:
你可以使用分解功能快速实现与水果相关的学习目标。从修改主题开始：

Apples, oranges, pears, cherries, banana … are fruits.
苹果、橙子、梨、樱桃、香蕉……都是水果。

Generate a template cloze:
生成一个模板填空题：

Question: Apples, oranges, pears, cherries, banana are [fruits/vegetables]
问题：苹果、橙子、梨、樱桃、香蕉属于[水果/蔬菜]
Answer: fruits 答案：水果

Convert that cloze to a version that can easily be decomposed by placing list members into braces using slashes as separators:
将该填空题转换为易于分解的版本，方法是将列表项放入大括号中并用斜杠作为分隔符：

Question: {apples/oranges/pears/cherries/banana} are [fruits/vegetables]
问题：{苹果/橙子/梨/樱桃/香蕉}属于[水果/蔬菜]
Answer: fruits 答案：水果

You can now treat the question field with Reading : Decompose on the component menu to get a series of clozes like these:
现在你可以在组件菜单上使用“阅读：分解”功能来处理问题字段，从而得到一系列如下所示的填空项：

Question: apples are [fruits/vegetables]
问题：苹果是[水果/蔬菜]
Answer: fruits 答案：水果

Question: oranges are [fruits/vegetables]
问题：橙子是[水果/蔬菜]
Answer: fruits 答案：水果

Question: pears are [fruits/vegetables]
问题：梨子是[水果/蔬菜]
Answer: fruits 答案：水果

etc. 等等

Figure: An exemplary cloze ready for Reading : Decompose on the component menu.
图：一个准备用于阅读的示例填空题：在组件菜单上选择“分解”。

4.7 Thorough preview of articles

文章的全面预览

It is hard to formulate a simple algorithm for deciding when to preview the whole article before reading, and/or when to extract the most important fragments during a preview. After all, the article can also be read incrementally in a linear sequence. This is a case a multi-criterial optimization where many factors must be taken into account and the ultimate decision will depend on your own preferences.
很难制定一个简单的算法来决定何时在阅读前预览整篇文章，以及/或者在预览时提取最重要的片段。毕竟，文章也可以按线性顺序逐步阅读。这是一个多标准优化问题，需要考虑许多因素，最终决定将取决于你自己的偏好。

Here are some criteria:
以下是几项标准：

if you need this knowledge today, you should start with a quick preview and extracting mission-critical fragments
若今日急需此知识，应从快速预览开始并提取关键任务片段
if this knowledge is very important and your learning process overflows with articles to read, extract-preview will increase your exposure to the article
若该知识至关重要且学习过程中待读文章堆积，提取式预览可增加你对该文章的接触频率
if the article is not very interesting, line-at-a-time reading will be equivalent to assigning a lower priority (you will just read a sentence once per week or once per month and you may never finish the article unless it gets more relevant or interesting)
如果文章不太有趣，逐行阅读就相当于赋予较低优先级（你可能每周或每月只读一次句子，除非文章变得更具相关性或趣味性，否则可能永远无法读完）
if you believe the article contains very important pieces in its body, you may want to quickly locate these and extract them for separate (more detailed) reading
如果你认为文章正文包含非常重要的部分，你可能希望快速定位这些内容并提取出来单独（更详细地）阅读
if your reviews occur in very long intervals as a result of slow reading, you may opt for shortening the interval or running a preview of the most important sections instead
如果由于阅读速度慢导致复习间隔过长，你可以选择缩短间隔时间或改为预览最重要的部分
if you are reading texts from your e-mail tasklist, preview is highly recommended: not all people start their messages with the most important points and you certainly would not want to delay locating paragraphs requiring immediate action with weeks of delay
如果你正在阅读电子邮件任务列表中的文本，强烈建议进行预览：并非所有人都会在消息开头就提出最重要的事项，你肯定不希望因数周的延迟而耽误需要立即处理的段落定位
if you import from Wikipedia, high priority articles can be split automatically (with Split: Split the article in the Commander), and you can assign priorities to individual subsections
若从维基百科导入，高优先级文章可自动拆分（通过指挥官中的“拆分：分割文章”功能），并可对各子章节单独设置优先级

In summary, these are the most important incentives for the whole-article preview:
总结而言，以下是全文预览最重要的激励因素：

high priority of the material
材料的高优先级
indication of higher-priority fragments buried in a lower-priority text
在低优先级文本中标记出高优先级片段
high interest 高度兴趣

4.8 Unified store of knowledge

知识的统一存储

SuperMemo should conglomerate all your knowledge and your learning material. Ideally, you should just keep a single body of knowledge in a single collection. That main collection should be enriched daily by new imports of articles and multimedia from various sources. Keeping your knowledge in a single collection is vital for subset review, searching for knowledge and references, searching for pictures, statistics, progress monitoring, import defaults, etc. SuperMemo provides a rich set of tools for handling disparate areas of knowledge in a single continuous learning process. However, in certain situations, you may create separate collections for various purposes. There are two main reasons for keeping collections separate:
SuperMemo 应整合你所有的知识和学习材料。理想情况下，你只需在单个集合中维护一个统一的知识体系。这个主集合应通过每日从各种来源导入新的文章和多媒体内容不断丰富。将知识集中保存在单一集合中，对于子集复习、知识检索与引用、图片查找、统计、进度监控、导入默认设置等都至关重要。SuperMemo 提供了一套丰富的工具，用于在单一连续学习过程中处理不同领域的知识。但在某些情况下，你可能需要出于不同目的创建独立的集合。保持集合分离主要有两大原因：

collections that are not part of your lifelong learning, and
不属于终身学习范畴的集合，以及
collections that need special treatment due to various technical limitations imposed by SuperMemo or current technology.
由于 SuperMemo 或当前技术施加的各种限制而需要特殊处理的集合。

Here are some examples of situations that justify creating collections separate from your main body of knowledge:
以下是需要从主知识体系分离创建独立集合的典型场景示例：

project collections (problem solving, tasklists, creative elaboration): those collections serve a specific project, not your general learning. After the project is complete, they may either be archived or integrated with the main body of knowledge (depending on their nature).
项目集合（问题解决、任务清单、创意阐述）：这些集合服务于特定项目，而非你的常规学习。项目完成后，它们可能被归档或整合到主体知识库中（取决于其性质）。
incremental writing projects, blogs, etc.
渐进式写作项目、博客等。
incremental problem solving collection dedicated to a specific problem where you want to focus entirely on a single issue
专注于单一问题的渐进式问题解决集合，旨在让你完全聚焦于特定议题。
picture collections (public: family albums; private: family picture collections, etc.): if your picture database goes into hundreds of thousands of pictures, you will definitely want to keep it separate for easy backup and dedicated processing, which will often be of different nature than learning
图片集合（公开类：家庭相册；私人类：家庭照片集等）：若你的图片数据库达到数十万张规模，必然需要单独存储以便备份和专项处理，这类操作通常与学习性质不同。
YouTube video collections: learning with YouTube is quite different from incremental reading, you cannot play your favorite music while learning with videos, you may give up learning when you have no access to the Internet, etc.
YouTube 视频合集：通过 YouTube 学习与渐进阅读大不相同，你无法边听喜爱的音乐边学习视频内容，且在没有网络接入时可能被迫中断学习等。
video file collections (e.g. home video): those collections will usually call for different processing. In addition, they quickly grow into terabytes in size, which discourages frequent backups
视频文件集合（如家庭视频）：这些集合通常需要不同的处理方式。此外，它们的大小会迅速增长到 TB 级别，这使得频繁备份变得不切实际。
diaries and journals 日记与日志
logs 日志
jukebox: incremental learning process can add an extra level of fun to experiencing music. Only after playing with a jukebox.kno for a few weeks you will truly understand how important priorities and intervals are in the perception of music!
点唱机：渐进学习过程能为音乐体验增添额外乐趣。只有使用 jukebox.kno 几周后，你才会真正理解优先级和间隔在音乐感知中的重要性！
mail: you may want to separate business from family&friends and from the mail related to the current project
邮件：你可能需要将工作邮件、家人朋友邮件以及当前项目相关邮件分开管理
tasklists and charts 任务清单与图表
paper notes 纸质笔记
kid’s collection: if your kids are too young to do SuperMemo on their own
儿童学习集：如果您的孩子年龄太小无法独立使用 SuperMemo
notes: on occasion you may prefer to keep your notes in SuperMemo rather than a word processor (e.g. easier startup, collection switching, better search, etc.)
笔记：有时您可能更倾向于将笔记保存在 SuperMemo 中而非文字处理器（例如启动更快捷、学习集切换方便、搜索功能更优等）
audio archive, and more 音频存档，以及更多

4.9 Flow of knowledge 知识流动

The figure below roughly illustrates the flow of knowledge in time depending on knowledge difficulty:
下图大致展示了知识随时间流动的情况，其取决于知识的难度：

Figure: The horizontal axis corresponds with the repetition number and the vertical axis represents intervals (logarithmic scale). Despite a popular belief, the semi-log scale does not produce a linear graph here. Clearly the increase in the length of intervals slows down with successive repetitions. Moreover, the graph corresponding with zero lapses (red curve), results from the superposition of items with lower and faster increase in intervals (determined by difficulty). The bell-shaped curve is determined by all contributing items (below repetition number 10) and then only by difficult items or items with low forgetting index for which the increase in the length of intervals is significantly slower (above repetition 10). To see the above graph in your own collection, use Tools : Repetitions graph on the browser menu
图示：横轴对应重复次数，纵轴表示间隔时间（对数刻度）。尽管普遍认为半对数刻度在此不会产生线性图表，但显然随着重复次数的增加，间隔时长的增长速度会减缓。此外，零失误对应的曲线（红色）是由那些间隔增长较低且较快的项目（由难度决定）叠加而成。钟形曲线由所有贡献项目决定（重复次数低于 10 次时），之后仅由难度较高或遗忘指数较低的项目决定，这些项目的间隔时长增长明显更慢（重复次数超过 10 次后）。要在自己的学习集查看上述图表，请使用浏览器菜单中的“工具：重复图表”功能。

4.10 Incremental reading of PDF articles

PDF 文章的渐进式阅读

PDF is a proprietary format. SuperMemo does not support PDF natively. This has always made PDF materials harder to process than ordinary HTML text imported from the web.
PDF 是一种专有格式。SuperMemo 本身并不支持 PDF。这使得处理 PDF 材料始终比从网页导入的普通 HTML 文本更为困难。

There are 4 approaches that are most often used to process PDF incrementally. You will need to see which one is best for your particular material. It may happen that you will need to resort to mixed strategies and use different approaches to different texts. The 4 options are:
处理 PDF 最常用的有 4 种渐进式方法。你需要根据具体材料选择最适合的一种。有时可能需要采用混合策略，对不同文本使用不同方法。这 4 种选项分别是：

Converters: using PDF to HTML converters to generate HTML text that can be read in SuperMemo
转换器：使用 PDF 转 HTML 转换器生成可在 SuperMemo 中阅读的 HTML 文本
Pictures: using page snapshots (e.g. with Print Screen) and employing visual learning
图片：使用页面截图（如通过 Print Screen）并采用视觉学习法
Manual: using copy and paste to copy PDF to SuperMemo page by page (or picture by picture)
手动操作：通过复制粘贴将 PDF 逐页（或逐图）导入 SuperMemo
Incremental: using an incremental approach to read-copy-and-paste while working with PDF in Adobe Reader called from SuperMemo
渐进式学习：在从 SuperMemo 调用的 Adobe Reader 中处理 PDF 时，采用边阅读边复制粘贴的渐进方法

Conversion to HTML is most convenient and least expensive. However, some converters and/or some PDFs produce HTML that is quite different than the original, and/or difficult to process in SuperMemo (e.g. requiring extra filtering, or extra manual formatting). Page snapshots are a fast way to read and import pages that are difficult to convert or are read only (e.g. manuals that require a specific page layout). Copy and paste approach is best for articles that can easily be selected in their entirety and which do not contain too many pictures. Finally, the incremental approach is most natural for SuperMemo, however, instead of using read-points, the student needs to make a note where he or she stopped reading the text.
转换为 HTML 最为便捷且成本最低。然而，部分转换器或某些 PDF 生成的 HTML 与原文差异较大，或在 SuperMemo 中处理较为困难（例如需要额外过滤或手动格式化）。页面快照是快速阅读和导入难以转换或只读页面（如需要特定版面布局的手册）的有效方式。对于能轻松全选且图片不多的文章，复制粘贴法最为适用。最后，渐进式方法与 SuperMemo 理念最为契合，但学习者需自行记录阅读停止位置而非使用阅读点标记。

For more solutions, see: PDF at SuperMemopedia.
更多解决方案参见：SuperMemopedia 中的 PDF 专题。

4.10.1 PDF to HTML converters PDF 转 HTML 转换器

As SuperMemo cannot host PDF files natively for incremental reading, the most promising long-term solution is the use of PDF to HTML converters. However, all converters have their limitations. The languages defined by HTML and PDF are not equivalent. Not all expressions of PDF can be expressed in HTML. This is why you need to check a few converters and see which one is best at processing your type of learning material.
由于 SuperMemo 无法原生支持 PDF 文件进行渐进式阅读，最有前景的长期解决方案是使用 PDF 转 HTML 转换器。然而，所有转换器都有其局限性。HTML 和 PDF 定义的语言并不等同。并非所有 PDF 的表达方式都能用 HTML 呈现。因此，你需要检查几种转换器，看看哪一种最适合处理你的学习材料类型。

4.10.1.1 Conversion 转换

Here is a short list of converters as compiled at SuperMemoPedia:
以下是 SuperMemoPedia 整理的转换器简短列表：

PDF to HTML converters
PDF 转 HTML 转换器

If you are not sure which one to choose, you might use this one: PDF online (it keeps a limit of 2 MB on the size of files to convert).
如果你不确定选择哪一款，可以使用这个在线 PDF 转换器（它对转换文件大小限制在 2MB 以内）。

4.10.1.2 Processing 处理

Once texts are imported to SuperMemo, they may need further processing:
文本导入 SuperMemo 后，可能还需进一步处理：

filter problematic code with F6 (e.g. bulletizing tables)
用 F6 过滤问题代码（例如将表格转为项目符号）
import pictures (some pictures are text-like constructs that need to be snapped with copy&paste)
导入图片（部分图片实为文本结构，需通过复制粘贴进行快照）
split into manageable portions (e.g. with the help of Split: Split the article in the Commander)
拆分为可管理段落（例如借助拆分功能：在 Commander 中分割文章）
convert portions of text to plain text with Ctrl+Shift+F12 (in cases of most unfriendly formatting)
将文本部分转换为纯文本，使用 Ctrl+Shift+F12（适用于大多数不友好格式的情况）

4.10.1.3 Using MS Word 使用微软 Word

Some students use MS Word as an intermediary stage in conversion to HTML. However, as much as the conversion of PDF to HTML is never complete and accurate, there are differences between PDF and MS Word that make life difficult. At the moment of writing, there aren’t any tools that would reliably convert PDF to MS Word format. Pasting from Adobe Reader to MS Word yields poor results (e.g. texts in columns lose or mix portions of texts). If you own MS Word, you can give it a try, however, using converters or other methods will probably work better.
部分学生使用 MS Word 作为转换到 HTML 的中间步骤。然而，就像 PDF 转 HTML 从来都不完整且准确一样，PDF 与 MS Word 之间的差异也会带来诸多不便。目前尚无任何工具能可靠地将 PDF 转换为 MS Word 格式。从 Adobe Reader 粘贴到 MS Word 效果欠佳（例如分栏文本会出现部分丢失或混淆）。如果你拥有 MS Word，可以尝试一下，但使用转换器或其他方法可能会更有效。

4.10.1.4 Using OCR 使用 OCR

Some users swear by OCR. See: Using OCR to convert PDF for SuperMemo.
部分用户极力推荐 OCR 技术。参见：使用 OCR 将 PDF 转换为 SuperMemo 格式。

4.10.2 PDF with visual learning 带视觉学习的 PDF

You can convert PDF to pictures and employ the tools of visual learning.
你可以将 PDF 转换为图片并运用视觉学习工具。

Here are the steps:
以下是具体步骤：

convert PDF to pictures either by saving as JPEG, or by using page snapshots with Print Screen
将 PDF 转换为图片，可通过另存为 JPEG 格式或使用 Print Screen 进行页面截图实现
paste pictures to SuperMemo or import pictures from a local drive
将图片粘贴至 SuperMemo 或从本地驱动器导入图片
as pictures are not searchable, it is important to copy&paste a part of article (if possible) that could later be used in search and review. For example, abstracts of scholarly articles with necessary reference tags (#Title, #Author, #Source, etc.)
由于图片内容不可搜索，建议尽可能复制粘贴文章部分内容（如可行），以便后续搜索和复习使用。例如学术文章的摘要部分及必要引用标签（如#标题、#作者、#来源等）
use visual learning to process the imported materials. Pictures will need to be trimmed (e.g. (1) Alt+click, (2) marquee selection of the interesting part, (3) press Esc, and (4) choose Permanently cut/crop the zoomed/trimmed image file). Use visual extracts (Alt+X) to focus on smaller portions of imported articles
使用视觉学习处理导入材料。图片需进行裁剪（操作步骤：(1)Alt+点击，(2)框选感兴趣区域，(3)按 Esc 键，(4)选择”永久剪切/裁剪缩放/修剪后的图像文件”）。通过视觉提取（Alt+X）聚焦于导入文章的局部内容
annotate the pictures or write down summaries to further process most important portions with incremental reading. Without the use of cloze deletion, imported material may quickly be forgotten.
对图片进行标注或写下摘要，以便通过渐进阅读进一步处理最重要的部分。若不使用填空式删除法，导入的材料可能很快被遗忘。

This method of reading PDF is analogous to incremental reading of paper materials.
这种阅读 PDF 的方法类似于纸质材料的渐进阅读。

See more at SuperMemoPedia: PDF and Visual Learning.
更多内容请见 SuperMemo 百科：PDF 与视觉学习。

4.10.3 PDF copy and paste PDF 复制粘贴

If conversion of PDF to HTML is not satisfactory, you may need to resort to old plain copy&paste. Some PDF texts paste whole chapters pretty well with little extra text/code (e.g. page headings). Some PDFs respond well to Ctrl+A (for selecting all text) and Copy with Formatting (right click). Usually, Adobe Reader will not let you do multi-page selections that would paste to SuperMemo fast and nicely. You may even get annoyed with your attempts to copy a multi-column portion of a single page. You will get one column selected, middle of the second, and the ending of the third. Other double-column texts will paste as a mix of both columns per line. Sometimes pasting multi-column texts is not possible. This means that you will often need to go from page to page, or even column to column, and repeat copy&paste. That can take ages. Similarly, pictures do not copy as part of HTML. So you need to copy&paste pictures separately. Here again, when Adobe Reader will not let you copy pictures easily, you can just use Print Screen, paste to SuperMemo and trim&crop in SuperMemo (see: Visual learning). Tables are usually best processed in the form of pictures as they usually import poorly to HTML. Some PDF documents do not even allow of selecting texts. In those cases you will need to resort to PDF visual learning too. Sometimes you may just give up and read the article straight without bothering to do it incrementally, or look for alternative texts, or just give up reading altogether. You can also read the article using traditional methods, and copy to SuperMemo only the portions that you would normally extract within SuperMemo.
如果 PDF 转 HTML 的效果不理想，可能需要采用传统的纯文本复制粘贴方式。部分 PDF 文档能完整粘贴整章内容且几乎不带多余文本或代码（如页眉）。有些 PDF 对 Ctrl+A（全选）和带格式复制（右键点击）响应良好。通常，Adobe Reader 不允许进行跨页选择，而这种操作能快速整洁地粘贴到 SuperMemo 中。甚至尝试复制单页的多栏内容时也会令人沮丧——可能只选中第一栏、第二栏中部及第三栏末尾。其他双栏文本粘贴后每行会混合两栏内容，有时根本无法粘贴多栏文本。这意味着经常需要逐页甚至逐栏重复复制粘贴，耗时极长。同理，图片不会作为 HTML 的一部分被复制，需单独粘贴。当 Adobe Reader 难以直接复制图片时，可改用 Print Screen 截图，粘贴至 SuperMemo 后裁剪处理（参见：视觉学习）。表格通常最好以图片形式处理，因为它们导入 HTML 时效果往往不佳。有些 PDF 文档甚至不允许选中文本。这种情况下，你也需要采用 PDF 视觉学习法。有时你可能直接放弃，选择通读全文而不进行渐进式学习，或寻找替代文本，甚至完全放弃阅读。你也可以用传统方法阅读文章，仅将通常在 SuperMemo 中会提取的部分复制到 SuperMemo 中。

After pasting text from Adobe Reader to SuperMemo, it will often be jagged, disrupted, wrongly formatted, etc. Converting short passages to plain text often dramatically improves readability. The shortcut is Ctrl+Shift+F12.
从 Adobe Reader 粘贴文本到 SuperMemo 时，常会出现锯齿状、断裂、格式错误等问题。将短段落转换为纯文本通常能显著提升可读性。快捷键是 Ctrl+Shift+F12。

For more, see: PDF Copy and Paste
更多内容请参阅：PDF 复制粘贴

4.10.4 Incremental PDF 增量 PDF

If you want to work incrementally with PDF articles, you can use the following strategy:
若想对 PDF 文章进行渐进式学习，可采用以下策略：

Save your PDF files to a dedicated folder
将您的 PDF 文件保存到专用文件夹
Import them regularly with File : Import : Files and folders
定期通过文件菜单：导入：文件和文件夹进行导入
Define a PDF template with a large HTML component and a tiny binary component for holding PDF (use that template as the default for the import concept group, or apply it after import to all PDF articles)
定义一个包含大型 HTML 组件和微型二进制组件（用于保存 PDF）的 PDF 模板（将该模板设为导入概念组的默认模板，或在导入后应用于所有 PDF 文章）
When reading is scheduled for the PDF element, click the binary component and jump to the page where you last finished reading (to automatically go back to the last viewed pages, in Adobe Reader, check Edit : Preferences : Documents : Restore last view settings when reopening documents)
当 PDF 元素的阅读计划触发时，点击二进制组件跳转至上次结束阅读的页面（如需自动返回最后查看的页面，在 Adobe Reader 中勾选编辑→首选项→文档→重新打开文档时恢复上次视图设置）
Paste all important fragments of the PDF document to the HTML component (if texts cannot be selected, use the Print Screen option, paste the picture, and use visual learning tools to extract individual fragments)
将 PDF 文档中所有重要片段粘贴至 HTML 组件（若无法选中文本，可使用截屏功能粘贴图片，并利用视觉学习工具提取独立片段）
Paste figures to SuperMemo by clicking a selected picture, right-clicking, and choosing Copy Image in Adobe Reader or Print Screen. Use visual learning tools to process larger pictures (trimming, zooming, extracting, etc.)
在 SuperMemo 中粘贴图片的操作步骤：在 Adobe Reader 中选中图片后右键点击并选择“复制图像”，或使用打印屏幕功能。利用视觉学习工具处理较大图片（如裁剪、缩放、提取等）。
Process the pasted texts in parallel with reading the PDF document (esp. if they are very important). Alternatively, start incremental reading in HTML only when you finish reading the document in PDF
在阅读 PDF 文档的同时并行处理粘贴的文本（尤其对重要内容）。另一种方式是，仅在完成 PDF 文档阅读后，才开始以 HTML 格式进行渐进阅读。

4.11 Incremental reading of paper articles

纸质文章的渐进式阅读

If you have many notes taken from paper journals, or you must read paper articles, you can use a few methods to employ incremental reading in that process. Working with paper will never be as effective as working with electronic material. However, you can still triple your performance with the benefits of incremental learning.
若您有大量纸质期刊笔记或必须阅读纸质文章，可采用几种方法将渐进阅读融入该过程。纸质材料的处理效率永远无法与电子材料媲美，但通过渐进学习的优势仍可使效率提升三倍。

Here is an exemplary algorithm for processing paper notes:
以下是处理纸质笔记的示范性算法：

before getting down to processing, search the net! Many noteworthy articles have already been published online. That saves lots of time
在着手处理之前，先上网搜索！网上已经发布了许多值得注意的文章，这能节省大量时间
if the text is of general nature, you might find a better equivalent (e.g. at Wikipedia)
如果文本内容具有普遍性，你可能会找到更好的等效版本（例如在维基百科上）
create a dedicated PaperNotes.kno collection for easy backup. It might grow to a huge size! You can use a dedicated processing time slot for your paper notes
创建一个专门的 PaperNotes.kno 知识库以便于备份。它可能会变得非常庞大！你可以为纸质笔记设置专门的处理时间段
very short notes or very important notes, you can type by hand. The advantage of typing is that it can shorten the texts, give them more meaning, and have them instantly searchable in the collection
对于非常简短的笔记或极其重要的笔记，可以手动输入。手动输入的优势在于能精简文字、赋予更多含义，并让它们立即在知识库中可搜索
the rest of texts you can import as pictures or process with OCR (e.g. use a pen scanner to pick the most valuable pieces from the book)
其余文本可作为图片导入或通过 OCR 处理（例如使用笔式扫描仪从书中提取最有价值的部分）
use a digital camera to quickly snap paper pages. A scanner yields better quality but is too slow
使用数码相机快速拍摄纸质页面。扫描仪质量更佳但速度过慢
copy the pics to the hard disk
将图片拷贝至硬盘
use File : Import : Files and folders to import all pictures at once
使用文件菜单中的”导入：文件和文件夹”功能一次性导入所有图片
use visual learning and the tools of incremental learning to prioritize and process the imported material (the Extract option is particularly useful)
运用视觉学习和渐进学习工具来优先处理导入的材料（提取功能尤为实用）

A user of SuperMemo wrote a few words about his experience with OCR in Studying Law with SuperMemo.
一位 SuperMemo 用户分享了他使用 OCR 功能学习法律的经验体会。

5. Philosophy of incremental learning

渐进学习的哲学

5.1 Incremental learning is not for everyone

渐进学习并不适合所有人

Incremental learning is powerful. Even though we strongly believe it might spell a revolution in learning, its present incarnation will reach only a small fraction of society. This is why:
渐进学习非常强大。尽管我们坚信它可能会引发一场学习革命，但目前的实现形式只能惠及社会的一小部分人群。原因如下：

Most of people will never arrive to this website. A great part of this planet do not have access to the Internet. Of those who are privileged enough to be able to use Google or Wikipedia on a regular basis, most are too busy with work, family and other pursuits. The rest are busy with Facebook, Twitter, games and other “blessings” of the Internet.
大多数人永远不会访问这个网站。地球上很大一部分人无法使用互联网。在那些有幸能经常使用谷歌或维基百科的人中，大多数人忙于工作、家庭和其他追求。其余的人则忙于 Facebook、Twitter、游戏和其他互联网的“恩赐”。
A significant fraction of the users of the Internet realize that the web offers incredible self-help opportunities. However, a substantial portion of those will suffer from a cognitive bias known as the illusion of knowledge. This bias does not spare highly intelligent individuals. Under the illusion of knowledge, we are less motivated to seek more learning. With less learning, the learn drive diminishes with age providing a negative feedback of inaction
互联网用户中有相当一部分人意识到网络提供了惊人的自我提升机会。然而，其中许多人会遭受一种名为”知识幻觉”的认知偏差。这种偏差连高智商群体也难以幸免。在知识幻觉的影响下，我们主动求知的动力会减弱。随着学习减少，学习驱动力会随着年龄增长而衰退，形成消极不作为的恶性循环。
Users of the Internet who are highly interested in learning quickly discover that their memory can be improved, and that their learning can be advanced to a new level with some help from the net or software. However, the language barrier is another big sieve. The best materials about learning techniques have been published in English. Language divisions result in a global inequality in the access to information. You can read about SuperMemo in a couple of major languages. Perhaps you might learn about incremental reading too. The article you are reading now will take months or years to percolate to non-English areas of the net!
对学习充满热情的互联网用户很快就会发现，借助网络或软件的帮助，他们的记忆力可以得到提升，学习能力也能达到新高度。然而语言障碍是另一个巨大的筛选器。关于学习技巧的最佳资料都以英文出版。语言隔阂导致了全球范围内的信息获取不平等。你或许能用几种主要语言读到关于 SuperMemo 的介绍，也可能了解到渐进阅读法。但你现在正在阅读的这篇文章，可能需要数月甚至数年时间才能渗透到非英语网络区域！
For anyone interested in learning, it does not take long to find out about spaced repetition. The term was quite exotic when first used in the context of SuperMemo in the mid 1990s. In those days it could only be found in a couple of scientific publications. However, it was SuperMemo that helped popularize the concept, which now has entered the popular culture. Those who seek better memory will quickly be informed that spaced repetition is the way. They will get their introduction to spaced repetition from SuperMemo freeware, or an array of other excellent free spaced repetition applications, some of which use older SuperMemo algorithms. The fact that the newest SuperMemo is a commercial product will prevent many potentially excellent students from ever going in the direction of incremental learning. This must be made clear then. At the moment of writing, SuperMemo 2004 is freeware and supports incremental reading. It might be missing the priority queue, but this will matter only much later in the process when you build a collection of unmanageable size. In SuperMemo 2004 you can do Import, Extract and Cloze. That’s the core of incremental reading!
对于任何对学习感兴趣的人来说，了解间隔重复（spaced repetition）并不需要太长时间。这个术语在 20 世纪 90 年代中期首次用于 SuperMemo 的语境时还相当陌生。那时，它只能在少数科学出版物中找到。然而，正是 SuperMemo 帮助普及了这一概念，如今它已融入流行文化。那些寻求更好记忆力的人会很快得知，间隔重复是必经之路。他们将通过 SuperMemo 免费软件或其他一系列优秀的免费间隔重复应用（其中一些使用了较旧的 SuperMemo 算法）来初次接触间隔重复。最新版的 SuperMemo 是商业产品这一事实，可能会阻止许多潜在优秀学生走向渐进学习（incremental learning）的道路。这一点必须明确指出。在撰写本文时，SuperMemo 2004 是免费软件，并支持渐进阅读（incremental reading）。它可能缺少优先级队列（priority queue），但这只有在学习过程中积累了大量难以管理的内容时才会显得重要。在 SuperMemo 2004 中，你可以进行导入（Import）、摘录（Extract）和填空（Cloze）操作。这就是渐进阅读的核心！
Among users of SuperMemo, only a fraction will ever become interested in a complex concept of incremental learning (probably still below 5%). A typical newcomer is more likely to drop out altogether than to move on to the next level. The chief culprit is the incompatibility of SuperMemo with the human nature and the modern lifestyle. Stressful and busy lives do not help in forging new paths and acquiring new habits. It is not just that humans like to live in their comfort zones. It is also that the pressures of the modern dog-eat-dog society are pretty effective in stifling higher inspiration, lifelong learning, creative pursuits beyond one’s job, etc. Those issues are inherent (human nature), or systemic. As such they cannot be easily remedied.
在 SuperMemo 的用户中，只有一小部分人会对渐进学习的复杂概念产生兴趣（可能仍低于 5%）。典型的新用户更可能完全放弃，而非进入下一阶段。主要问题在于 SuperMemo 与人性及现代生活方式的格格不入。压力重重、忙碌的生活不利于开辟新路径和养成新习惯。这不仅仅是因为人类喜欢待在舒适区，还因为现代社会中弱肉强食的压力极大程度上扼杀了更高层次的灵感、终身学习、本职工作之外的创造性追求等。这些问题根植于人性或系统本身，因此难以轻易解决。
Some users might hold a relatively positive opinion about incremental reading, but will excuse their lack of commitment by technological limitations of SuperMemo. For example, “unless you give me a Mac version, I won’t go there“, “I hate Internet Explorer“, “Your interface comes from Windows 98 era“ or “I will come back if you have a mobile version“. Incidentally, there is an inherent incompatibility between mobility and incremental learning. Mobility correlates with multitasking and low attention (interaction with others, social media notifications, arriving mail, phone calls, browser pop-ups, etc.). The power of incremental learning lies in balancing creativity with attention. As such, incremental learning is inherently immobile (unless you understand mobility as a transfer between two or more peaceful and static environments). In addition, without a standard-size keyboard, incremental reading might feel like paddling up the creek.
一些用户可能对渐进阅读持相对积极的看法，但会以 SuperMemo 的技术限制为由为自己缺乏投入开脱。例如，“除非你给我 Mac 版本，否则我不会用”，“我讨厌 Internet Explorer”，“你的界面还停留在 Windows 98 时代”或“如果有移动版本，我会回来”。顺便说一句，移动性和渐进学习之间存在固有的不兼容性。移动性与多任务处理和低注意力相关（与他人互动、社交媒体通知、收到的邮件、电话、浏览器弹出窗口等）。渐进学习的力量在于平衡创造力和注意力。因此，渐进学习本质上是不可移动的（除非你将移动性理解为在两个或多个宁静静态环境之间的转移）。此外，没有标准尺寸的键盘，渐进阅读可能会感觉像是在逆流而上。
Among those users of SuperMemo who get down to reading about incremental learning, a large proportion will come with a preconceived goal: proving that incremental learning is not really worth the investment of time. “Negative reading” is more likely to occur in a bad state of mind: low-spirits, irritation, or reading outside one’s optimum circadian brainwork bracket. This preconception may be largely subconscious and based on a defense mechanism: proving that incremental learning is a weak concept is easy, should save one a great deal of investment in mastering the concept, and prevent the need to leave one’s comfort zone. Discovering that incremental learning is a must will simply augur long hours of plodding through the documentation that is notorious for its poor readability index. The presented article is harder to read than 70% of articles at Wikipedia. The ultimate judgement is strongly correlated with your present state of mind. You are more likely to say “Incremental learning is full of fluff“ or “Incremental learning goes against human nature“ than to say “I have discovered a new great technology that will change my life“. You might be just seeking affirmation of your preset frame of mind: “Incremental learning must be a hoax or at least a waste of time“, or simply “Incremental learning is not of much use in my particular profession“. It is easy to find the desired confirmation. Imperfections in this article will provide a rich material for dismissal. A perfection is not achievable. Prejudiced mind will always find a way to misinterpret. Naturally, if you are enthusiastic about incremental learning at your first encounter, this is a very good predictor of your ultimate success.
在那些深入阅读渐进学习相关内容的 SuperMemo 用户中，很大一部分人带着先入为主的目标：证明渐进学习并不值得投入时间。”消极阅读”更容易在不良心理状态下发生：情绪低落、烦躁，或处于个人最佳脑力工作时段之外阅读。这种成见可能很大程度上是潜意识的，并基于一种防御机制：证明渐进学习是个脆弱的概念很容易，这样就能省去掌握该概念的大量投入，避免走出舒适区的需要。发现渐进学习是必须的，只会预示着要花很长时间研读那些以可读性差而闻名的文档。本文比维基百科上 70%的文章更难阅读。最终的判断与你当前的心理状态密切相关。比起说”我发现了一项将改变我生活的伟大新技术”，你更可能说”渐进学习全是废话”或”渐进学习违背人性”。你可能只是在寻求对你预设心态的肯定：“渐进学习肯定是个骗局，至少是浪费时间”，或者仅仅是“渐进学习对我的特定职业没什么用”。找到想要的确认很容易。本文中的不完美之处将提供丰富的材料来否定。完美是无法实现的。抱有偏见的人总会找到曲解的方法。当然，如果你初次接触渐进学习就充满热情，这预示着你最终会取得成功。
Having passed all this rich obstacle course, you are now bound to be in a tiny group of people who arrived at this point. The good news is that you might be part of a special elite. People with fertile minds who are open to new challenges, motivated well enough and self-disciplined enough. Naturally, you might have equally well come here exhausted with your failure in learning, in hope of finding a remedy to your recent bad exam results. Whatever the answer, the road is still very long. Even with a brisk mind and great enthusiasm, you may still drop out at later stages.
经历了这一系列丰富的挑战后，你现在必定属于少数到达这一阶段的人。好消息是，你可能已成为特殊精英群体的一员——那些思维活跃、乐于接受新挑战、动力充沛且自律性强的人。当然，你也可能是在学习挫败中精疲力竭地来到这里，希望为近期糟糕的考试成绩寻找解药。无论答案如何，前路依然漫长。即便头脑敏锐、热情高涨，后续阶段仍可能半途而废。
When reading about incremental learning, you might hit another major obstacle: “This is more convoluted than I thought!“, or “The whole idea of prioritization makes me nauseous“, or “The toolset may be rich but is it natural?“. You can get discouraged either by incomplete understanding of the concept, or the incompatibility of the concept with your personality.
在了解渐进学习时，你可能会遇到另一个主要障碍：”这比我想象的更复杂！”，或者”优先级排序的想法让我感到恶心”，又或者”工具集可能很丰富，但这自然吗？”。你可能会因为对概念理解不完整，或者概念与你的个性不符而感到气馁。
If you have already decided to try incremental learning, and you have SuperMemo 17 installed, you may get an unpleasant shock. SuperMemo 17 is not user friendly! It has been optimized for pro users and only simplified enough at lower levels (File : Level) to make it somewhat palatable for a novice. You can overcome this impression only with a firm belief: incremental learning works and it is worth the investment of my time. After a year, you may love the solutions you hated in SuperMemo at first. User unfriendliness and complexity will make many give up in the first days or weeks. Those dropouts rarely return! We are guilty here too. New solutions are never perfectly encapsulated and/or interfaced. You will get your neat iPad and Android version only when incremental learning is more popular, which is not anytime soon.
如果你已经决定尝试渐进学习，并且安装了 SuperMemo 17，你可能会受到不愉快的冲击。SuperMemo 17 并不用户友好！它已针对专业用户进行了优化，仅在较低级别（文件：级别）进行了足够简化，使其对新手勉强可接受。只有坚定信念才能克服这种印象：渐进学习是有效的，值得我投入时间。一年后，你可能会爱上最初在 SuperMemo 中讨厌的解决方案。用户不友好和复杂性会让许多人在最初几天或几周内放弃。那些退出的人很少回来！我们也有责任。新解决方案从未完美封装和/或界面化。只有当渐进学习更受欢迎时，你才能获得整洁的 iPad 和 Android 版本，而这不会很快实现。
The dropout rate in the first weeks is still high. Some of the main problems: importing unsuitable text, difficulty in parsing the text with extracts, losing context of extracts, comprehension problems (not related to SuperMemo), clozing texts that are too complex, difficulty in formulating items, excessive time spent on formatting and templates, learning overload, confusion, problems with SuperMemo (e.g. layouts), lack of sense of progress, etc. Without clear gratification, many users come to the conclusion that the cost is greater than the benefits. They are not wrong. It is not easy to get a return on your investment in a month or even longer. Few users start their learning swiftly on a wave of solid enthusiasm!
最初几周的辍学率仍然很高。一些主要问题包括：导入不合适的文本、难以解析带有摘录的文本、丢失摘录的上下文、理解问题（与 SuperMemo 无关）、对过于复杂的文本进行填空、难以制定学习项、在格式和模板上花费过多时间、学习超负荷、困惑、SuperMemo 相关问题（如布局）、缺乏进步感等。如果没有明确的回报，许多用户会认为成本大于收益。他们并没有错。在一个月甚至更长时间内获得投资回报并不容易。很少有用户能在坚实的热情浪潮中迅速开始学习！
Many of the advantages of incremental learning rely on the size of your learning collection. The value of search&review increases with the size of the collection. At the beginning of the process, when collection is small, and as a result knowledge-poor, you may feel like laying the first brick of a large pyramid on a vast boring desert. The greatest fun can be found at the top of the pyramid, when you can see the extent of your knowledge in a good perspective. This metaphor should not imply your pyramid will ever stop growing. You keep adding stone blocks to the sides. The pyramid keeps growing high and wide for lifetime.
渐进学习的诸多优势依赖于你的学习资料库规模。随着资料库的扩大，搜索与复习的价值也随之提升。在初始阶段，当资料库规模较小、知识储备贫瘠时，你或许会感到自己如同在广袤无趣的沙漠上铺设巨型金字塔的第一块砖石。而当你能够以良好视角纵览知识疆域时，金字塔顶端的风景才最令人心驰神往。这个比喻并不意味着你的金字塔会停止生长——你持续在侧面添加石块，这座金字塔终其一生都将不断向高处与宽广处延伸。
The extent of failure does not only cover the dropouts and the never-has-beens. Even long-term users may enter a never-ending struggle with knowledge formulation, complex material, priorities, overload, etc. The later you start, the longer the transition from pain to fun. Old habits die hard. There is one clear litmus test for success: once incremental learning is fun, you know you do things right. If you have not reached the level of fun after a couple of months of trying hard, you need to re-think your strategies. For example, you may need to start from reading this article cover-to-cover again.
失败的范畴不仅限于中途放弃者和从未起步的人。即便是长期使用者，也可能陷入知识构建、复杂材料、优先级、超负荷等无休止的挣扎中。起步越晚，从痛苦到乐趣的过渡期就越长。积习难改。成功有一个明确的试金石：当渐进式学习变得有趣时，你就知道做对了。如果努力尝试数月后仍未达到乐趣阶段，就需要重新审视策略。例如，你可能需要从头到尾重读这篇文章。
If you happen to be a happy user of incremental learning, your knowledge will keep growing fast, and your hunger for learning will keep increasing at an ever faster rate. This makes you a part of a very tiny elite. This also imposes an obligation. It is time to help others reach your level!
若你恰是渐进式学习的快乐使用者，你的知识将持续快速增长，对学习的渴望也会以越来越快的速度增强。这使你成为极少数精英中的一员。这也意味着一种责任——是时候帮助他人达到你的水平了！

5.2 Big picture in incremental learning

渐进学习中的全局观

A frequent reservation voiced by skeptical observers is that dismembering texts into little units will result in an inevitable loss of the ability to see things from a distance in their entirety. The question is: Does incremental learning produce a loss of the big picture? What the skeptics fail to appreciate is the power of spaced repetition that stands behind SuperMemo. The SuperMemo method ensures high retention of once-mastered knowledge. This means that there is minimum disintegration of the coherence of knowledge once it is understood and well modeled in student’s mind.
持怀疑态度的观察者常提出的一个顾虑是：将文本拆解为小单元会导致从宏观整体视角把握事物的能力不可避免地丧失。问题在于：渐进学习是否会造成大局观的缺失？这些怀疑者未能认识到的是 SuperMemo 背后间隔重复的强大力量。SuperMemo 方法能确保已掌握知识的高保留率。这意味着一旦知识被理解并在学生脑海中建立良好模型，其连贯性的瓦解程度将降至最低。

The main advantage of SuperMemo is that you convert lots of disparate pieces of information into a solid model of reality that lives in your memory. All these pieces can be dispersed randomly in your collection like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, however, they fit into a coherent entirety that stays firmly intact in your mind. In other words, incremental learning is reductionist at the level of knowledge processing, but is holistic at the level of memories stored in your brain.
SuperMemo 的主要优势在于，它能将大量零散信息转化为牢固存在于记忆中的现实模型。这些信息片段可以像拼图碎片般随机分散在你的知识库中，但它们最终会在脑海中组合成坚不可摧的连贯整体。换言之，渐进学习在知识处理层面是还原论的，但在大脑存储的记忆层面却是整体论的。

The big picture worry comes from the fact that in traditional education, students rely heavily on their short-term memory. They cram a single subject intensely before an exam only to forget most of that knowledge in the following months unless the subject is reviewed in later courses. It is true that short-term memory can act as a glue that holds the big picture in memory. However, it is the short-term memory and the weakest long-term memories that are gone first. With that in mind, it is only natural that you might worry that if you start intermingling more than a few courses, you will end up with chaos and confusion. It is not the case with incremental learning. New memories, once established, are gradually reinforced to permanently enter the long-term storage. All incremental learning does is to help you focus on a small portion of the material at any given moment.
大局观的担忧源于传统教育中，学生过度依赖短期记忆。他们会在考试前密集突击单一科目，但除非后续课程中复习该内容，否则几个月后便会遗忘大部分知识。诚然，短期记忆能像胶水般暂时维系知识框架，但最先消退的恰恰是短期记忆和最薄弱的长时记忆。因此，人们自然会担心：若同时学习多门课程，最终会导致混乱与困惑。渐进式学习则不然——新记忆一旦形成，就会通过持续强化永久存入长时记忆。这种学习法的核心在于，让你在任何时刻都能专注于少量学习材料。

In traditional (unspaced) education, the big picture is maintained with the glue of short-term memories. As such it is volatile, and subject to forgetting. In incremental learning, the big picture has a lasting value!
在传统（非间隔式）教育中，整体知识框架依靠短期记忆的粘合得以维持。因此它是易变的，容易遗忘。而在渐进学习中，整体知识框架具有持久价值！

Worrying about the big picture in incremental reading is as if you worried that you might forget the structure of your family just because you meet too many members at the same time at a big family occasion, or that you might forget your name when focusing too much on spelling its individual letters. Once the big picture resides in your long-term memory, you can play with details to your heart’s content. Today, tomorrow, or in a couple of years.
在渐进阅读中担忧整体框架，就如同担心因为在大型家庭聚会上同时见到太多成员而忘记家族结构，或是因过于专注拼写名字的单个字母而忘记自己的姓名。一旦整体框架存入长期记忆，你就能随心所欲地钻研细节。今天、明天，抑或几年之后皆可。

5.3 Incremental learning can make you smarter

渐进学习可以让你更聪明

User of classical SuperMemo, T. Sz. wondered:
经典 SuperMemo 用户 T. Sz.曾疑惑：

If I use incremental learning for a couple of years. How will that affect how I am perceived by others? Will they see the difference? Will I be smarter and appear smarter? Will I be able to shine with knowledge in social circles? What do people say after 20 years of using incremental learning?
如果我持续使用渐进学习法数年，这会影响他人对我的看法吗？他们会看出差别吗？我会变得更聪明且显得更聪明吗？我能在社交场合凭借知识闪耀光芒吗？那些使用渐进学习法 20 年的人会怎么说？

Incremental learning is just a few years old. For example, incremental reading was introduced in 2000. The essential concept of the priority queue was introduced only in 2006. Without the priority queue, massive learning may lead to massive chaos. Incremental video was born in 2009. So you won’t find users with 20 years of experience.
渐进学习仅有数年历史。例如，渐进阅读于 2000 年问世。优先级队列的核心概念直到 2006 年才被提出。没有优先级队列，大规模学习可能导致巨大混乱。渐进视频诞生于 2009 年。因此你不会遇到拥有 20 年经验的用户。

5.3.1 Incremental learning is faster

渐进式学习速度更快

Despite the young age of incremental learning, it is easy to theorize about its power. This is because learning incrementally isn’t much different than its ultimate effect as other forms of learning (e.g. extensive reading, studying for the university, research, etc.). For that reason, the results will be comparable. The main difference is that you will get to the levels of higher knowledge much faster (assuming sufficient skills). This way, someone with a few months of intense incremental learning, may get the knowledge and act not much different than a university graduate. Naturally, incremental learning will not substitute for laboratory practice, problem solving, discussions with friends, and professors, etc. So there will be differences. You can then ask: How does the university education make me into a better person?’. Once you answer that question, you will have an answer about incremental learning.
尽管渐进学习的历史尚短，但很容易从理论上阐述其威力。这是因为渐进学习与其他学习形式（如广泛阅读、大学学业、研究等）的最终效果并无太大差异。因此，其结果具有可比性。主要区别在于，你将更快达到更高知识水平（假设具备足够技能）。如此一来，经过几个月高强度渐进学习的人，其知识和行为可能与大学毕业生相差无几。当然，渐进学习无法替代实验室实践、问题解决、与朋友和教授讨论等活动。因此差异依然存在。此时你或许会问：”大学教育如何让我成为更好的人？”一旦回答了这个问题，你也就理解了渐进学习的意义。

5.3.2 No amount of learning can eliminate ignorance

再多的学习也无法消除无知

If you hope that incremental reading will make you universally knowledgeable and smart, you are wrong. Human knowledge is vast enough for a 2-year-old to know things that a PhD does not know (esp. if the kid is trained for the trick, e.g. to answer “What is the capital of Burkina Faso?“).
如果你希望渐进阅读能让你变得无所不知、聪明绝顶，那你就错了。人类知识浩瀚无边，一个两岁孩子都可能知道博士生不知道的事情（尤其是当孩子被特意训练过某些技巧时，比如回答“布基纳法索的首都是哪里？”）。

5.3.3 Incremental readers are different

渐进式阅读者与众不同

Incremental reading is more likely to be less focused and more general. At the university, you may learn extensively on a specific subject, while in incremental reading you are more likely to stray to multiple related areas depending on your interests and the encountered gaps in knowledge. Your priorities will reflect your individual profile and your knowledge may be far more customized to your own needs and passions. All in all, an incremental reader will not differ much from a well-learned person. The main difference may show in personality. Not because of incremental learning but due to the fact that only a few have the mental characteristics needed to get interested and then sustain the incremental reading process. Thus incremental readers may appear more knowledgeable just because of their natural curiosity or even obsession with knowledge. This quest for general knowledge may result in short moments of amazement with the gaps in knowledge exhibited by other people. In September 2013, scientists announced that Voyager 1 entered the interstellar medium. A panel of high-IQ journalists on a respected news channel discussed that historic moment. One of the journalists mentioned that Voyager 1 was launched in the 1990s and has now left the solar system. The other journalists nodded. This is where an obsessive incremental reader may pause and realize that he or she is indeed a bit different.
渐进式阅读往往更偏向于广泛涉猎而非专注单一领域。在大学里，你可能深入学习特定学科，而渐进式阅读则更可能根据个人兴趣和知识缺口，游走于多个相关领域。你的学习重点将反映个人特质，所获知识也会更贴合自身需求和热情。总体而言，渐进式阅读者与博学之人差异不大，主要区别可能体现在性格层面——这并非渐进学习本身所致，而是因为只有少数人具备持续进行渐进式阅读所需的心智特质。因此渐进式阅读者可能因天生的好奇心甚至对知识的痴迷而显得更为渊博。这种对通识的追求，有时会让人惊诧于他人展现的知识盲区。2013 年 9 月，科学家宣布旅行者 1 号进入星际空间，某权威新闻频道的高智商记者团曾就此历史性时刻展开讨论。一位记者提到旅行者 1 号于 1990 年代发射升空，现已飞出太阳系。其他记者纷纷点头。这时，一个痴迷于渐进式阅读的人可能会停下来，意识到自己确实有些与众不同。

5.3.4 Nobody likes a smart aleck

没人喜欢自作聪明的人

It is not how others perceive you that matters, but how you change your thinking and the ability to solve problems. In most cases, few people in your surroundings care about your problems and your goals. The knowledge you obtain for those goals will be of little interest to others (beyond a narrow circle of close friends). If you ever attempt to show off at parties, you will rather be politely dismissed as an annoyance. Being a smart aleck is universally perceived in a negative light. If you shine with your knowledge in a relevant context (i.e. not for the sake of shining), the perception will be different. We all love the doctor that can provide an accurate diagnosis at a glance and instantly come up with a solution to your health problem. However, chances are rather slim that you will be able to show off your specialist knowledge at a party (unless it is a professional party of your colleagues in the field).
重要的不是他人如何看待你，而是你如何改变思维方式及解决问题的能力。大多数情况下，身边很少有人会在意你的问题和目标。你为这些目标获取的知识，除了一小圈亲密朋友外，其他人几乎不感兴趣。若你试图在聚会上炫耀，更可能被礼貌地视为烦人精而遭到冷落。自作聪明的人普遍给人负面印象。但若在相关情境中自然展现专业知识（而非为了炫耀），观感便会不同。我们都喜欢那位能一眼准确诊断并立即给出健康问题解决方案的医生。然而，在普通聚会上展示专业知识的可能性微乎其微（除非那是同行们的专业聚会）。

5.3.5 Reward in higher awareness

更高认知中的回报

The greatest advantage of incremental reading may show in the areas of general knowledge. These are the areas that most of people neglect due to a simple lack of time and lack of sufficient pressure or motivation. A student may need to study for his geography course, a medical researcher may need to read dozens of papers, but they both may have too little time or need to refresh the ABC of physics that might otherwise be useful in understanding things that happen around them. An obsessive incremental reader might therefore reach a sort of higher level of awareness. If you hear about a chaffinch for the first time in your life, you might likely say “I have never seen that bird“. However, you might then be amazed if you see the bird a few times in the course of the following week.
渐进阅读的最大优势可能体现在常识领域。这些领域往往因为人们缺乏时间、动力或外部压力而被忽视。学生可能需要为地理课程学习，医学研究者可能需要阅读数十篇论文，但他们可能都没有足够时间去重温物理基础知识——这些知识本可以帮助理解身边发生的现象。因此，沉迷于渐进阅读的人可能达到某种更高层次的认知状态。如果你生平第一次听说苍头燕雀，可能会说”我从没见过这种鸟”。但如果在接下来一周里多次见到这种鸟，你或许会感到惊讶。

With a narrow focus, few people are able to point to the galaxies that are likely to collide with the Milky Way. Knowledge and understanding of similar facts and processes may seem to have little application to daily activities, however, it does seem to change how people view their place in the universe. Ignorance is blind. Knowledge makes you see things that others do not see. That should be sufficient reward.
目光短浅之人，鲜少能指出哪些星系可能与银河系相撞。对于此类事实与过程的知识和理解，看似与日常活动关联甚微，实则悄然改变着人们对自身宇宙定位的认知。无知使人盲目，知识则让你看见他人未见之物——这已是最丰厚的回报。

5.3.6 Smart learning makes you smarter

智慧学习使人更聪明

As explained in Roots of Genius and Creativity: Smart and dumb learning, smart learning will help you get smarter. However, bad learning practices can result in a monumental waste of time. SuperMemo helps you eliminate the problem of forgetting. As such, it can also help you remember time-wasting garbage. The main rule of smart learning is: learn what is highly applicable. Learn things that change your life. Learning things that help you change the life of others. Rules are better than facts. You can employ probability or statistical formulas in dozens of contexts. If you memorize phone numbers, it won’t make you much smarter.
正如《天才与创造力的根源：聪明与愚笨的学习》中所解释的，聪明学习能助你变得更睿智。然而，不良学习习惯可能导致时间的巨大浪费。SuperMemo 帮助你解决遗忘问题，但同样也可能让你记住无用的垃圾信息。聪明学习的首要法则是：学习高度适用的内容。学习那些能改变你生活的知识。学习有助于改变他人生活的技能。规则优于事实。你可以在数十种情境中运用概率或统计公式。若死记硬背电话号码，并不会让你变得更聪明。

5.3.7 Incremental learning can make you dumber

渐进式学习可能让人变笨

We believe that incremental learning is the acme of learning in 2013. However, it can also make you dumber. If you take on heavy learning, you are bound to suffer from serious memory interference. This means that you will also forget much faster, esp. the things that you do not keep in SuperMemo. Instead of looking smarter, to the outside world, you might appear more forgetful and even absent-minded. You might forget events, promises, encounters, jokes, movies, and all those little memory things that we take for granted. Incidentally, this forgetfulness is also produced by Facebook, Twitter, and the like. In this chaotic modern world, we hardly ever have time to stop and ponder important things. These days you can buy a shower cabin or a sauna with speakers built in. It’s a matter of time before you can engage into a conversation with your toilet. Perhaps you already chat with your Facebook friends while sitting on the toilet? This means that the last preserves of peaceful thinking and creativity are in danger of being swamped with information overload. This makes us smarter in a different way. However, without your rational intervention, it may work against your long-term success. The same is true about incremental learning, you must stay vigilant and learn only things that are highly relevant and applicable to your goals and your position in society. Turn off your phone in the night, leave your MP3 player at home when you go for a jogging, and keep your incremental reading in check and order.
我们相信渐进学习是 2013 年学习的巅峰。然而，它也可能让你变得更笨。如果你承担繁重的学习任务，必然会遭受严重的记忆干扰。这意味着你也会更快地遗忘，尤其是那些没有保存在 SuperMemo 中的内容。在外界看来，你非但没有显得更聪明，反而可能显得更健忘甚至心不在焉。你可能会忘记事件、承诺、会面、笑话、电影，以及所有那些我们认为理所当然的记忆小事。顺便说一句，这种健忘也是由 Facebook、Twitter 等社交媒体造成的。在这个混乱的现代世界，我们几乎没时间停下来思考重要的事情。如今你可以买到内置扬声器的淋浴房或桑拿房。与马桶对话只是时间问题。也许你已经坐在马桶上与 Facebook 好友聊天了？这意味着宁静思考和创造力的最后堡垒正面临被信息过载淹没的危险。这让我们以另一种方式变得更聪明。但如果没有你的理性干预，它可能会对你的长期成功产生不利影响。渐进式学习同样如此，你必须保持警觉，只学习那些与你的目标及社会地位高度相关且实用的内容。晚上关掉手机，跑步时把 MP3 留在家里，同时确保你的渐进阅读处于可控有序状态。

5.3.8 Understanding your own ignorance

理解自身的无知

Incremental learning helps you quantify your knowledge. If you do incremental learning, this might be your most distinguishing feature: you know what you do not know and why. You better understand the limitations of human memory and its value!
渐进式学习帮助你量化知识。若采用这种方法，最显著的特征可能是：你清楚自己未知的领域及其原因。你会更深刻理解人类记忆的局限性与价值！

5.4 Knowledge that makes you smarter

让你更聪明的知识

5.4.1 Smart and dumb learning 聪明与愚笨的学习

Not all knowledge is of great value. Memorizing all tributaries of Amazon may take precious time from other areas of learning. Unless you are an expert on Amazon, rain forest, geography, Indian tribes or related areas, you would rather not want to begin your incremental learning experience from that Amazon exercise.
并非所有知识都具有重大价值。记忆亚马逊河的所有支流可能会占用其他学习领域的宝贵时间。除非您是亚马逊、雨林、地理、印第安部落或相关领域的专家，否则您可能不会想从那个亚马逊练习开始您的渐进学习之旅。

Your learning efforts must be based on high applicability of newly acquired skills and knowledge. If you memorize the whole phone book, your problem solving ability will increase only slightly (mostly through the beneficial effect of memory training on the health of your brain). On the other hand, a simple formula for expected payoff may affect all decisions you make in problem solving and in life in general. It can, for example, save you years of wasted investment in lottery tickets. Millions of people are enticed with huge lottery jackpots, yet they would never agree to give up their whole income for life in order to get it back at retirement in one-off payment, which is a frequent probabilistic payoff equivalent of taking part in lotteries. Using the terminology defined above, you will find most benefit in mastering and understanding highly abstract rules of logical thinking and decision making.
你的学习努力必须基于新获取技能和知识的高度适用性。如果你记住了整本电话簿，解决问题的能力只会略微提升（主要得益于记忆训练对大脑健康的积极影响）。相反，一个简单的期望收益公式可能影响你在解决问题和生活中做出的所有决策。例如，它可以让你避免在彩票上浪费数年投资。数百万人被巨额彩票头奖吸引，却永远不会同意放弃终身收入，只为在退休时一次性获得同等金额——这常常是参与彩票的概率性收益等价物。使用上述定义的术语，你会发现掌握和理解逻辑思维与决策制定的高度抽象规则能带来最大收益。

To accomplish smart learning, you will need to constantly pay utmost attention to what material you decide to study. You must avoid short-term gratification at the cost of long-term learning. It may be great fun to learn all Roman emperors and details of their interesting lives and rule. However, unless you study with a big picture in mind (e.g. in an attempt to understand why civilizations thrive or fall), you may benefit less than by struggling through less entertaining but highly applicable formulas of operation research, which might, for example help you optimize your diet, investment, daily schedule, etc. In other words, you cannot be guided by just the fun of learning but by your goals and needs. In time, you will learn to see the link between long-term learning and long-term benefits. You will simply condition yourself to love beneficial learning. Hard study material can still provide instant gratification.
要实现高效学习，你必须持续高度关注所选的学习材料。切忌为短期满足而牺牲长期学习效果。虽然研习罗马历代帝王及其跌宕生涯的细节可能充满趣味，但若缺乏宏观视角（例如探究文明兴衰的深层原因），其收益或许远不及啃下枯燥却极具实用价值的运筹学公式——比如它能帮你优化饮食结构、投资策略或每日行程等。换言之，学习驱动力不应仅来自趣味性，而应源于目标与需求。久而久之，你会自然领悟长期学习与终身收益的关联，并逐渐培养出对有益知识的本能热爱。艰深的学习材料同样能带来即时满足感。

While you focus on your goals, you cannot forget about the overall context of human life. You cannot dig solely into studying car engines only because this happens to be your profession. This would put you at risk of developing a tunnel vision. You might spend years improving a liquid fuel engine efficiency while others would leap years by getting involved in lithium batteries or hydrogen engines. One of the main reasons for which companies go bankrupt is that their leadership fails to spot the change. As corporate darwinism eliminates short-sighted teams, future society will witness more and more intellectual darwinism. To understand the trends and the future, you need to study human nature, economics, sociology, history, neurophysiology, mathematics, computing sciences, and more. The more you lick, the stronger your predictive powers and your problem solving capacity and the creative strength.
当你专注于目标时，不能忘记人类生活的整体背景。不能仅仅因为汽车引擎恰好是你的职业，就一头扎进去研究。这会让你陷入视野狭窄的风险。你可能花费数年时间提高液体燃料发动机的效率，而其他人则通过涉足锂电池或氢能源发动机实现跨越式发展。企业破产的主要原因之一是领导层未能察觉到变化。随着企业达尔文主义淘汰短视的团队，未来社会将见证越来越多的智力达尔文主义。要理解趋势和未来，你需要研究人性、经济学、社会学、历史、神经生理学、数学、计算机科学等。涉猎越广，你的预测能力、解决问题的能力和创造力就越强。

Should we learn “trivia” such as “Which year was the Internet born?“. The concept of trivia is highly relative! To a child in a kindergarten, the birth of the Internet is rather meaningless. At this stage of development, the child may find it difficult to grasp the concept of the Internet itself. Many parents will wait until the primary school before showing a web browser to their child. The value of putting the date on the birth of the Internet probably develops only in the context of an effort to understand the history of technological development. In this context, 1969 may be as important as the name of Gutenberg. Only when multiple events of the 1960s and the 1970s dovetail together, the commissioning of ARPANET becomes meaningful. When we figure out that we landed the man on the moon before making the first connection via the net, 1969 looms larger. If we dig deeper, we may find it inspiring to know that when Charley Kline tried to log in on October 29, 1969, the network crashed as he typed the letter G. Imagine, you work on commissioning a major installation that you have worked on for several years. You know that the installation implements revolutionary concepts yet it keeps on crashing. You are about to lose heart. This may not necessarily be an emotional event, after all you also need to apply probability to deciding when to give up blind-alley pursuits even after years of investment. The juxtaposition of the small letter G and the groundbreaking concept of the interconnected world will help you see the big picture. If your concept is great enough, you will go on through another 100 crashes in hope of diagnosing the reason. That perseverance may seem to have little to do with “being smart”, but it will make you into a winner (given a bit of luck).
我们是否应该学习诸如“互联网诞生于哪一年？”这样的“琐事”？琐事的概念是高度相对的！对于一个幼儿园的孩子来说，互联网的诞生毫无意义。在这个发展阶段，孩子可能很难理解互联网本身的概念。许多父母会等到孩子上小学时才会向他们展示网页浏览器。记录互联网诞生日期的价值，可能只有在理解技术发展历史的背景下才会显现。在这种背景下，1969 年可能与古腾堡的名字一样重要。只有当 20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代的多个事件相互关联时，ARPANET 的启用才变得有意义。当我们发现人类在首次通过网络连接之前就已登月时，1969 年的重要性就更加凸显。如果我们深入挖掘，可能会发现 1969 年 10 月 29 日查理·克莱恩尝试登录时，网络在他输入字母 G 时崩溃这一事实颇具启发性。想象一下，你正在调试一个投入多年心血的大型设施。你知道这个安装程序实现了革命性的概念，但它却不断崩溃。你快要失去信心了。这未必是一个情绪化的事件，毕竟你也需要运用概率来决定何时放弃死胡同般的追求，即使已经投入了多年时间。小写字母 G 与互联世界这一开创性概念的并置，将帮助你看到全局。如果你的概念足够伟大，你会经历另外 100 次崩溃，只为找出原因。这种坚持看似与”聪明”关系不大，但它会让你成为赢家（再加上一点运气的话）。

Listen to other people’s advice and valuations. The younger you are the more you should listen. In the end though, it must be you who determines the criteria for sifting golden knowledge from trivia. Only you can measure the value of knowledge in the light of your own goals.
倾听他人的建议与评价。年纪越轻，越应多听。但最终，必须由你自己来决定筛选真知灼见与琐碎信息的标准。唯有你才能根据自身目标衡量知识的价值。

Remember that not all knowledge can easily be formulated in a declarative manner. Remember then to use the power of your own neural networks: solve problems, practice your skills, compute, abstract, associate, etc. You and others may not be able to see or verbalize some rules but your brain will extract them in the course of practice. Once the rules have been developed, try to formulate them and write them down. This can be of benefit to you and others.
记住并非所有知识都能轻易以陈述方式表达。此时要善用自身神经网络的力量：解决问题、练习技能、计算、抽象、联想等等。有些规则或许你与他人无法直接观察或言明，但通过实践，你的大脑会将其提炼出来。一旦规则形成，尝试将其表述并记录下来。这对你和他人都将有所裨益。

5.4.2 Knowledge that assists problem solving

有助于解决问题的知识

Problem solving in artificial intelligence can be used to mimic those mental faculties of a human being that we associate with intelligence and creativity. There are many approaches to problem solving such as deduction, induction, abduction, reasoning by analogy or probabilistic methods, neural networks approach, searching in state space, and more. And even though some of these can generate false conclusions or uncertain responses, they can all be expressed by means of deductive methods such as those used in theorem proving in mathematics. Deduction proceeds from axioms or premises towards true formulas or assertions through logical derivation using valid inference rules. The better the selection of assertions and the selection of inference rules, the broader the reasoning capacity of an expert system or human brain. Rich inferential knowledge stored in our memory makes us fast in thinking, creative, intelligent, efficient in problem solving, etc. Yet we need factual knowledge as the raw processing material for derivation. Even the creative vein and inspiration can be expressed in terms of multithreaded derivation and backtracking well formalized in logic programming. No magic fluids or reflections of the soul are involved here. Just a plain network of firing neurons recovering the encoded patterns of facts and rules. See also: Roots of creativity and genius.
人工智能中的问题解决可用于模拟人类那些与智能和创造力相关的心理能力。问题解决有多种方法，如演绎、归纳、溯因、类比推理或概率方法、神经网络方法、状态空间搜索等。尽管其中一些方法可能产生错误结论或不确定的响应，但它们都可以通过演绎方法（如数学定理证明中使用的方法）来表达。演绎从公理或前提出发，通过使用有效推理规则进行逻辑推导，得出真公式或断言。断言的选择和推理规则的选择越好，专家系统或人脑的推理能力就越广泛。存储在我们记忆中的丰富推理知识使我们思维敏捷、富有创造力、聪明、高效解决问题等。然而，我们需要事实知识作为推导的原始处理材料。甚至创造性的脉络和灵感也可以用多线程推导和回溯来表达，这些在逻辑编程中得到了很好的形式化。这里没有涉及任何神奇的液体或灵魂的反射。只是一个简单的神经元放电网络，恢复着事实和规则编码的模式。另请参阅：创造力和天才的根源。

To boost your problem solving capacity you need to master a great deal of inferential knowledge. If you learn about specific classes of problems to solve, you may need to choose between memorizing the outcome of inference or its individual steps. Both equip you with a formula for transforming knowledge into new quality. Learning derivation steps is costly. At the same time it can equip you with highly abstract derivation rules. You need to balance cost and benefit. We cannot blindly assume that it is better to derive answers to problems than to simply memorize the answers. In problems with multiple instances, we will tend to learn the derivation. For example, it is easier to learn how to derive the third power of X than to memorize all useful pairs: argument-result. On the other hand, most of people memorize the multiplication table at the time when they could still derive the result from bit-operations on binary numbers. Memorizing some 40 or so combinations seems more practicable, esp. that derivation always takes time and we make use of the multiplication table thousands of times in a lifetime. Here memorization saves hours and days in the lifetime perspective. Brain armed with rich factual and inferential knowledge will associate the most remote ideas and derive the most unexpected conclusions. Through a conscious control over this rich reasoning process, we have built the present civilization.
要提高解决问题的能力，你需要掌握大量推理知识。如果学习解决特定类别的问题，你可能需要在记忆推理结果或单独步骤之间做出选择。两者都能为你提供将知识转化为新质量的公式。学习推导步骤成本高昂，但同时能赋予你高度抽象的推导规则。你需要权衡成本与收益。我们不能盲目假设推导问题答案总比单纯记忆答案更好。对于存在多个实例的问题，我们倾向于学习推导过程。例如，学习如何推导 X 的三次方比记忆所有有用的参数-结果对更容易。另一方面，多数人在本可通过二进制数的位运算推导结果时，却选择背诵乘法表。记忆约 40 种组合似乎更实用，尤其是推导始终耗时且我们一生会使用乘法表数千次。从生命周期的角度看，记忆能节省数小时乃至数天时间。拥有丰富事实和推理知识的大脑能够将最遥远的想法联系起来，并得出最意想不到的结论。通过对这一丰富推理过程的有意识控制，我们建立了当前的文明。

5.4.3 Knowledge that assists creativity

有助于创造力的知识

Creativity is based on association of ideas. It is helpful to be born with a creative brain that keeps spewing new ideas in all circumstances. However, creativity can also be assisted. When you master a great deal of facts and rules in areas adjacent to the problem that you try to creatively solve or elaborate upon, your creativity gets enhanced. If you employ incremental learning, the association of random ideas will be a norm throughout the process.
创造力基于想法的关联。天生拥有一个在各类情境下不断涌现新创意的创造性大脑固然有益，但创造力亦可后天培养。当你精通与待解决问题或深化领域相邻的大量事实和规则时，你的创造力将得到提升。若采用渐进式学习法，随机想法的关联将在整个学习过程中成为常态。

All innovation in the history of science and technology is based on association. Forgetful memory can be helped with external sources of knowledge and each major scientific breakthrough is based on a series of smaller steps, many of which will be based on hours of search, trial-and-error and experimentation. The brain armed with extensive knowledge is more likely to come up with the needed associations. As in problem solving, inferential knowledge is also particularly valuable in creative efforts. The rules that you know, help you derive new truths, and associate these with all your current knowledge.
科技史上所有创新皆源于关联。健忘的记忆可借助外部知识源弥补，而每项重大科学突破都由一系列小步骤构成——其中许多都建立在大量搜索、试错和实验的基础上。拥有广博知识储备的大脑更易产生所需的关联。正如解决问题时那样，推理知识在创造性工作中同样至关重要。你所掌握的规则能帮助你推导新真理，并将其与现有知识体系建立关联。

Two ideas do not come together to produce a great invention unless they sit in the same head. They either have to be called up at the same time or one has to come unexpectedly from the outside:
两个想法若不在同一个头脑中相遇，便无法催生伟大的发明。它们要么需要同时被唤起，要么其中之一必须意外地从外界闯入：

Archimedes stepped into a bath and immediately associated the fact with all he knew about weight and buoyancy. Thousands of Greeks at his time failed to make the link. This was not solely because of their less lively minds. It was mostly because of their lack of understanding of hydrostatics
阿基米德踏入浴缸时，立刻将这一现象与他所知的重量与浮力知识联系起来。而同时代成千上万的希腊人却未能建立这种关联。这不仅因为他们思维不够敏捷，更主要源于对流体静力学的理解不足
Isaac Newton is said to have been hit by an apple that produced an immediate use of his knowledge of physics and mathematics to enhance his three famous laws of motion published in Principia by the laws of gravity. Even though the story cannot be verified, it makes for a good example of creative association
传说艾萨克·牛顿被苹果砸中后，立即运用其物理和数学知识，在《自然哲学的数学原理》中通过万有引力定律完善了著名的三大运动定律。尽管这个故事无法考证，但它完美诠释了创造性联想的典范
James Watt is rumored to have watched a kettle boil to combine this inspiration with his knowledge of engineering to improve upon the Newcomen steam engine. This association changed the industry upside down in the course of the hundred years that followed
据传詹姆斯·瓦特观察沸腾的水壶时，将这一灵感与工程学知识结合，改进了纽科门蒸汽机。这个联想在此后百年间彻底颠覆了整个工业体系

SuperMemo can help you be creative not only by combining various pieces of knowledge in your mind. It can help you generate new ideas while making repetitions! Creative associations do not come from the mere existence of two pieces of knowledge in your brain. Those two pieces of knowledge have to light up at the same time. Only this way can your brain make a connection. Strangely, a repetition related to genetically modified tomato can light up memories related to tomato juice, cucumbers, genetic disorders, take-home dinner, flu or even the silent Mars Polar Lander. If your collection combines knowledge pertaining to different subject domains, the stream of new ideas and unexpected associations coming to your mind may surprise you!
SuperMemo 不仅能通过在你脑海中整合各种知识片段来激发创造力，还能在复习过程中帮助你萌生新想法！创造性的联想并非仅源于大脑中两段知识的存在，而是需要这两段知识同时被激活。唯有如此，你的大脑才能建立联系。奇妙的是，一次关于转基因番茄的复习可能唤起与番茄汁、黄瓜、遗传疾病、外卖晚餐、流感甚至沉默的火星极地着陆器相关的记忆。如果你的知识库融合了不同学科领域的知识，涌入脑海的新想法和意外联想定会让你惊喜不已！

5.5 Incremental learning vs. human progress

渐进学习与人类进步

Incremental learning has a potential to boost your knowledge and boost mankind’s potential to solve major problems of the day. However, in the long perspective, the role of human learning will be lessened by the development of artificial intelligence.
渐进式学习不仅能提升个人知识储备，更有潜力增强人类解决时代重大问题的能力。然而从长远来看，随着人工智能的发展，人类学习的作用将会逐渐减弱。

5.5.1 Knowledge and history 知识与历史

Throughout the ages, knowledge was the cornerstone of human progress. From Stone Age to Information Age, in pain, we have built a tiny oasis of civilization in ruthless expanses of the evolving universe. The history of the mankind is made of billions of individual lives that keep on sparking and fading. Born of self-preservation instincts imprinted by evolution, history books paint a picture of a constant string of wars, conflict of interest, loss and gain of influences, lust for power and submission to weaknesses of human nature. On the other hand, the greatest achievement of the evolution, the rational mind, kept on contributing to new findings, discoveries, technologies and philosophies. Progress has always hinged on discovering new truths and preserving them for posterity in form of stories, solutions, tools, books, and other carriers of information. Knowledge is the basis of human power, yet it constantly struggles with two forces that regularly diminish it: death and forgetting. We can preserve knowledge in books and other forms of information storage. However, this knowledge translates to value only then when it is used by the creative power of the human brain. The limitations of the human brain will remain a bottleneck of progress for many years to come. We will develop artificially intelligent knowledge processors not earlier than in a decade or two.
自古以来，知识便是人类进步的基石。从石器时代到信息时代，我们在痛苦中于不断演化的宇宙无垠荒芜里，筑起了一小片文明的绿洲。人类历史由亿万个体生命编织而成，这些生命不断闪烁又熄灭。源于进化镌刻的自我保存本能，史书描绘出一幅连绵不断的战争画卷，利益冲突、势力消长、权力欲望以及对人性弱点的屈服。另一方面，进化最伟大的成就——理性思维，持续为新的发现、技术、发明和哲学思想贡献力量。进步始终依赖于发现新真理，并以故事、解决方案、工具、书籍及其他信息载体形式为后世保存这些真理。知识是人类力量的基础，却始终与两股不断削弱它的力量抗争：死亡与遗忘。我们可以将知识保存在书籍及其他信息存储形式中。然而，唯有通过人类大脑的创造力运用，这些知识才能转化为价值。人类大脑的局限性在未来许多年内仍将是进步的瓶颈。我们最早也要在一二十年后才能开发出人工智能知识处理器。

5.5.2 Knowledge and death 知识与死亡

Death poses an ageless challenge to educating new generations. Years of hard work needed to gain knowledge on professorial level are obliterated in a single act of death. Newborns need to go through years of education before they are able to access, read, and comprehend this text. They all have to struggle with basic literacy skills, lessons of safe sex and teen pregnancy, lessons on superiority of altruism over egoism, the difference between wise and not-so-wise choices, existential questions, etc. Although constant reeducation may contribute to gaining a fresh perspective in each generation, it is also painfully wasteful. As yet, there is no efficient remedy to the death of knowledge. All we can do is to attach more weight to healthy lifestyle and health research. Those two promote longevity of knowledge in a single generation.
死亡对教育新一代构成了永恒的挑战。教授级知识所需的多年辛勤努力，在死亡的一瞬间便化为乌有。新生儿需经历多年的教育，才能接触、阅读并理解这段文字。他们都要与基本读写能力、安全性行为与青少年怀孕课程、利他主义优于利己主义的教导、明智与欠妥选择之间的差异、存在主义问题等作斗争。尽管持续再教育可能有助于每一代人获得新视角，但这种过程也造成了令人痛心的浪费。迄今为止，我们仍无法有效挽救知识的消亡。我们唯一能做的，就是更加重视健康生活方式和健康研究——这两者能在单一个体中延长知识的存续时间。

5.5.3 Knowledge and forgetting 知识与遗忘

Forgetting is a natural process that makes it possible to efficiently use the limited memory space of the brain. We forget to dispose of knowledge deemed less important in order to make space for knowledge of higher importance. Currently we have only a limited control over what we remember and what we forget. Today, the most important tool that we can use to prevent forgetting is practice. We can minimize time needed for practice by using spaced repetition (i.e. learning technique based on computing optimum intervals between repetitions). Spaced repetition is the key to maximizing knowledge within a single human lifetime.
遗忘是一种自然过程，它使我们能够高效利用大脑有限的记忆空间。我们通过遗忘那些被认为不太重要的知识，为更重要的信息腾出空间。目前，我们对记住什么和遗忘什么只有有限的控制能力。如今，防止遗忘最重要的工具就是练习。通过使用间隔重复（即基于计算最佳复习间隔的学习技巧），我们可以最大限度地减少练习所需的时间。间隔重复是在人类有限的生命周期内最大化知识积累的关键。

5.5.4 Immortal knowledge 不朽的知识

Artificial intelligence is our best hope for approaching immortal knowledge. It can nearly eliminate the problem of death (except for the heat death of the universe or factors that we cannot foresee today, e.g. the collapse of space, and the like). Artificial intelligence can also eliminate the problem of forgetting (at least within the bounds of the available storage). Some forgetting is needed to shape crisp associative knowledge, but that is a welcome phenomenon that leads to more applicable knowledge. Despite great hopes we might have about artificial intelligence, the best path towards immortal knowledge must still rely today on the use of the human brain. This is why we believe that incremental learning is so vital for further human progress.
人工智能是我们接近不朽知识的最佳希望。它几乎能消除死亡的问题（除了宇宙的热寂或我们今天无法预见的因素，比如空间的崩塌等）。人工智能还能消除遗忘的问题（至少在可用存储的范围内）。虽然塑造清晰的联想知识需要一定程度的遗忘，但这是值得欢迎的现象，能带来更具适用性的知识。尽管我们对人工智能寄予厚望，但通往不朽知识的最佳路径目前仍需依赖人脑的使用。正因如此，我们相信渐进学习对人类未来的进步至关重要。

5.6 Incremental reading is an extension of traditional book reading

渐进阅读是传统书籍阅读的延伸

Someone remarked: “If Gutenberg was a blessing then incremental reading might be a curse!“. Is incremental reading an attack on traditional books? If you read in pieces and with endless interruption, does it not destroy the storyline?
有人曾评论道：“如果说古腾堡印刷术是一种恩赐，那么渐进阅读可能就是一种诅咒！”渐进阅读是对传统书籍的挑战吗？如果你断断续续地阅读，且不断被打断，难道不会破坏故事情节吗？

Whether incremental reading is a curse or a blessing depends on the way it is employed. There is no sharp transition between traditional reading and incremental reading. In the simplest case, you can use incremental reading exactly in the same way as you would read a book. Partitioning of texts and interruptions are not compulsory. You can read the entire text from top to the bottom without a single interruption. This would make sense if you needed a storyline for context, and did not want to bother with committing it to long-term memory. If you do take breaks or skip portions of texts or change the natural sequence of reading, it all happens in situations that have their counterparts in the world of books:
渐进式阅读是福是祸，取决于其运用方式。传统阅读与渐进式阅读之间并无明确界限。最简单的场景下，你可以像阅读书籍一样使用渐进式阅读——文本分割与中断并非强制要求。你可以从头到尾不间断地读完整个文本，这在需要故事情节作为上下文且不愿费力将其存入长期记忆时是合理的。若你确实进行停顿、跳过部分内容或改变自然阅读顺序，这些行为都能在传统书籍阅读中找到对应场景：

Interruptions: you can read an entire book in a single evening, but very often you take breaks and read a book in portions on a daily basis. You may even put it back on a shelf in a busy period and return after a few weeks
中断现象：你可以用一个晚上读完一整本书，但更多时候你会分次阅读，每天读一部分。忙碌时甚至可能将书搁置数周后重新拾起。
Multiple subjects: it is not unusual to read more than one book in parallel. You may pick one that matches your mood for a given evening, or read portions of different books on the same day
多科目并行：同时阅读多本书并不罕见。你可能根据当晚心情选择一本，或在同一天阅读不同书籍的章节。
Changing the sequence of reading: many readers are tempted to peek at the end of the book for its ending. Or browse back to earlier chapters to check some details that failed to register in prior reading
改变阅读顺序：许多读者会忍不住偷看书本的结局，或是翻回前面的章节查看之前阅读时未能记住的细节。
Deleting portions of the book: deleting portions of the text in incremental reading is analogous to dropping them from your memory through forgetting once you read a book. The book is still on the shelf, the original electronic article may still exist in your archive, but your collection or your memory retain only highlights that may get sparser as weeks go by. Years after the original reading you may retain only single quotes or golden thoughts. The rest is gone
删除书籍部分内容：在渐进阅读中删除文本片段，就如同阅读书籍后通过遗忘将其从记忆中抹去。书仍安放在书架上，原始电子文章可能仍存于你的档案中，但你的收藏或记忆仅保留了可能随时间推移而愈发稀疏的精华部分。多年后，原始阅读内容或许仅剩只言片语或金句留存，其余皆已消逝。

In other words, in extreme cases, there may be no difference between traditional and incremental reading. Gutenberg’s blessing is safe. If you believe interruptions or multiplicity of subjects are beneficial, you can employ them at greater ease that it is the case with book reading. At the other extreme, you may wish to take on thousands of independent articles, make interruptions a norm, focus your reading only on portions that you deem most important, etc.
换言之，在极端情况下，传统阅读与渐进式阅读可能毫无差异。古腾堡的福音依然稳固。若你认为中断或多主题并行有益，渐进式阅读能比书籍阅读更轻松地实现这些操作。另一个极端是，你可能需要处理成千上万的独立文章，将中断设为常态，仅聚焦于你认为最关键的内容片段等等。

A rule of the thumb is: use traditional reading when you read stories or you read for enjoyment. Use incremental reading to process learning material, textbooks, notes, or scientific literature that you need to remember for life (or at least for many months).
经验法则是：阅读故事或消遣时采用传统阅读方式。处理需要终身（或至少数月）记忆的学习材料、教科书、笔记或科学文献时，则使用渐进式阅读法。

5.7 Knowledge acquisition: Areas of optimization

知识获取：优化领域

There are seven main areas where the learning process can be enhanced. Incremental learning plays a role in each, however, the first two areas will benefit only through your growing experience, and ability to quantify your progress:
学习过程可在七个主要方面得到提升。渐进式学习在每方面都发挥作用，但前两个领域仅会随着你经验的积累和量化进步的能力而受益：

access to knowledge: with the advent of the world wide web, we all have information literally at our fingertips. Searching for knowledge with Google is fast, easy and accurate. Wikipedia is the biggest encyclopedia in human history. Access to knowledge is no longer a bottleneck of human learning. It virtually became a non issue! Web’s quality and role will continue increasing exponentially as more and more people appreciate its potential and contribute to its growth. There are still many complementary sources of information that compete successfully with the Internet. However, it is only a question of time before you will be safely able to rely on the Internet as your sole source of information. The great benefit of reading the web, as opposed to reading the books, is that the hypertext nature of the web enforces a very compact and usually self-explaining nature of individual articles. A jump to a randomly selected page in an average book will leave you confused due to the context-dependence of the material. On the other hand, it is less likely the same confusion will trouble you in a random jump to a selected page of an equivalent material placed on the web. Web authors usually put more effort to add contexts to the page (at least in the form of hyperlinks). In other words, it is easier to build quality knowledge by reading single pages of the web than by reading single pages of paper books. We are getting closer to the ideals of incremental life-long learning as opposed to thorough-review learning which for many ends with the end of school years. In the busy days of modern society, few can afford a thorough review of their rusty knowledge in individual fields. It is much easier to fix the gaps incrementally: today an article on the structure of the atom, tomorrow an article on a healthy diet, etc. And all that strictly adjusted to individual’s interests and professional priorities
知识获取：随着万维网的出现，我们所有人都能触手可及地获取信息。通过谷歌搜索知识快速、便捷且准确。维基百科是人类历史上最大的百科全书。知识获取已不再是人类学习的瓶颈，几乎不再成为问题！随着越来越多人认识到其潜力并为其发展贡献力量，网络的质量和作用将继续呈指数级增长。尽管目前仍有许多补充性信息来源能与互联网成功竞争，但依赖互联网作为唯一信息来源的时代终将到来。与阅读书籍相比，浏览网页的一大优势在于其超文本特性使得单篇文章通常非常紧凑且自解释性强。随机翻到普通书籍的某一页常会因内容上下文关联而令人困惑，而跳转到网络上同等材料的随机页面时，这种困惑则较少出现。网页作者通常会投入更多精力为页面添加上下文（至少以超链接的形式）。换言之，通过阅读网页上的单个页面来构建高质量知识，比阅读纸质书籍的单个页面更容易。我们正逐渐接近渐进式终身学习的理想，而非那种对许多人而言随着学生时代结束就终止的全面复习式学习。在现代社会的忙碌生活中，很少有人能负担得起对各个领域生疏知识进行全面复习。以渐进方式填补知识缺口要容易得多：今天读一篇关于原子结构的文章，明天读一篇关于健康饮食的文章，诸如此类。而且所有这些都严格根据个人兴趣和专业优先级进行调整。
selecting knowledge: you will face the need to fill the gaps in your knowledge in many more areas than your time permits or your memory makes possible. You can ask SuperMemo to help you scrupulously note down and prioritize all areas of knowledge that need an enhancement! In SuperMemo, you are the master of what you learn and what you neglect. Your ability to select valuable information will grow in proportion to the acquired knowledge. Incremental learning helps you quantify your knowledge and extrapolate into the future. This will help you be more selective in choosing your learning materials.
选择知识：你将面临需要在众多领域填补知识空缺的情况，而时间或记忆能力往往不允许你全面覆盖。你可以让 SuperMemo 帮你严谨记录并优先处理所有需要强化的知识领域！在 SuperMemo 中，学什么、忽略什么完全由你掌控。随着知识积累，你筛选有价值信息的能力也会同步提升。渐进学习帮助你量化知识储备并预测未来需求，从而更精准地选择学习材料。
reading: this is the first stage where knowledge makes an actual intimate contact with the brain. Traditionally, it is streamed into memory in a more or less linear manner (i.e. paragraph after paragraph). Incremental learning helps you delinearize this process and optimize reading by enhancing knowledge selection and prioritization concurrently with reading. For example, you should be able to say “This paragraph can be processed later“ or “This paragraph requires utmost attention right now“ or “This paragraph can be skipped for good even if I decide to read the article again“ or “I want to read this paragraph again in three days and in more detail“ or “I want to mark this paragraph with lower priority and come to it only after all higher priority paragraphs have been processed“, etc.
阅读：这是知识首次与大脑建立实际亲密接触的阶段。传统上，知识以或多或少的线性方式（即逐段）流入记忆。渐进学习通过同步优化知识筛选与优先级排序，帮助你打破这一线性过程并优化阅读。例如，你应当能够判断“这段可以稍后处理”或“这段需要立即全神贯注阅读”或“这段即使重读文章也可永久跳过”或“我想在三天后更详细地重读这段”或“我要将此段标记为低优先级，仅在所有高优先级段落处理完毕后再来阅读”等等。
representing knowledge: the way in which you present knowledge will affect comprehension and retention (i.e. how well you remember). Things that are simple are easier to understand. Things that are simple are also easier to remember. Many people do not realize the degree to which simplicity can affect learning. Many people doubt that even the most complex material can be presented in a very simple way. Einstein noticed that “it should be possible to explain the laws of physics to a barmaid“
知识呈现方式：你呈现知识的方式会影响理解和记忆（即你记住的程度）。简单的事物更容易理解，也更容易记住。许多人没有意识到简洁对学习的影响程度。许多人怀疑即使最复杂的材料也能以非常简单的方式呈现。爱因斯坦注意到“应该有可能向酒吧女招待解释物理定律”
remembering knowledge: SuperMemo helps you eliminate the problem of forgetting. You will base all learning on spaced repetition that SuperMemo pioneered almost 30 years ago. SuperMemo produces immense savings in time by scheduling review of the studied material only then when the review is necessary (see: Introduction to SuperMemo)
知识记忆：SuperMemo 帮助你解决遗忘问题。你将基于近 30 年前由 SuperMemo 首创的间隔重复进行所有学习。SuperMemo 通过仅在需要复习时安排学习材料的复习（参见：SuperMemo 简介），从而大幅节省时间
life cycle of knowledge: knowledge in your collection and in your memory keeps on evolving and maturing. This will involve continual rewording, reprioritizing, and re-associating pieces of knowledge. You will often give up portions of knowledge that become outdated or lose their high-priority status. You will apply the rules of knowledge representation that will make knowledge easy to remember. Your knowledge will also become more associative in time. In other words, it will become a more suitable ground for making intelligent choices
知识的生命周期：你收集和记忆中的知识会不断演变和成熟。这包括持续重述、重新排序和重新关联知识片段。你经常会放弃那些过时或失去高优先级地位的知识部分。你将应用知识表示规则，使知识更容易记忆。随着时间的推移，你的知识也会变得更加关联。换句话说，它将成为一个更适合做出明智选择的基础。
using knowledge: knowledge translates to value when it is properly used. In the long-run, skills discussed in this article will indirectly help you become more creative and skillful in using your own knowledge. Not surprisingly, your skills needed to efficiently use knowledge are also part of knowledge itself and tend to grow spontaneously as your knowledge increases
知识的运用：当知识被正确使用时，就会转化为价值。长远来看，本文讨论的技能将间接帮助你更富创造力和技巧性地运用自己的知识。不足为奇的是，高效运用知识所需的技能本身也属于知识范畴，并会随着知识增长而自发提升。

5.8 Cost-Benefit Analysis 成本效益分析

5.8.1 Cost of knowledge 知识成本

Each piece of knowledge stored in SuperMemo adds to the total cost of learning in terms of time. If knowledge is well-formulated, we can estimate that a single element will be repeated from 8-20 times in a lifetime. If a single repetition time falls in the range from 3 seconds to 15 seconds, we could conclude that the expected lifetime cost of a single item ranges from 24 seconds to 5 minutes. SuperMemo has a statistical measure called Cost. It measures the total time cost of a single memorized element. In a well-managed long-term learning process, this cost is usually estimated at 2-3 minutes/item in a 10-year bracket. This is then more than the theoretical prediction due to the fact that each collection contains a small subset of so-called leeches which dramatically increase the average cost/item (note that leeches can easily be detected and removed from the learning process). The rational criterion for deciding if a piece of knowledge should be memorized by means of SuperMemo is to judge the benefits of having the given piece constantly available in memory. If the benefits do not seem to add up to more than 10 minutes, the student might simply not add an item to SuperMemo. With a dose of practice, this analysis becomes a semi-automatic process, and should painlessly blend with your life
存储在 SuperMemo 中的每一项知识都会增加学习的时间总成本。如果知识表述得当，我们可以估计单个元素在一生中会被重复 8 到 20 次。如果单次重复时间在 3 秒到 15 秒之间，那么可以得出单个项目的预期终身成本在 24 秒到 5 分钟之间。SuperMemo 有一个称为“成本”的统计指标，用于衡量单个记忆元素的总时间成本。在一个管理良好的长期学习过程中，这一成本通常在 10 年周期内估计为每项 2-3 分钟。这比理论预测值要高，原因是每个集合中都包含一小部分所谓的“水蛭项”，它们会显著提高平均每项成本（注意，水蛭项可以很容易地被检测并从学习过程中移除）。决定是否应该通过 SuperMemo 记忆某项知识的合理标准，是判断该知识持续存在于记忆中的益处。如果这些益处看起来累计不超过 10 分钟，学生可能就不应将该项目添加到 SuperMemo 中。通过一定量的练习，这种分析会变成半自动化的过程，并应能无痛地融入你的生活

The cost-benefit criterion is: if costs of not knowing a piece of knowledge is greater than the cost of repetitions in a given period of time, add this piece of knowledge to SuperMemo (otherwise do not add it, or relegate it to lower priority).
成本效益标准是：如果不知道某条知识的代价大于在给定时间段内复习它的成本，就将这条知识加入 SuperMemo（否则不添加，或将其优先级降低）。

5.8.2 Cost of items 物品成本

Cost of a single well-structured item in lifetime ranges roughly from 24 seconds to 5 minutes. At any given moment it may be approximated for a 30-year bracket, by multiplying Repetitions : Future (in Element data window) by Avg time (in learning statistics). SuperMemo displays this value in the Element data window. If your item is ill-structured (i.e. difficult to remember), this cost may bloat! To eliminate ill-structured items use leech analysis.
一个结构良好的知识项在其生命周期内的成本大约在 24 秒到 5 分钟之间。在任意 30 年区间内，可通过将”未来重复次数”（元素数据窗口中）乘以”平均时间”（学习统计中）来估算当前时刻的成本。SuperMemo 会在元素数据窗口中显示该值。如果你的知识项结构不良（即难以记忆），这一成本可能会膨胀！要消除结构不良项，请使用吸血分析。

5.8.3 Benefit 益处

Each piece of knowledge in your collections should be associated with a tangible benefit. Only you can accurately guess the value. For example, the value of memorizing the opening hours of your gym in a given time might be approximated by multiplying (1) the probability you will choose wrong hours by (2) the time-cost of missing the gym. For example, if you believe that the probability is 25% and the cost of choosing wrong hours is 40 minutes, the cost of knowing the opening hours is around 10 minutes. In such a case, memorizing the opening hours will be cheaper than missing the gym. However, if the probability is sufficiently low or the time loss sufficiently small, you should not add opening hours to SuperMemo. For example, if the probability is 10% and time loss is 3 minutes, you are not likely to recover your learning investment! There are naturally less clear-cut cases in-between. If you are not sure if you should add a piece of knowledge to SuperMemo, add it with sufficiently low priority. With overflow tools (e.g. auto-postpone, auto-sort, etc.), you can drag along less valuable pieces of knowledge at little cost.
你知识库中的每一项知识都应关联到切实的益处。只有你能准确评估其价值。例如，记忆特定时段健身房营业时间的价值可通过以下方式估算：(1) 你选错时间的概率乘以 (2) 错过健身的时间成本。假设选错概率为 25%，错误选择导致的时间损失为 40 分钟，那么知晓营业时间的成本约为 10 分钟。这种情况下，记忆营业时间比错过健身更划算。但若概率足够低（如 10%）或时间损失极小（如 3 分钟），则不应将营业时间存入 SuperMemo——你的学习投入很可能无法收回成本！当然也存在边界模糊的中间案例。若不确定某知识是否值得添加，可以为其设置足够低的优先级。借助溢出处理工具（如自动延期、自动排序等），你能够以极小代价暂存低价值知识。

5.8.4 Priorities 优先级

You will quickly realize that there are awfully many pieces of information that pass the cost-benefit criterion. You cannot ever hope to learn all this information. This is actually optimistic. This means that with a good selection of knowledge, you can gain far more than just a few minutes on memorizing the gym hours. You may gain untold hours by learning things that transform your life. Your best tool in making sure you always focus on the most beneficial material is to use the priority queue. If you have too many items to remember, those of lower priority will get a less meticulous treatment and will carry a higher probability of forgetting. However, this also means that they will benefit from the spacing effect and you will learn more of such items at higher speed (despite lower retention).
你会很快意识到，有大量信息符合成本效益标准。你永远无法指望学会所有这些信息。这实际上是个乐观的情况。这意味着通过精选知识，你能获得的远不止记住健身房营业时间节省的几分钟。学习改变生活的知识，可能为你赢得难以计量的时间。确保始终专注于最有价值材料的最佳工具是使用优先级队列。若需记忆的项目过多，低优先级项目将得到较不精细的处理，遗忘概率更高。然而，这也意味着它们能受益于间隔效应，让你以更快速度学习更多此类项目（尽管留存率较低）。

5.9 Selecting knowledge 选择知识

The Library of Congress holds 10 terabytes of printed materials. Global knowledge resources can be measured in petabytes (10005 bytes). All digital information has already reached zettabytes (10007 bytes). Only a micro-fraction of those resources can be mastered by an individual in a single human lifetime. Even a single copy of the Encyclopaedia Britannica goes in detail far beyond what a single human being can encompass in a lifetime! The actual speed of learning and lifetime learning limits can be measured with SuperMemo (see: Theoretical aspects of SuperMemo).
美国国会图书馆收藏有 10TB 的印刷材料。全球知识资源总量可达 PB 级别（1000 的 7 次方字节）。所有数字信息已突破 ZB 级别（1000 的 8 次方字节）。个人终其一生只能掌握这些资源的极小部分。即便是单套《大英百科全书》的详细内容，也远超一个人毕生所能掌握的范围！通过 SuperMemo 可以测量实际学习速度及终身学习极限（参见：SuperMemo 的理论基础）。

The microscopic capacity of the human brain has not prevented it from building the present civilization as we know it. The human power comes from:
人类大脑的微观容量并未阻碍其构建出我们现今所知的文明。人类的力量源自：

collective effort - a billion heads is more than one
集体协作——十亿个大脑胜过一个
specialization of labor - all collective tasks are subject to top-down functional decomposition and a single brain usually only needs to process a fraction of information at a time
劳动分工——所有集体任务都遵循自上而下的功能分解，单个大脑通常只需处理部分信息
knowledge selection skills - the associative power of the human brain combined with the selective nature of forgetting help us retain memories that are actually most useful in problem solving
知识筛选能力——人脑的联想力量与遗忘的选择性相结合，帮助我们保留那些在解决问题时真正最有用的记忆

Incremental learning is a great way to combat forgetting. However, forgetting plays an important role in our lives. It runs a valuable garbage collection on knowledge we acquire daily. If the power of forgetting is diminished (as it is the case in incremental learning), your responsibilities in the area of selecting knowledge increase manifold!
渐进学习是抵抗遗忘的绝佳方式。然而，遗忘在我们的生活中扮演着重要角色。它对我们日常获取的知识进行着宝贵的垃圾回收。如果遗忘的力量被削弱（如渐进学习中的情况），你在知识选择领域的责任将成倍增加！

SuperMemo will help you eliminate forgetting! At the same time, it will increase your responsibility for selecting knowledge that is truly important and applicable. If used without care and attention, SuperMemo may actually waste your time by helping you remember reels of garbage trivia
SuperMemo 将帮助你消除遗忘！同时，它也会增加你对选择真正重要且适用知识的责任。如果不加注意地使用，SuperMemo 可能会通过帮你记住大量无用琐事而浪费你的时间

A piece of information that occupies just several bytes of your hard disk may carry a relative value that my translate to a net gain of millions of dollars as well as a net loss of millions of dollars. It may also carry no value whatsoever. For example, a sentence written in French “SuperMemo vous aide a mémoriser et apprendre diverses informations comme une langue, des chiffres, etc.“ may be of nearly zero value for someone who does not know French. At the same time, an item related to a Heimlich maneuver can save the life of a family member. We know that the expected payoff equals the value of the payoff multiplied by its probability. Therefore, the low probability of a family member choking and the probability of actual successful application of the maneuver make the value of “Heimlich item” a fraction of the value of the human life. At the same time, even minor errors in medical knowledge of a physician can actually cost somebody’s life and carry substantial negative value!
一条仅占据硬盘几字节的信息，其相对价值可能转化为数百万美元的净收益，也可能造成数百万美元的净损失，亦或毫无价值可言。例如，一句法语写的”SuperMemo vous aide a mémoriser et apprendre diverses informations comme une langue, des chiffres, etc.”对不懂法语的人来说价值近乎为零；而关于海姆立克急救法的知识条目却可能挽救家人的生命。我们知道期望收益等于收益价值乘以其发生概率。因此，家人发生窒息事件的低概率与成功实施急救的概率，使得”海姆立克条目”的价值仅相当于人生命价值的一小部分。与此同时，医生医学知识中的微小差错都可能夺人性命，具有巨大的负价值！

Frequently, you will find more benefit in memorizing the three best things you have learnt today than in memorizing a whole monothematic article to the last detail!
你会发现，比起逐字背诵整篇单一主题的文章，每天记忆学到的三个最佳知识点往往能带来更大收益！

5.10 Readers are leaders 读者即领导者

You must have heard it from your parents or teachers that “Readers are leaders“. Harry Truman added a pessimistic twist to that claim: “Not every reader is a leader, but every leader is a reader“. That qualification tells you that reading is not a panacea, and that making reading smart is vital. With the advent of the web, Wikipedia, blogosphere, and other sources of knowledge, access to information is easier than ever. This also means that information becomes more overwhelming. There are always too many things to read. And it is hard to select from a myriad of essential sources. This is no longer a world with a hundred books of which you needed to pick five. Now you literally have thousands of menu options for a single meal. Old bookworm dilemmas are now even more painful. Search the web for solutions for book selection, and you will literally find dozens of blogs with advice. However, most of the advice is based on volatile skills that are hard to master. You need to become an expert in book selection, in speed-reading, in skimming, in skim-or-read decisions, in highlight-and-review strategies, in margin notes and in underlines. For traditional massive reading mastery (without SuperMemo), you would need to go for the extreme: reading in the toilet, reading on the train, reading on your mobile phone, making use of your dead time, etc. You would need to ruthlessly control your emotions with “not to read” decisions, or “not to finish” decisions, or “not to re-read” decisions, etc.
你一定从父母或老师那里听过“读者即领导者”这句话。哈里·杜鲁门为这一论断添加了悲观的注脚：“并非所有读者都能成为领导者，但所有领导者必定是读者”。这一限定告诉我们，阅读并非万能药，而让阅读变得高效才是关键。随着网络、维基百科、博客圈及其他知识来源的出现，获取信息比以往任何时候都更容易。这也意味着信息变得更加令人应接不暇。总有太多内容需要阅读，而要从海量重要资源中做出选择又异常困难。这已不再是那个仅有百本书籍、只需挑选五本的世界。如今，你简直像面对一餐饭却有上千道菜单选项。昔日书虫的困境如今愈发令人痛苦。若在网上搜索选书方案，你会发现数十个提供建议的博客。然而，大多数建议都基于难以掌握的易变技巧——你需要成为选书专家、速读专家、略读专家、决定略读还是精读的专家、高亮与复习策略专家、页边批注和下划线专家。对于传统的海量阅读掌握（不使用 SuperMemo），你需要走极端：在厕所阅读、在火车上阅读、在手机上阅读，利用你的碎片时间等等。你需要无情地用”不读”的决定、”不读完”的决定或”不重读”的决定来控制自己的情绪。

If you master incremental learning, you will not solve the problem of information overload. However, you will systematically address all issues that pester massive readers. Once you embark on the only rational reading road, you will free your mind from all the dilemmas and stresses involved in reading. Incremental learning helps you focus on learning itself!
如果你掌握了渐进学习，你并不能解决信息过载的问题。然而，你将系统地解决困扰海量读者的所有问题。一旦你踏上这条唯一理性的阅读之路，你的思维将从阅读中涉及的所有困境和压力中解放出来。渐进学习帮助你专注于学习本身！

As for the bathroom time, incremental learning can free that for creative thinking. After all, you also want to ponder your own ideas, not only process other people’s output.
至于浴室时间，渐进学习可以将其释放出来用于创造性思考。毕竟，你也想思考自己的想法，而不仅仅是处理别人的输出。

Incremental reading solves all major dilemmas of massive readers! Incremental readers are leaders.
渐进阅读解决了大量读者的所有主要困境！渐进阅读者是领导者。

5.11 Does incremental reading slow down mastering complex subjects?

渐进阅读会减慢掌握复杂学科的速度吗？

Could incremental reading slow down or hamper learning complex subjects such as quantum mechanics? Is complex knowledge based on just “remembering passages” or does it go well beyond it. Any form of interruption or delay while working on many things in parallel can potentially slow down this process. Many people believe that incremental reading is good for cramming, but not for serious learning, esp. when complex subject matter is concerned.
渐进阅读是否会减缓或阻碍学习量子力学等复杂学科？复杂知识是否仅基于“记忆段落”，还是远不止于此。在处理多项任务并行时，任何形式的中断或延迟都可能潜在拖慢这一进程。许多人认为渐进阅读适合突击备考，但不适用于严肃学习，尤其是涉及复杂学科内容时。

5.11.1 Example Opinion 1: tackling quantum mechanics

观点示例 1：攻克量子力学

Here is an example opinion of someone who never tried incremental learning:
这是一位从未尝试过渐进学习的人的观点示例：

I believe that incremental reading (IR) may slow down or hamper learning complex subjects that require deeper understanding – as opposed to superficial remembering. From what I’m told, in IR, the student spends but a few seconds on a passage related to one subject, and then jumps to another, completely unrelated subject. Such switching among disparate subjects makes it difficult, if not impossible, to engage in deeper thoughts and thus to discover deeper truths beyond the superficial remembering of passages. When I read, I look for concepts and methods that underlie the necessarily descriptive language used to convey them, and I try to imagine their applicability in my other pursuits. In other words, discovering deeper truths requires deeper thoughts. The latter are difficult to reach if only a few seconds are spent on a subject at a time. As a practical aside, technical papers in hard sciences and engineering are peppered with notational inconsistencies among different authors, different research groups, and different journals. The same symbols may mean different things in different scientific papers. Similarly, different authors may use different symbols to denote the same quantity. Sometimes the differences are gross and easy to spot, and sometimes they are only subtle. When reading one paper at a time, the reader familiarizes him/herself with the terminology and notation, and can follow the line of reasoning while recognizing the subtleties. Having a few dozen (or hundreds!) articles read in parallel, frequently switching among them, creates a nightmare scenario of confusion where the meaning is lost in the jungle of various notations and subtle terminology differences. This makes it impossible to follow the line of reasoning in any one of the papers. Below are a couple of (imperfect) metaphors that may convey the sense of loss when trying to apply IR to learning complex subjects and to discovering deeper truths:
我认为渐进阅读（IR）可能会减缓或阻碍对需要深入理解的复杂学科的学习——这与浅层记忆相对立。据我所知，在 IR 中，学生只花几秒钟时间阅读与某一主题相关的段落，然后跳转到另一个完全不相关的主题。这种在不同主题之间的切换使得深入思考变得困难，甚至不可能，从而难以发现超越段落浅层记忆的更深层次真理。当我阅读时，我会寻找那些用来传达概念和方法背后的描述性语言，并尝试想象它们在我其他追求中的适用性。换句话说，发现更深层次的真理需要更深入的思考。如果每次只花几秒钟在一个主题上，后者是很难实现的。作为一个实际的旁注，硬科学和工程领域的技术论文中充满了不同作者、不同研究小组和不同期刊之间的符号不一致。相同的符号在不同的科学论文中可能意味着不同的事物。同样地，不同作者可能使用不同符号表示同一概念。有时差异明显且易于察觉，有时则仅存细微差别。单独阅读一篇论文时，读者会熟悉其术语与符号体系，从而能在辨识微妙差异的同时跟随论证思路。但当需要并行阅读数十（甚至数百！）篇文献并频繁切换时，就会陷入令人崩溃的混乱局面——各种符号体系的丛林和细微术语差异会彻底淹没核心含义。这使得追踪任何一篇论文的论证脉络都变得不可能。以下是两个（不够完美的）比喻，或许能传达在尝试将间隔重复应用于复杂学科学习和深层真理探索时的那种迷失感：

If you are a wine connoisseur, imagine that you are only allowed to smell the wine, but that you are not allowed to drink it, or even to put it in your mouth. How good would your knowledge of wine be? With practice, you would probably learn to distinguish various wineries, age, etc. You may even be more efficient at it, and be able to do it in record time. Yet, I venture a guess that you would feel something missing, that you would feel somehow cheated, that you would feel that you don’t know all that there is to know about wine. And rightfully so. Same with IR. You just ‘smell’ the knowledge, but you never ‘taste’ it. It may be enough if your goal is to learn a foreign language. But some areas require that you dig deeper if you want the real insight, the real truth.
如果你是一位葡萄酒鉴赏家，想象一下你只能闻酒香，却不被允许品尝它，甚至不能将其含入口中。你对葡萄酒的了解能有多深入？通过练习，你或许能学会区分不同酒庄、年份等特征，甚至效率更高，能在创纪录的时间内完成品鉴。但我敢打赌，你总会觉得少了些什么，仿佛被欺骗了，感到自己并未真正掌握关于葡萄酒的全部真知。这种感觉完全合理。间隔重复学习（IR）也是如此——你只是在”嗅闻”知识，却从未真正”品尝”它。若你的目标是学习外语，这种方法或许足够。但某些领域若想获得真正的洞见与本质，你需要更深入地挖掘。

Physical exercise. A well-rounded routine has both cardiovascular and resistance training elements to it. IR is like having only the high-intensity cardio. Sure, if you stick with cardio, after a while you will be able to deliver a small package across town in record time – and that may be all you aspire to. However, it will not give you the upper body strength to help move a 400-kg optics bench. Same with IR: you may impress your audience with the breadth of your knowledge, but you will have to leave the heavy intellectual lifting to others.
体育锻炼。一个全面的训练计划应包含有氧运动和抗阻训练两部分。增量阅读就像只做高强度有氧运动。当然，如果坚持有氧运动，一段时间后你就能以创纪录的时间将一个小包裹送到城市另一端——这可能正是你的目标。但这不会赋予你移动 400 公斤光学平台的上肢力量。增量阅读也是如此：你或许能用知识的广度打动听众，但真正的智力重担仍需他人承担。

The above reasoning can easily be proven false. We can imagine two extremes:
上述观点很容易被证伪。我们可以设想两种极端情况：

all learning is done using traditional textbook processing with all the academic arsenal of teachers, practise, reasoning, interaction, labwork, and more
所有学习都采用传统教材处理方式，动用教师、练习、推理、互动、实验等全套学术手段
all learning is purely incremental with no breaks for free thought, calculations on the margin, walking around, conversation, etc.
所有学习都纯粹以增量方式进行，没有自由思考、页边计算、散步交流等间歇

It is easy to show that both are flawed. For example, traditional learning is deprived of spaced repetition, while pure incremental learning may be seen as deprived of conversation or lab practise. Clearly, the optimum falls somewhere in the mix between the two extremes. Incremental learning is a supplementary tool in well-rounded education. It is not supposed to monopolize your day and your thinking. It should not be seen as a replacement, but as an enhancement. As such, it is up to you to find your optimum.
很容易证明两者都存在缺陷。例如，传统学习缺乏间隔重复，而纯粹的渐进学习可能被视为缺乏对话或实验练习。显然，最佳方案介于这两个极端之间的某种混合状态。渐进学习是全面教育中的补充工具，它不应占据你全天的时间和思维，也不应被视为替代品，而是一种增强手段。因此，找到最适合自己的平衡点取决于你自己。

Incremental reading is all you want it to be. It can be speed-reading, cram-reading, or mass-reading. It all depends on the priority criteria which you choose. For that reasons, it would be best described as a reading management technique. As such it is indispensable independent of the complexity of the studied matter. On one hand, you can speed-read articles faster than in conventional speed-reading and yet leave vital paragraphs for future review. On the other hand, you can meticulously dismantle individual paragraphs and convert them into classical questions-answers material that will stay with you for ever. In addition, you can freely manipulate the volume of the material flowing into the reading/learning process. You can focus on a hundred most important articles or you can opt for thousands. Naturally, in the latter case, your time allocation for individual articles will be minute. For example, if you import 10,000 articles to SuperMemo, you might end up with 50,000 to 100,000 extracts within a year of 1-hour daily reading. In such circumstances, low priority articles will indeed linger for months in the process. Naturally, this is exactly the purpose of incremental reading: focus on what is important without neglecting anything that falls within your area of interest. If your focus changes, you can use search and navigation tools to speed up the review of most important portions of your reading material.
渐进阅读可以满足你的一切需求。它可以是速读、突击阅读或海量阅读，一切取决于你选择的优先级标准。正因如此，它最好被描述为一种阅读管理技术。无论学习内容的复杂程度如何，这种技术都不可或缺。一方面，你可以比传统速读更快地浏览文章，同时将关键段落留待日后复习；另一方面，你可以精细拆解单个段落，将其转化为经典的问答材料永久保存。此外，你还能自由调控流入阅读/学习流程的材料量——既可专注于百篇最重要的文章，也可选择处理数千篇。显然在后一种情况下，单篇文章的时间分配将极为有限。例如，若将 10,000 篇文章导入 SuperMemo，坚持每天 1 小时阅读，一年后可能会积累 50,000 至 100,000 条摘录。这种情况下，低优先级文章确实会在流程中滞留数月之久。自然，这正是渐进阅读的目的所在：专注于重要内容，同时不忽视兴趣范围内的任何信息。如果你的关注点发生变化，可以利用搜索和导航工具加速复习阅读材料中最关键的部分。

Incremental reading is universal in textbook learning. Whatever complex concepts you need to analyze, and whatever computations you need to make on the margins, you can do in parallel with incremental reading of the textbook (assuming you have an electronic version). An old rule says: whatever you need to remember for life (or at least months), process incrementally (to improve memory, boost understanding, and save time in the long term). Whatever you need at the moment, for the sake of understanding the subject, process in bulk (non-incrementally). By combining the two, you can get the most of your learning.
渐进阅读在教材学习中具有普适性。无论你需要分析多么复杂的概念，或在页边进行何种计算，都可以与电子版教材的渐进阅读同步进行（假设你拥有电子版本）。一条古老的规则指出：任何需要终生（或至少数月）记忆的内容，都应采用渐进式处理（以提升记忆效果、加深理解并长期节省时间）；而仅为当下理解主题所需的临时性内容，则可批量（非渐进式）处理。二者结合，方能最大化学习效益。

Metaphorically, a pencil is a useful tool that can enhance your life. You will not want to replace your computer with a pencil, or use a pencil while cooking. However, you can still enhance your life by having the pencil handy. Needless to say, we believe, incremental reading is far more useful than a pencil.
从比喻意义上讲，铅笔是一种能提升生活品质的实用工具。你不会想用铅笔取代电脑，或在烹饪时使用铅笔。但随身携带一支铅笔仍能为生活增添便利。毋庸置疑，我们认为渐进阅读比铅笔有用得多。

The presented reasoning is not only wrong, it is also based on a few misconceptions about incremental learning:
上述观点不仅错误，还基于对渐进学习的几处误解：

It is not true that, in incremental reading, you spend only a few seconds on each topic. The time depends on your needs. It may be a few seconds or it can be an entire day (e.g. before an exam, when doing research, or when being consumed with one’s learning passions)
认为渐进阅读中每个主题只需花费几秒钟的说法并不属实。时间长短取决于个人需求，可能短至数秒，也可能长达一整天（例如考前复习、进行研究或沉浸于学习热情时）。
It is conceivable that an incremental reading novice would suffer from the lack of knowledge of the toolset and get lost in the process thus making it more confusing than it is the case with standard textbook learning. Weighing up pros and cons should always consider an ideal case in which the student truly understands the methods of incremental learning. This often takes months of use. The learning process should begin with easier concepts and easier subjects before more complex subjects can be tackled.
可以想象，增量阅读的新手可能会因为对工具集缺乏了解而在过程中迷失方向，从而使其比传统教科书学习更加混乱。权衡利弊时，应始终考虑学生真正理解增量学习方法的理想情况。这通常需要数月的使用时间。学习过程应从较简单的概念和科目开始，然后再处理更复杂的科目。
Some research papers are less suitable for incremental reading. Papers that require a vast use of working memory or a large investment in short-term memory are not suitable for incremental reading. Incremental reading is useful each time you study knowledge with lifetime application. Research papers with complex methodology and rich in new specific symbols and notations are not suitable. You should read such papers in your own way and leave just a few notes (“deep thoughts”) in SuperMemo. Use your working memory while it lasts and dump it right after reading. Naturally, for massive learning, you will target texts that produce a minimum discardable burden of short-term memory, i.e. are well-written with concise formulations focused on lifelong value.
一些研究论文不太适合渐进阅读。那些需要大量工作记忆或短期记忆投入的论文不适合渐进阅读。渐进阅读适用于学习具有终身应用价值的知识。方法论复杂且包含大量新符号和术语的研究论文并不适合。你应该以自己的方式阅读这类论文，仅在 SuperMemo 中留下少量笔记（”深度思考”）。在阅读时充分利用工作记忆，并在阅读后立即清空。当然，对于大规模学习，你应该选择那些产生最少短期记忆负担的文本，即那些写作精炼、专注于终身价值的表述。
For novices, knowledge acquired with incremental reading may not taste as sweet as for a professional. In the latter case, the “taste” may be exquisite due to a well-established contextual knowledge and solid semantic context that relies strongly on long-term memories. A seasoned incremental reader will have a totally opposite feelings about the wine metaphor. Not only will incremental reading allow of sensing the intricate fabric of the full spectrum of volatiles. Instead of just a single evening, the taste, aroma and pleasure will last a lifetime!
对于初学者而言，通过渐进阅读获取的知识可能不如专业人士那般甘之如饴。对于后者，由于建立了完善的情境知识和牢固的语义框架——这些都深深依赖于长期记忆，这种”品味”可能变得精妙绝伦。一位经验丰富的渐进阅读者会对这个葡萄酒比喻产生截然相反的感受。渐进阅读不仅能让人感知到复杂香气谱系的精妙织体，更能让这种滋味、芬芳与愉悦持续一生，而非仅仅停留在一个夜晚！
The effects of incremental reading will always depend on the goals. If the goal is to impress some audience, it will likely be accomplished. However, if the plan is to do some “heavy intellectual lifting”, incremental reading will provide a rich toolset to enhance that process and provide you with solid long-term knowledge grounding needed for the job.
渐进阅读的效果始终取决于目标设定。若旨在给某些听众留下深刻印象，这个目标或许能够达成；但若计划进行”高强度的智力攻坚”，渐进阅读则会提供丰富的工具集来增强这一过程，并为你奠定这项工作所需的扎实长效知识基础。

5.11.2 Example Opinion 2: struggling with basic physics

观点示例 2：苦战基础物理

Here is another example opinion of someone who tried incremental learning but found it difficult:
这里还有另一个尝试过渐进学习但觉得困难的人的看法示例：

I think incremental reading is either very difficult or impossible to use when learning some concepts of physics. For example, I have the following text about the Earth and the Sun, how would you handle this with incremental reading?
我认为渐进阅读在学习物理学的某些概念时要么非常困难，要么根本无法使用。例如，我有以下关于地球和太阳的文本，你会如何处理这种渐进阅读？

The Earth is moving very very slowly away from the Sun. This happens for two reasons. The first is that the Sun is constantly losing mass because of the solar wind. As the mass of the Sun decreases its pull on the Earth decreases and so the Earth moves slightly further away. The second reason is to do with tidal forces. In exactly the same way that the Moon is slowly moving away from the Earth, the Earth is very slowly moving away from the Sun. In the Earth-Moon case the Moon pulls on the Earth creating tides and slowing the Earth’s rotation very slightly, making the day longer. This action has a reaction - the Moon’s orbit is speeded up. If something travels faster it must move outwards to remain in an orbit and so the Moon slowly drifts away from us at a rate of 3.8 centimeters per year. The same situation happens with the Sun but the Earth’s influence on the Sun is much smaller than the Moon’s influence on the Earth. The result is the Earth’s tiny tiny drift away from the Sun
地球正在非常缓慢地远离太阳。这一现象由两个原因造成。首先，由于太阳风的作用，太阳质量持续减少。随着太阳质量下降，其对地球的引力减弱，导致地球略微外移。第二个原因与潮汐力有关。正如月球正缓慢远离地球一样，地球也在以极其缓慢的速度远离太阳。在地月系统中，月球引力引发地球潮汐并轻微减缓地球自转，使每日时间延长。这一作用产生反作用——月球轨道速度加快。物体若要维持轨道运行，速度增加时必须向外移动，因此月球正以每年 3.8 厘米的速度逐渐远离我们。相同机制作用于日地系统，但地球对太阳的影响远小于月球对地球的影响。最终结果是地球以极其微小的幅度逐渐远离太阳。

The example isn’t much harder to process than other pieces of knowledge suitable for incremental reading. For success in similar cases one needs an encyclopedic text or a degree of editorial effort to dismantle portions of more elaborate prose. The presented example poses two obstacles:
这个例子处理起来并不比其他适合渐进阅读的知识点困难多少。要在类似情况下取得成功，需要百科式的文本或一定程度的编辑努力来拆解更复杂散文的部分内容。所展示的例子存在两个难点：

Implicit enumeration. The text mentions two reasons why the Earth moves away from the Sun but it does not name them in an explicit sentence. One needs to read the entire passage to find out the second reason.
隐含的列举。文中提到地球远离太阳的两个原因，但并未用明确句子指出。需要通读全文才能发现第二个原因。
Explaining by analogy. The effect of tidal forces on the Sun is explained by describing similar forces created by the Moon. You cannot extract the “second reason” without including and understanding the “Moon example context“.
类比解释。通过描述月球产生的类似力来解释太阳上潮汐力的影响。若不包含并理解”月球示例背景”，就无法提取出”第二个原因”。

Here is how the presented text would be handled with incremental reading (note the editorial effort as well as the need to entirely rephrase one of the sentences):
以下是使用渐进阅读处理该文本的方式（注意所需的编辑工作以及完全重述其中一个句子的必要性）：

Some authors make incremental reading very difficult by assuming a great deal of knowledge on the part of the reader or, as it is the case here, loading student’s working memory with a great deal of data rather than building knowledge gradually (i.e. from the ground up). In the discussed example of quantum mechanics, the basic vocabulary needed to process any meaningful text is pretty extensive and capitalizes on many branches of physics and mathematics. In addition, good understanding of all concepts requires a great deal of mathematical practice that goes beyond linear reading.
有些作者让渐进阅读变得异常困难，他们要么预设读者具备大量背景知识，要么像本例这样，用海量数据填塞学生的工作记忆，而非循序渐进地构建知识体系（即从基础开始）。在讨论的量子力学例子中，处理任何有意义文本所需的基础词汇量相当庞大，且涉及物理学和数学的多个分支。此外，要透彻理解所有概念，还需要大量超越线性阅读的数学实践训练。

5.12 Incrementalism and interruption are not obligatory

渐进主义与中断并非强制要求

If you love to go through texts from cover to cover without a stop, and always find it hard to stop reading a book before sleep, you may still benefit from incremental reading.
如果你喜欢一口气从头到尾阅读文本，且总是难以在睡前放下书本，你依然可以从渐进阅读中受益。

There are no incremental readers who did not begin from misgivings about interruption. Paradoxically, the stronger your misgivings, the better candidate for a good incremental reader you might be!
没有哪位渐进阅读者不是从对中断的疑虑开始的。矛盾的是，你的疑虑越强烈，越可能成为优秀渐进阅读者的好苗子！

A popular misconception is that there are impatient people who are predisposed to be incremental readers - let’s call them sippers - and those who love to devour knowledge in large chunks - let’s call them gulpers. The truth is that all creative individuals are of a gulper nature. Incrementalism is both a skill and a habit all gulpers may learn over time.
一个普遍的误解是，存在天生适合渐进阅读的急躁者——我们称之为”小口啜饮者”，以及那些喜欢大块汲取知识的人——称为”大口吞食者”。事实上，所有富有创造力的人本质上都是”大口吞食者”。渐进主义既是技能也是习惯，所有”大口吞食者”都能通过时间习得。

Nobody loves SuperMemo as of the first day. It may take a few weeks to notice its power. And still, as we do not have sensors of the speed of forgetting, you need a dose of rational mathematical appreciation of what SuperMemo does to your brain. You cannot easily sense the power of knowledge and how fast it is being undermined by forgetting.
没有人会在第一天就爱上 SuperMemo。可能需要几周时间才能注意到它的强大之处。而且，由于我们没有遗忘速度的传感器，你需要理性地从数学角度去理解 SuperMemo 对你大脑的作用。你很难轻易感知知识的力量以及遗忘是如何迅速削弱它的。

Incremental reading takes far longer to be appreciated than SuperMemo itself. To employ SuperMemo, you need to learn only two operations (Add new and Learn). For incremental reading, you need a toolset that keeps growing and improving over the years of use. Yes! Even after a few years of learning, you will discover new ways you can speed up your own learning with incremental reading. It may take a year before you might notice first signs of addiction to incremental reading. A benign form of addiction, mind you, with few negative side effects.
渐进阅读需要比 SuperMemo 本身更长的时间才能被充分欣赏。使用 SuperMemo，你只需学习两个操作（添加新内容和学习）。而对于渐进阅读，你需要一套随着使用年限增长而不断完善的工具集。没错！即使经过几年的学习，你仍会发现新的方法可以加速自己的渐进阅读学习过程。可能需要一年时间，你才会注意到自己对渐进阅读产生初步依赖的迹象。请注意，这是一种良性的依赖，几乎没有负面副作用。

The paradoxical tendency of “gulpers” to become good incremental readers comes from their hunger for knowledge. The fact that you cannot stop reading is a powerful expression of this hunger and it is the primary driving force that will help you become an addictive reader. What you might be missing still is the understanding of the power of incremental reading and the hunger to “switch for more“. Incremental reading will help you develop a hunger for maximizing the value of information you are processing at any given moment.
“囫囵吞枣者”最终成为优秀渐进阅读者的悖论式倾向，源于他们对知识的渴望。无法停止阅读的事实正是这种渴望的强烈体现，也是推动你成为沉迷型读者的主要动力。你可能仍欠缺的是对渐进阅读力量的理解，以及”转向更高效率”的渴望。渐进阅读将帮助你培养在每一刻最大化所处理信息价值的渴望。

You can begin incremental reading today without ever having to stop reading an article that you find fascinating.
你可以从今天就开始渐进阅读，无需中断任何你觉得引人入胜的文章阅读。

In incremental reading, interrupted reading is a norm, but is NOT obligatory!
在渐进阅读中，中断阅读是常态，但并非强制要求！

You can read all articles from front to back and only use incremental reading tools for prioritizing articles and extracting most important sentences and converting them to clozes. In other words, you do not need incrementalism to achieve solid retention of knowledge. An ordinary web surfer has only two alternatives when encountering an article that seems worth reading: (A) Fascinating, let’s read, and (B) Not fascinating enough. Perhaps I will read some other time. In contrast, an incremental reader can determine the priority of the article and always read only the articles from the top of the current priority list (perhaps with a user-defined degree of randomization). Moreover, at any time, he or she can say: Interesting, but not as much as I thought. Let’s downgrade the priority and come back later (if ever).
你可以从头到尾完整阅读文章，仅利用渐进阅读工具来优先处理文章、提取最重要的句子并将其转化为填空测试。换言之，无需采用渐进式方法也能实现知识的牢固掌握。普通网络浏览者在遇到看似值得一读的文章时只有两种选择：(A) 太吸引人了，马上读，或(B) 不够吸引人，或许改天再读。相比之下，渐进阅读者能确定文章的优先级，始终只阅读当前优先级列表顶部的文章（可能带有用户自定义的随机程度）。此外，他们随时可以说：有趣，但不如预期。那就降低优先级，稍后再回来（如果有机会的话）。

A gulper is driven by a natural neural mechanism that underlies all human progress: curiosity. The same mechanism can be used to magnify incrementalism: curiosity of what article or paragraph comes next. Once you develop a healthy incremental reading process, you will add another natural neural mechanism: impatience. Impatience is also a buttress of progress. We do not like long stretches of low efficiency. We like instant gratification of success and the bigger the success the better. In incremental reading, you are constantly driven by curiosity and yet you itch-to-switch as soon as the text you are reading does not bring sufficient value-per-time. The healthier your incremental reading process, the more value per second you can extract. You will develop a sense of the realistic average value stream, and each time you fall below that expectation, you will add up to the incremental nature of reading (even if the fault is yours, not the text author’s, e.g. when the gaps in your knowledge produce poor comprehension). By combining curiosity with impatience, you can convert from a gulper to a sipper. And still you will be able to read top-quality articles top-to-bottom without interruption. Incremental reading helps you prioritize by content instead of reacting to transient evaluative impressions.
吞咽者（gulper）的驱动力源于一种自然神经机制，它构成了人类所有进步的基础：好奇心。同样的机制可被用于放大渐进主义：对下一篇文章或段落的求知欲。一旦你建立起健康的渐进阅读流程，就会激活另一种自然神经机制：不耐。不耐同样是进步的支柱。我们厌恶长时间的低效状态，渴望即时获得成功反馈，且成就越大越好。在渐进阅读中，你始终被好奇心驱动，同时一旦当前阅读的文本无法提供足够的时间价值回报，就会产生切换冲动。渐进阅读流程越健康，每秒能获取的价值就越高。你将形成对现实平均价值流的敏锐感知，每当低于预期时，就会强化阅读的渐进特性（即使问题出在你的知识缺口导致理解不足，而非文本作者的过失）。通过将好奇心与不耐相结合，你就能从囫囵吞枣的吞咽者转变为细品慢酌的啜饮者（sipper）。你依然能够不受干扰地从头到尾阅读高质量文章。渐进式阅读帮助你根据内容而非转瞬即逝的评价印象来优先处理信息。

You will notice that incremental attitude is a habit you grow as your technical and parsing skills improve. Rarely will you delete lower quality articles, but these will fade in priority and may indefinitely linger in the process. As a result, you will maximize the educational effects of every precious second you spent on learning.
你会发现渐进式态度是一种随着技术和解析能力提升而养成的习惯。很少会删除低质量文章，但它们会逐渐降低优先级，可能无限期滞留在学习流程中。最终，你将最大化利用投入学习的每一秒宝贵时间所产生的教育效果。

As an incremental reader, you might gradually develop a dislike of old-style books (as opposed to importable e-books and articles). If you choose to read a book, it is as if you said: “this is the most important reading material in the whole world“. Then the whole series of paragraphs in the book are considered the most important paragraphs to read in their precise sequence as they appear in the book. You give the author of a book God-like powers to stream information into your brain in a flawless, omniscient, and omnipotent way.
作为渐进式阅读者，你可能会逐渐对传统书籍（相对于可导入的电子书和文章）产生抵触。若选择阅读一本书，就如同宣告：”这是全世界最重要的阅读材料”。于是书中所有段落都被视为必须严格按照原书顺序阅读的最重要段落。你赋予书籍作者以上帝般的权力，让其以完美无缺、全知全能的方式将信息灌输进你的大脑。

Gulpers and sippers are not biologically different! The conversion from one to the other goes via the understanding of incremental learning, mastering SuperMemo toolset, honing the skills, self-control, rationalization of the learning process, and gradually pumping up the average value of knowledge streamed into one’s memory.
大口吞食者与细品慢咽者在生物学上并无差异！二者间的转化需要通过理解渐进学习、掌握 SuperMemo 工具集、磨练技能、自我控制、学习过程合理化，以及逐步提升输入记忆的知识流平均价值来实现。

5.13 Incremental learning for perfectionists

完美主义者的渐进式学习

If you are a perfectionist, you may initially have problems with accepting the chaos of incremental learning. You may wonder why you should leave your cloze deletions unfinished before they look perfectly adorned with fonts, stylesheets, and pictures.
如果你是一个完美主义者，最初可能会难以接受渐进式学习的混乱状态。你或许会疑惑，为什么要在填空内容尚未用字体、样式表和图片完美修饰之前，就将其保留为未完成状态。

If you give incremental learning a more determined try, you will understand that the opposite is true: perfectionists should love incremental learning! Your perfectionist nature should accept the overriding rule: maximum quality knowledge in minimum time. It is not the beauty of clozes in your collection that counts, but the beauty of knowledge in your mind. For a skillful student, incremental learning is based on a set of perfectly-formed strict and rigid rules that guarantee the maximum speed of knowledge acquisition. It is true that some of these rules can make you uneasy at first. If you see a sentence that qualifies for a cloze, the rule is: execute the cloze deletion and defer worrying about its exact formulation to its first repetition. The mere choice of the cloze keyword will leave sufficient traces in your memory to qualify as a repetition. In such circumstances, perfecting the formulation of the cloze will become art for art’s stake. A higher level rule is: minimum work for maximum memory effect. Therefore, you will improve the formulation of the cloze as soon as you proceed with the first repetition. And again, you will do only as much work as it is necessary to successfully complete a single repetition act. Again you give up details and frills. Ultimately, your cloze will become perfectly formulated, perfectly prioritized, and perfectly placed in your knowledge tree. Alternatively, it will be deleted or left lingering in your “to do” subset. It is the perfect rules of incremental learning and the perfect learning results that should feed your perfectionist needs, not the perfect “look” of your learning material.
如果你更坚定地尝试渐进学习，你会明白事实恰恰相反：完美主义者应该热爱渐进学习！你追求完美的天性应当接受这条至高准则：以最少时间获取最高质量的知识。重要的不是你收藏中填空题的美观，而是你脑海中知识的美妙。对于熟练的学习者而言，渐进学习建立在一套完美构建的严格规则之上，这些规则能确保知识获取的最快速度。确实，其中一些规则最初可能让你感到不适。当你看到适合制作填空题的句子时，规则是：立即执行填空删除，并将对其精确表述的担忧推迟到第一次复习时。仅选择填空关键词就足以在你的记忆中留下足够痕迹，算作一次复习。在这种情况下，完善填空题的表述就成了为艺术而艺术。更高层级的法则是：以最小工作量实现最大记忆效果。因此，你将在进行第一次复习时立即改进填空题的表述。再次强调，你只需完成单次复习所需的最低限度工作。同样地，你要舍弃细枝末节与华而不实的装饰。最终，你的填空笔记将臻于完美——表述精准、优先级合理、并在知识树中位置得当。否则它就会被删除或滞留在你的”待处理”子集中。真正应满足你完美主义需求的，是渐进学习中的完美法则与学习成效，而非学习材料表面的”完美无瑕”。

Many people tend to hold the world wide web in contempt calling it the “human information garbage dump”. This attitude makes it hard to utilize the web as the “goldmine of human knowledge”. Tim Berners-Lee created “perfect rules” (HTML, HTTP) for knowledge dissemination by the populace. We can adapt our own “perfect rules” for mining the web. Incremental learning uses “perfect rules” to convert web data into golden knowledge. As a perfectionist, you should not worry about the chaos of the web or chaos of your collection. What really matters is the perfect golden end-result: wisdom!
许多人常轻蔑地将万维网称为”人类信息垃圾场”，这种态度阻碍了我们将其作为”人类知识金矿”来利用。蒂姆·伯纳斯-李为大众知识传播制定了”完美规则”（HTML、HTTP 协议）。我们也能制定自己的”完美规则”来开采网络资源。渐进学习正是运用”完美法则”将网络数据转化为真知灼见。作为完美主义者，你无需担忧网络的混沌或知识收集的杂乱无章。真正重要的是那个完美的终极成果：智慧！

Finally, if you still cannot live with imperfectly formulated clozes, nothing prevents formulating them perfectly. The formulations may be more satisfying to your perception, but you will, naturally, learn at a slower rate.
最后，如果你仍然无法接受不完美的填空式学习，那么完全可以精心设计完美的填空内容。这样的设计或许更能满足你的心理需求，但自然，你的学习速度也会相应放缓。

5.14 Incremental reading is not an attention destroyer

渐进阅读不会破坏注意力

In incremental learning, it is very important to make the right choice of the learning material. Many texts or videos are unsuitable for incremental processing. SuperMemo user who never tried incremental learning wrote:
在渐进学习中，正确选择学习材料至关重要。许多文本或视频并不适合渐进式处理。一位从未尝试过渐进学习的 SuperMemo 用户写道：

_It is possible that article structure and quality do matter that much in incremental reading because the real learning bottleneck is the human brain (speed of cortex plasticity)? What if you can only absorb X items of knowledge each day – if you try to do more, you do something bad to your brain? Here’s one idea: If you overload your brain with new stuff, it won’t have the time to form meaningful connections between the things you know, so your knowledge may be reduced to the ability to answer gameshow-like questions.
或许文章结构和质量在渐进阅读中确实如此重要，因为真正的学习瓶颈在于人类大脑（大脑皮层的可塑性速度）？假设你每天只能吸收 X 条知识——如果试图摄入更多，是否会对大脑造成不良影响？这里有个观点：若用新信息过度填充大脑，它将无暇在已知事物间建立有意义的联系，你的知识可能退化为仅能回答游戏节目式问题的能力。
_Solving any significant problem requires periods of prolonged concentration. I fear that an information addiction (200 new tidbits per day) leads to attention deficit. Your brain is used to getting something shiny and new every 15 seconds (a new tweet, new funny pic, new headline, etc.), so when you tell it to work on one thing for 4 hours, it doesn’t listen. I think I was able to concentrate more on one thing in times before Web surfing.
解决任何重大问题都需要长时间的专注。我担心信息成瘾（每天 200 条新碎片）会导致注意力缺失。当大脑习惯于每 15 秒获取新鲜刺激（新推文、搞笑图片、头条新闻等），再要求它连续 4 小时专注于单一事务时，它就会抗拒。我认为在网络冲浪时代之前，自己反而更能集中精力处理单一事务。

So, to put a tabloid spin on it, incremental reading could be the ultimate attention destroyer!!!
因此，用通俗小报的话来说，渐进式阅读可能是终极的注意力杀手！！！

There is a lot of truth in the above reasoning in reference to attention, memory bottlenecks, “meaningful connections”, etc. However, comparing SuperMemo to Twitter or Facebook as used by Internet junkies is very inaccurate! The reward in incremental reading is based on quality learning, not “something shiny or something funny”. Naturally, nothing prevents “shiny/funny” things to be imported to SuperMemo. This is why the nature of the ultimate reward will also depend on one’s personality and self-discipline.
上述关于注意力、记忆瓶颈、“有意义的连接”等方面的推理有很多道理。然而，将 SuperMemo 与网络成瘾者使用的 Twitter 或 Facebook 相提并论是非常不准确的！渐进阅读的回报基于高质量学习，而非“闪亮或有趣的东西”。当然，SuperMemo 并不排斥导入“闪亮/有趣”的内容。因此，最终回报的本质也取决于个人的性格和自律性。

When employed along the recommended rules: incremental reading should dramatically increase the attention (as explained in Advantages of incremental learning).
当按照推荐规则使用时：渐进式阅读应当能显著提升注意力（如渐进式学习的优势中所述）。

5.14.1 Learning speed bottleneck

学习速度瓶颈

Cortex plasticity is indeed the bottleneck in the learning process. All speed-reading and speed-learning efforts may go to naught if you do not employ spaced repetition, which ultimately determines the speed of establishing long-term memories. Remember that in incremental reading, the volume of the material may be very high, however, the ultimate number of items entering the learning process, in the ideal case, is relatively small (usu. 10-20 per day, not 200!). It simply takes lots of time to fish for golden knowledge that will bring best value in the long term.
大脑皮层的可塑性确实是学习过程中的瓶颈。如果不采用间隔重复（这最终决定了建立长期记忆的速度），所有速读和快速学习的努力都可能付诸东流。请记住，在渐进式阅读中，材料的量可能非常大，但理想情况下，最终进入学习过程的项目数量相对较少（通常每天 10-20 个，而非 200 个！）。筛选出能在长期带来最佳价值的黄金知识，这本身就需要大量时间。

5.14.2 Overloading memory and the role of sleep

记忆过载与睡眠的作用

The existence of the memory bottleneck is the direct consequence of the overload concern. You can overload your learning process with excess information, however, you are unlikely to “overload your long-term memory”. The processes of forgetting and garbage collection executed in sleep have evolved precisely to prevent this problem. However much you try to learn excess facts, forgetting will clean up the excess, and memory optimization in sleep will ensure you develop all necessary “meaningful connections”. Naturally, this will happen only if you get all sleep that you need (i.e. avoid using alarm clock, sleeping pills, staying up late, etc.).
记忆瓶颈的存在直接源于信息过载的担忧。你可以用过量信息超负荷学习过程，但不太可能”超负荷你的长期记忆”。睡眠中执行的遗忘与垃圾清理机制正是为了预防这一问题而演化形成的。无论你试图学习多少冗余知识，遗忘机制会清理多余部分，而睡眠中的记忆优化将确保你建立起所有必要的”有意义连接”。当然，这只有在获得充足睡眠时才会发生（即避免使用闹钟、安眠药、熬夜等）。

For more see: Neural optimization in sleep
更多内容参见：睡眠中的神经优化

5.14.3 Learning vs. problem solving

学习与问题解决

It is true that solving problems requires high concentration. However, in the ideal world, you should devote separate time slots to (1) learning and (2) problem solving. In Covey’s terminology, your learning boosts the Production Capacity, while your problem solving time is your Production time. Naturally, you can marry the two slots when problem solving occurs in conditions of information deficit. Incremental reading is an ideal tool for such situations. You can combine the inflow of new information with creative efforts and problem solving while retaining maximum focus on the problem at hand. This is explained in Advantages of incremental learning: Creativity. You can optimize the degree of monothematic focus by using various tools of incremental reading, esp. search&review as well as branch review.
诚然，解决问题需要高度专注。但在理想情况下，你应当为（1）学习和（2）问题解决分别分配独立的时间段。用柯维的术语来说，学习提升的是”产能”，而解决问题的时间则是”产出时间”。当然，当问题解决过程中出现信息不足时，你可以将这两个时间段结合起来。渐进阅读正是应对此类情境的理想工具。你可以在保持对当前问题最大专注度的同时，将新信息的输入与创造性努力和问题解决相结合。这一点在《渐进学习的优势：创造力》中有详细阐述。通过运用渐进阅读的各种工具，尤其是搜索复习和分支复习，你可以优化单一主题的专注程度。

See also: Incremental problem solving.
另见：渐进式问题解决。

5.14.4 Internet addiction 网络成瘾

Internet distractions can be focus destroyers when working with SuperMemo. However, this is more a matter of self-discipline than an inherent problem associated with SuperMemo. It is up to you to decide if you wish to stray to Facebook or Twitter. Incremental reading may encourage a degree of straying (e.g. to import supplementary material from Wikipedia and/or dictionaries). The whole concept of the priority queue was developed precisely to counteract the cost of such straying. In incremental reading you stray, import, prioritize and… forget (about the excursion to the web). You may visit 20 pages, but instead of wasting time, you import and prioritize. You are back onto your focused path in minutes. The whole process can be under your rational control and the web may become an ally rather than an enemy. Metaphorically speaking, an Internet junkie is constantly distracted with shiny titbits, while incremental reader focuses on fishing for golden knowledge.
在使用 SuperMemo 时，网络干扰可能成为专注力的破坏者。然而，这更多是自律问题而非 SuperMemo 固有的缺陷。是否要浏览 Facebook 或 Twitter 取决于你的选择。渐进阅读可能会引发一定程度的注意力分散（例如从维基百科或词典导入补充材料）。优先级队列的整个设计理念正是为了抵消此类分心的代价。在渐进阅读中，你可能会分心、导入资料、设定优先级……然后忘记（这次网络漫游）。你可能访问了 20 个网页，但通过导入和优先级管理，时间并未浪费。几分钟内你就能重回专注轨道。整个过程可由理性掌控，网络也能从敌人变为盟友。打个比方，网络成瘾者总被花边信息分散注意，而渐进阅读者则专注于捕捞知识的黄金。

5.14.5 Incremental reading boosts attention

渐进式阅读提升注意力

Incremental reading increases attention by letting you focus on a manageable portions of knowledge without feeling overwhelmed, without straying, without getting stuck on harder material, without worrying that you might miss important pieces when speed-reading, etc. Your best way to experience that improvement is to try incremental reading. However, you should know that the effects will not be instant. You will need to invest a lot of time in learning the tools, and then even more time in honing your strategies and learning about your own memory and reasoning. Few incremental readers become truly enthusiastic in their first months of learning.
渐进式阅读通过让你专注于可管理的知识片段来提高注意力，避免感到不堪重负、分心、卡在较难材料上，或担心速读时遗漏重要内容等问题。亲身体验这种提升的最佳方式就是尝试渐进式阅读。但需知晓效果不会立竿见影，你需要投入大量时间学习工具使用，再花费更多时间打磨策略并了解自己的记忆与推理机制。很少有渐进式学习者在最初几个月就真正充满热情。

5.14.6 Article quality matters in learning

文章质量影响学习效果

In incremental reading, you will quickly develop skills needed to instantly differentiate between high quality articles and articles that are full of fluff and wasteful prose. You will indeed fish for catchy headlines, meaningful sections, minimum off-topic commentary, etc. Article quality will determine your ability to employ speed-reading, and to quickly prioritize your material. This has nothing to do with instant gratification obtained from social media, instant news, and other net distractions.
在渐进式阅读中，你将快速培养出即时区分高质量文章与充斥废话冗词文章的能力。你会敏锐捕捉吸引人的标题、有意义的章节，以及最少量的离题评论等。文章质量决定了你运用速读技巧及快速优先处理材料的能力。这与从社交媒体、即时新闻等网络干扰中获得的即时满足感截然不同。

5.15 Can you really read thousands of articles at the same time?

你真的能同时阅读数千篇文章吗？

A visitor to super-memory.com commented on incremental learning claims:
一位访问 super-memory.com 的用户对渐进学习的主张评论道：

A friend recommended incremental reading to me. However, I was instantly turned off by your claim: read thousands of articles at the same time. This is not only impossible, but also sounds like overhyped marketing. All you do in incremental reading is split articles into chunks and read those separately. With this method you lose the big picture. I am afraid you are selling snake oil.
有位朋友向我推荐了渐进阅读法。然而，你们声称“可以同时阅读数千篇文章”的说法立刻让我反感。这不仅不可能实现，听起来还像过度炒作的营销噱头。渐进阅读所做的无非是把文章拆分成片段分别阅读。这种方法会让你失去对整体脉络的把握。恐怕你们是在兜售华而不实的东西。

That skepticism is understandable, and yet we stick with the original claim: you can indeed read thousands of articles at the same time. This is because reading can be understood as a process or as an act. No one can make a sane claim of multiple reading acts at the same time. In incremental reading, only one article receives a laser focus at any given moment of time. Few students read more than 50 articles in a single day, and they rarely read them all in their entirety. However, they may easily read or skim a few thousand articles in a month, and keep hundreds of thousands of articles in the incremental learning process. In that sense reading thousands of articles at the same time is an accurate if somewhat enticing description.
这种怀疑是可以理解的，但我们仍坚持最初的观点：你确实可以同时阅读数千篇文章。这是因为阅读既可以理解为过程，也可以理解为行为。没有人能合理宣称同时进行多个阅读行为。在渐进阅读中，任何特定时刻只有一篇文章会获得高度聚焦。很少有学生一天内阅读超过 50 篇文章，且很少会完整读完所有内容。然而，他们可能轻松地在一个月内阅读或浏览数千篇文章，并在渐进学习过程中保留数十万篇文章。从这个意义上说，”同时阅读数千篇文章”是一种准确——尽管略带诱惑性——的描述。

To understand incremental reading, you need to understand SuperMemo (or repetition spacing in general), as well as the effects of intermittent reading on memory. Reading in chunks without the help of the underlying learning process based on spaced repetition indeed makes little sense. However, once you master and understand the techniques of incremental reading, you will get the effect opposite to the one expected: not only will you not lose the track of the big picture, you will keep a lasting, durable and coherent memory image of whatever you found important in the processed articles.
要理解渐进阅读，你需要先了解 SuperMemo（或广义上的间隔重复学习），以及间歇性阅读对记忆的影响。在没有基于间隔重复的底层学习过程辅助下，零散地阅读确实意义不大。然而，一旦你掌握并理解了渐进阅读的技巧，效果将与预期相反：你不仅不会丢失整体脉络，反而会对处理过的文章中你认为重要的内容形成持久、牢固且连贯的记忆印象。

In a well-managed incremental learning process, the big picture is retained in a state of better coherence than it is the case in traditional learning.
在一个管理良好的渐进学习过程中，整体脉络的连贯性会比传统学习方式保持得更好。

5.16 Incremental reading vs. memory interference

渐进式阅读与记忆干扰

You may have read about interference in learning. When students learn two things one after another, they perform worse than in cases where they focus on one thing. This might sound like a reason to disqualify incremental reading as an effective learning method.
你可能听说过学习中的干扰现象。当学生连续学习两样东西时，他们的表现会比专注于一样东西时更差。这听起来似乎是对渐进阅读作为一种有效学习方法的否定理由。

It is true that interference can ruin learning. If you read about a subject without fully understanding it and follow it with another subject that is confusingly similar in nature, you will indeed perform worse in tests. However, this effect is much less pronounced if the first subject is studied with solid comprehension. Incremental reading makes it possible to read only as much as you understand. Then it encourages long-term retention by producing cloze deletions. Finally, it periodically rediscovers weaknesses in the learning process and fills the gap. When well executed, incremental reading produces an opposite effect. It minimizes interference by forcing you to resolve contradiction in your material. It ruthlessly punishes all cases of incomplete understanding. In classroom conditions, you can get a foggy pass at subject A, then worsen the fog by digging into subject B. In incremental reading, SuperMemo will force you to jump from A to B and back to A until the two form a harmonious body of knowledge with minimum interference and maximum connectivity. Note that the same research on interference produces diametrically different results when the interfering topics are subject to continual re-reading. Re-reading is frequent in SuperMemo and multiple active repetition of cloze deletions is a norm. The outcome of the experiment may also be obscured by adding a degree of novelty to old reviews which greatly improves attention. Better learning follows in the wake.
确实，干扰会破坏学习效果。如果你在未完全理解一个主题的情况下阅读它，接着又学习另一个性质上容易混淆的相似主题，你在测试中的表现确实会更差。然而，如果第一个主题是在扎实理解的基础上学习的，这种影响就会小得多。渐进阅读让你只阅读你能理解的部分。然后，它通过生成填空测试来促进长期记忆。最后，它会定期发现学习过程中的薄弱环节并填补空白。如果执行得当，渐进阅读会产生相反的效果。它通过迫使你解决材料中的矛盾来最小化干扰。它对所有理解不完整的情况毫不留情地进行惩罚。在课堂环境下，你可能对主题 A 一知半解，然后通过学习主题 B 让这种模糊更加严重。而在渐进阅读中，SuperMemo 会迫使你在 A 和 B 之间来回切换，直到两者形成一个干扰最小、联系最紧密的和谐知识体系。需要注意的是，当干扰主题持续被重读时，关于干扰的同一研究会产生截然不同的结果。在 SuperMemo 中，重读现象频繁发生，而填空题的多轮主动重复则是常态。实验结果的清晰度还可能因在旧复习材料中引入一定新颖性而受到影响，这种新颖性能显著提升注意力，从而带来更好的学习效果。

5.17 Why Wikipedia is better than Encyclopedia Britannica?

为什么维基百科比大英百科全书更好？

5.17.1 Wikipedia is better 维基百科更优

every month Wikipedia is richer and mainstream articles show an ever-decreasing error rate
每个月维基百科的内容都在丰富，主流条目的错误率持续下降
Wikipedia is better for incremental reading due to its structure determined by crowdsourcing
维基百科因其众包决定的结构，更适合渐进式阅读
some articles cannot be found in Britannica (e.g. search for “SuperMemo” or “incremental reading”)
某些条目在大英百科全书中无法找到（例如搜索”SuperMemo”或”渐进式阅读”）

5.17.2 Britannica is hard 大英百科全书很难

Due to its style, Britannica is often not suitable for incremental reading. It is pleasant to read, it explains things, it digresses, it provides examples, however, it is not fact-packed and context-rich like crowdsourced Wikipedia.
由于文体风格的原因，《大英百科全书》往往不适合用于渐进式阅读。它读起来令人愉悦，会解释概念、展开论述并提供例证，但不像众包的维基百科那样充满密集的事实和丰富的上下文。

Try working the following text with incremental reading. The text was taken from an article about sleep from Britannica:
尝试用渐进式阅读法处理以下文本。这段文字选自《大英百科全书》一篇关于睡眠的文章：

In addition to the behavioral and physiological criteria already mentioned, subjective experience (in the case of the self) and verbal reports of such experience (in the case of others) are used at the human level to define sleep. Upon being alerted, one may feel or say, “I was asleep just then,” and such judgments ordinarily are accepted as evidence for identifying a prearousal state as sleep. Such subjective evidence, however, can be at variance with both behavioral classifications and sleep electrophysiology, raising interesting questions about how to define the true measure of sleep. Is sleep determined by objective or subjective evidence alone, or is it determined by some combination of the two? And what is the best way to measure such evidence? More generally, problems in defining sleep arise when evidence for one or more of the several criteria of sleep is lacking or when the evidence generated by available criteria is inconsistent. Do all animals sleep?
除了已经提到的行为和生理标准外，在人类层面上还使用主观体验（对自身而言）和对此类体验的口头报告（对他人而言）来定义睡眠。当被唤醒时，一个人可能会感觉或说：“我刚才睡着了”，这样的判断通常被接受为将唤醒前状态识别为睡眠的证据。然而，这种主观证据可能与行为分类和睡眠电生理学都存在差异，这引发了关于如何定义睡眠真实衡量标准的有趣问题。睡眠是由客观或主观证据单独决定的，还是由两者的某种组合决定的？衡量此类证据的最佳方法是什么？更普遍地说，当缺乏睡眠若干标准中的一个或多个证据时，或者当现有标准产生的证据不一致时，就会出现定义睡眠的问题。所有动物都会睡觉吗？

This piece begins with an ominous context-buster: “already mentioned“. It poses interesting questions. However, it will take a while for an incremental reader to find cloze keywords that would answer the most essential question of long-term learning: What do I really want to remember for life from the passage I have just read?
这篇文章以一个不祥的语境破坏者开头：”已经提到过”。它提出了有趣的问题。然而，渐进式读者需要花些时间才能找到填空关键词，这些关键词将回答长期学习中最核心的问题：对于刚刚读过的这段文字，我真正想终生记住的是什么？

5.17.2 Simple English Wikipedia is dangerous

简单英文维基百科很危险

Many users believe that Simple English Wikipedia is better for understanding problems than Wikipedia itself. However, simplified terminology leads to terminological imprecision. Even though the language is simpler, the problems presented may get a superficial or misleading treatment. Simple English Wikipedia might be an advantage if you want a short story of the Chinese Empire as opposed to a lengthy Wikipedia dissertation. However, if you try to understand complex economics or quantum physics, relying on simpler texts may backfire. Very often, you should rather struggle with complex terminology by importing supplementary material. Going the easy way may take you astray.
许多用户认为，简单英语维基百科比维基百科本身更利于理解问题。然而，简化术语会导致术语精确性不足。尽管语言更简单，所呈现的问题可能得到肤浅或误导性的处理。若你只想了解中国帝国的简史而非维基百科的长篇大论，简单英语维基百科或许是个优势。但若要理解复杂的经济学或量子物理学，依赖简化文本可能适得其反。很多时候，你更应该通过补充材料来攻克复杂术语。走捷径可能会让你误入歧途。

5.18 Incremental reading vs. the books

渐进阅读 vs. 传统书籍

Incremental reading of electronic materials is superior to reading books or reading in the browser (given the same quality of the study material). All basic reading, bookmarks, and highlight methods start falling apart once the volume of books or articles increases beyond a certain level.
电子材料的渐进阅读优于阅读书籍或在浏览器中阅读（假设学习材料的质量相同）。一旦书籍或文章的数量超过一定水平，所有基本的阅读、书签和高亮方法都会开始失效。

Without SuperMemo, you won’t easily prioritize, sort, organize, schedule, re-prioritize, search&review, etc. The whole SuperMemo “engine” in the background is the most important component in the process. For a larger volume of material, when reading in the browser, you will probably be just 5-10% as effective as with incremental reading (in the long run).
没有 SuperMemo，你将难以轻松地进行优先级排序、整理、组织、调度、重新确定优先级、搜索与复习等操作。后台运行的整个 SuperMemo“引擎”才是这一过程中最重要的组成部分。对于大量材料而言，在浏览器中阅读时，长期来看你的效率可能只有渐进式阅读的 5-10%。

In incremental reading you can use the following tools:
在渐进阅读中，你可以使用以下工具：

article prioritization 文章优先级排序
article scheduling 文章调度
article sorting 文章排序
read points 阅读要点
cloze deletions (simpler, faster and more accurate than multiple copy, paste and edit)
填空式删除（比多次复制、粘贴和编辑更简单、快速且准确）
extracts that leave the trace of prior work, set read-points, schedule, and prioritize most important pieces of information
提取内容时保留先前工作的痕迹，设置阅读点，安排时间表，并优先处理最重要的信息片段
search&review 搜索与复习
article auto-split, auto-scheduling and auto-prioritization
文章自动拆分、自动调度与自动优先级设置
many more 更多

Incremental reading is likely to reduce your tolerance for:
渐进式阅读可能会降低你对以下内容的容忍度：

texts with low information content (high prose, low fact)
信息量低的文本（高散文性，低事实性）
poorly structured texts 结构不良的文本
texts with referential ambiguities
存在指代模糊的文本
texts with low context reference
低语境参照的文本
texts with poor information anchoring (needed for speed-reading)
信息锚定不佳的文本（速读所需）

Incremental reading will sharpen your skills in:
渐进式阅读将提升你在以下方面的技能：

text selection 文本选择
text prioritization 文本优先级排序
semantic/structural processing
语义/结构处理
mnemonic processing 记忆处理
speed-reading 速读

5.19 Incremental learning vs. the news

渐进学习 vs. 新闻资讯

5.19.1 You will rather not want to use SuperMemo to process news!

你可能并不想用 SuperMemo 来处理新闻！

Donald Rumsfeld claims to live by the rule: “First reports are always wrong“.
唐纳德·拉姆斯菲尔德声称遵循这样一条准则：”首次报告总是错误的”。

News carries knowledge that is usually valid in a short term only. Incremental learning is useful only for long-term memories. The greatest benefits of trying to process news with incremental learning is to realize how transient news is, and to moderate the craving for news by making it “old news” through the incremental approach.
新闻承载的知识通常只在短期内有效。渐进式学习仅对长期记忆有用。尝试用渐进式学习处理新闻的最大好处是意识到新闻的短暂性，并通过渐进式方法使其成为“旧闻”，从而减少对新闻的渴望。

These are the main reasons why news is a poor candidate for your learning material:
以下是新闻不适合作为学习材料的主要原因：

knowledge that comes with the news is incomplete. If you hear “breaking news”, you know this is about news that is “broken”. It is incomplete and inaccurate. If you ever think of retaining it in your memory for long, come back to Wikipedia in a week, or in a month, or in a few years. The news becomes most useful when it becomes history. Most of the time, however, it all gets forgotten by the next “news cycle”
新闻带来的知识是不完整的。当你听到“突发新闻”时，就知道这是关于“突发”的新闻。它既不完整也不准确。如果你想长期记住它，不妨一周后、一个月后或几年后再回来看维基百科。当新闻成为历史时，它才变得最有价值。然而大多数时候，到了下一个“新闻周期”，这些内容就会被遗忘。
knowledge that comes with the news is contradictory. If you happen to incrementally juxtapose news with old news, you will realize the extent to which people change their minds as new information becomes available. That evolution in thinking and opinion is probably the most interesting part of news.
新闻带来的知识是相互矛盾的。如果你碰巧将新新闻与旧新闻进行增量对比，就会意识到随着新信息的出现，人们的想法会发生多大的变化。这种思维和观点的演变可能是新闻最有趣的部分。
knowledge that comes with the news is scant. What was news yesterday might still be news today with some tiny change in the angle. News is repetitive and monopolized by single “hot” issue. If you watch news once a week, you will rarely miss anything important for your long-term perspective
新闻带来的知识是匮乏的。昨天的新闻今天可能仍然是新闻，只是角度稍有变化。新闻是重复的，而且被单一的“热点”问题所垄断。如果你每周只看一次新闻，很少会错过对你的长期视角真正重要的内容。
knowledge that comes with the news is trivial. Breaking news might be devoted entirely to a plane crash, or a bomb explosion. Unless you or your close ones are directly affected, you hardly ever become a better person by being intimate with the details of the tragedy. Understanding plane crashes or bomb explosions in general is far more relevant. A National Geographic documentary might be a better source of such knowledge. Unless this is your first ever encounter with crashes and bombs, you rarely learn anything of major significance. Your ability to change the world will better be enhanced with other sources of knowledge. Your optimization in this area will also help build a future with fewer bombs and fewer crashes.
新闻附带的知识往往是琐碎的。突发新闻可能完全聚焦于一场空难或炸弹爆炸。除非你或亲近之人直接牵涉其中，否则深入了解悲剧细节几乎不会让你成为更好的人。理解空难或爆炸事件的普遍原理才更具现实意义。国家地理的纪录片或许是这类知识的更佳来源。除非这是你首次接触空难和爆炸事件，否则你很少能学到具有重大意义的内容。提升改变世界的能力，其他知识来源或许更为有效。在此领域的优化也将有助于构建一个炸弹更少、空难更少的未来。

News may have more value for you at younger ages when you still need to learn a lot about the world, or when you are trying to learn a new language and want to understand the news broadcast from another country. In such cases, use news mostly as the source of indications of what supplementary material should enter your learning process for you to comprehend the news better.
新闻对年轻人的价值可能更大，当你仍需大量了解这个世界时，或是当你尝试学习新语言并想理解异国新闻广播时。在这些情况下，主要将新闻作为提示来源，用以确定哪些补充材料应纳入学习过程，从而更好地理解新闻内容。

Unless you study journalism (and need to understand the process), or political sciences (incl. the impact of news on the public), or you just live and die by being up-to-date, you should limit your craving for news and focus on knowledge with long-term applicability.
除非你学习新闻学（需要了解新闻制作流程），或政治学（包括新闻对公众的影响），又或者你的生活离不开实时资讯，否则应当克制对新闻的渴求，专注于具有长期应用价值的知识。

5.19.2 Example: how breaking news breaks the news

示例：突发新闻如何打破常规新闻模式

Consider this funny episode from CNN that illustrates the obsession with “breaking news”. On a sunny Sunday of September 22, 2013, Fareed Zakaria spoke about Angela’s Merkel impact on Germany, and Europe:
看看 CNN 这段有趣的插曲，它诠释了人们对”突发新闻”的痴迷。2013 年 9 月 22 日一个阳光明媚的周日，法里德·扎卡里亚谈论了安格拉·默克尔对德国及欧洲的影响：

Merkel has taken important steps to help Europe’s struggling economies, spending tens of billions of dollars directly and indirectly on them. On the other hand, Merkel has imposed austerity on much of Europe, which has been excessive and counterproductive. Her argument is that it is the only way to get governments like Greece and Italy to become more competitive. Now here’s the irony…
默克尔已采取重要措施援助欧洲挣扎中的经济体，直接或间接投入了数百亿美元。另一方面，她又对欧洲大部分地区实施紧缩政策，这些政策过于严苛且适得其反。她的理由是，这是迫使希腊、意大利等国政府提升竞争力的唯一途径。然而讽刺的是…

Now here is a real irony. The intelligent commentary was interrupted by the breaking news related to Angela Merkel herself. The viewer did not get a chance to learn about the historic role of the German leader. Instead he or she got a 2 min. “deal” to watch Angela Merkel vote in a federal election. Three full minutes of relaxing silence and a chance to admire Angela’s dress and body language in this historic moment.
现在这里出现了一个真正的讽刺。这段富有见地的评论被与安格拉·默克尔本人相关的突发新闻打断了。观众没能有机会了解这位德国领导人的历史性作用，反而看到了两分钟关于安格拉·默克尔在联邦选举中投票的“交易”。整整三分钟的静默时间，让人得以欣赏安格拉的着装和这一历史性时刻中的肢体语言。

Ah yes, if you cannot stand similar interruptions and want to learn about the historic role of Angela, see Zakaria’s transcripts at FAREED ZAKARIA GPS: Not the Time for Big Sticks; Interview with Bill Clinton; Will Germany’s Merkel Practice What She Preaches?
啊，是的，如果你无法忍受类似的干扰并想了解安格拉的历史性作用，可以查阅扎卡里亚在《法里德·扎卡里亚全球公共广场》节目中的文字记录：《不是挥舞大棒的时候》；对比尔·克林顿的采访；德国的默克尔会践行她所宣扬的理念吗？

5.20 Minimum information principle

最小信息原则

Minimum information principle says that your items should be as simple as possible and always ask a single simple question. Conglomerating information in spaced repetition results in slower learning. For example, you may be tempted to formulate items like this:
最小信息原则指出，你的学习条目应尽可能简单，并且始终只提出一个简单的问题。在间隔重复学习中堆砌信息会导致学习速度变慢。例如，你可能会忍不住这样设计条目：

Question: What was decided at the Council of Trent, beginning in 1545, and how long did the Council go on?
问题：1545 年开始的特伦托大公会议作出了哪些决定，会议持续了多长时间？
Answer: The basic beliefs of the Catholic Church; 18 years.
答案：天主教会的基本教义；18 年。

Two separate memories should be separated in SuperMemo due to the fact that they nearly always will require different timing of repetitions. If you can always activate the same mental pathway in thinking about the Council of Trent (“neurons firing together” in the same pattern), your particular item has a good chance of surviving long in the process without a memory lapse. However, once you build a large database of similar items, and you review your sizeable material under the pressure of time, your review will always tend to strip redundant pieces of information. Overtime, your nice item will be reduced to the bare bones of information that will often fail its primary test: applicability in real life. It may happen, that despite zero memory lapses, in 2-3 years, someone will ask you about a Council of Trent in a new context and you will be amazed that you won’t be able to reasonably answer the question despite having all the necessary pieces of information included in your item. Two memories of different difficulty might be compared to two different planes of different flying characteristics. The difficult piece (e.g. 18 year duration of the Council) might be compared to a slow flying plane. The easy piece (here the reference to the Catholic Church) might be compared to a modern jet. Review of the conglomerated item might be compared to flying both planes at the same speed. In an extreme case, this might be impossible. The compromise speed might be too high for a slow plane, which might disintegrate beyond a certain speed limit, while the faster plane cannot slow down enough without stalling. In our memory, forgetting is equivalent to forgetting, while stalling is caused by the spacing effect. By doing complex and repeatable reasoning at each repetition, you might act as if handling both planes using remote control. However, this is always difficult and requires lots of focus and deliberation at repetitions. Your brain has natural defenses against such “enforced repetitive reasoning”. It is designed to be “intellectually lazy” and thus energetically efficient. Practice shows that incremental reading produces many more items. However, those items are usually much easier to remember. In the end, you spend less time on reviewing 5-10 items than you would spend on an item that would conglomerate information and suffer repeated memory lapses or very short intervals.
在 SuperMemo 中，两个独立的记忆应当被分开处理，因为它们几乎总是需要不同的复习时间安排。如果你在思考特伦特会议时总能激活相同的思维路径（即神经元以相同模式协同放电），那么你的特定记忆项就有很大可能在长期过程中保持不遗忘。然而，一旦你建立了大量相似记忆项的数据库，并在时间压力下复习这些庞杂材料时，你的复习过程总会倾向于剥离冗余信息。久而久之，原本优质的记忆项会被简化为仅剩主干信息，往往无法通过核心测试：现实生活中的实际应用。可能出现这样的情况：尽管没有遗忘，但 2-3 年后当有人在新语境中问及特伦特会议时，你会惊讶地发现自己无法合理作答，尽管记忆项中包含了所有必要信息。不同难度的两个记忆，可以类比为两架具有不同飞行特性的飞机。困难的部分（例如，理事会持续 18 年）可以比作一架缓慢飞行的飞机。简单的部分（这里指天主教会的提及）则可以比作一架现代喷气机。复习这个复合项目就像让两架飞机以相同速度飞行。在极端情况下，这可能是无法实现的。妥协后的速度对慢速飞机来说可能过高，超过一定速度限制它可能会解体，而快速飞机则无法充分减速而不失速。在我们的记忆中，遗忘等同于遗忘，而失速则是由间隔效应引起的。通过在每次重复时进行复杂且可重复的推理，你可能会像用遥控器同时操控两架飞机一样。然而，这总是很困难，需要在重复时投入大量注意力和深思熟虑。你的大脑对这种“强制重复推理”有天然的防御机制。它被设计成“智力上懒惰”，从而在能量上更高效。实践证明，渐进阅读会产生更多的项目。不过，这些项目通常更容易记住。最终，你花在复习 5-10 个知识点上的时间，会比花在一个信息混杂、记忆反复遗忘或复习间隔极短的知识点上要少。

In the course of the evolution, the brain developed strategies for abstracting away from the details and retaining only the most essential, useful and frequently used information. Those strategies are great for survival, but aren’t as good in reaching our educational goals. Council of Trent is a typical example of knowledge we wish to have, but that is pretty expensive. This is because, for most people, it does not get reinforced in run-of-the-mill conversations, TV shows, daily applicability, or at water cooler at work. The situation might differ if you, in particular, read a lot on the subject matter. This might help the memory establish itself in an efficient manner. Incremental reading makes it possible to root such difficult-to-retain knowledge firmly in the context, and still make sure that individual repetitions focus on a very specific and cheap-to-retain memories.
在大脑进化过程中，它发展出了抽象化细节、仅保留最关键、实用且高频信息的策略。这些策略对生存极为有利，却不利于实现教育目标。特伦托会议便是典型例子——这类知识我们渴望掌握，但记忆成本极高。因为对多数人而言，它不会在日常对话、电视节目、实际应用或工作闲聊中得到强化。当然，如果你长期研读相关领域，情况可能不同。这种持续接触能帮助记忆高效建立。渐进阅读法则能将此类难记知识牢固扎根于语境中，同时确保每次复习都聚焦于非常具体且易于保留的记忆片段。

This is how the same paragraph might be processed with incremental reading, and paradoxically cause a significant saving in time in the long run:
这就是同一段落在渐进阅读中可能被处理的方式，而且从长远来看，矛盾的是，它反而能显著节省时间：

Question: The Council of […], which began in 1545 and lasted for 18 years, made decisions about the basic beliefs of the Catholic Church
问题：始于 1545 年并持续了 18 年的[…]会议，对天主教的基本信仰做出了决定。
Answer: Trent 答案：特伦特

Question: The Council of Trent, which began in … and lasted for 18 years, made decisions about the basic beliefs of the Catholic Church
问题：特伦特会议始于[…]（年份），持续了 18 年，对天主教的基本信仰做出了决策
Answer: 1545 答案：1545

Question: The Council of Trent, which began in 1545 and lasted for […] years, made decisions about the basic beliefs of the Catholic Church
问题：特伦特会议始于 1545 年，持续了[…]年，对天主教的基本信仰做出了决策
Answer: 18 答案：18

Question: The Council of Trent, which began in 1545 and lasted for 18 years, made decisions about the basic beliefs of […]
问题：特伦特会议始于 1545 年，持续了 18 年，会议决定了[…]的基本信仰
Answer: the Catholic Church
答案：天主教会

Question: The Council of Trent, which began in 1545 and lasted for 18 years, made decisions about […]
问题：特伦特会议始于 1545 年，持续了 18 年，会议决定了关于[…]的事项
Answer: (the) beliefs of the Catholic Church
答案：（天主教的）信仰

Question: […], which began in 1545 and lasted for 18 years, made decisions about the basic beliefs of the Catholic Church
问题：始于 1545 年并持续 18 年的[…]，对天主教的基本信仰做出了决策
Answer: The Council of Trent
答案：特伦特会议

In the end, if you are sure this item works for you, check its performance in the course of the next few years. If you pass the interval of 2 years without a lapse, you can say that this particular item indeed works for you. In that case, there is no disagreement between you and the 20 rules. It is just that for most people, this item is pretty likely to generate a lapse within 2 years even if reviewed at correct timing. Depending on the item difficulty, the number of repetitions in the first 2 years might be as low as 3 or well above 20. If your default forgetting index is 10%, this translates to a span from 70% chance of retaining the item to the totally unacceptable 90% chance of forgetting! This last number is little understood and little realized by the users of SuperMemo, and should always make you think a lot about the rules of efficient formulation of knowledge.
最终，如果你确信这个项目适合你，可以在接下来的几年里观察其表现。如果你在 2 年间隔内没有遗忘，可以说这个特定项目确实适合你。这种情况下，你与 20 条规则之间并无矛盾。只是对大多数人而言，即使按时复习，这个项目在 2 年内遗忘的可能性相当高。根据项目难度不同，前 2 年内的复习次数可能低至 3 次，也可能超过 20 次。如果你的默认遗忘指数是 10%，这意味着从 70%的记忆保持率到完全不可接受的 90%遗忘率！最后一个数字很少被 SuperMemo 用户理解或意识到，它应当促使你深入思考高效知识表述的规则。

6. Examples: Incremental reading in action

示例：渐进阅读的实际应用

The following examples have been collected from various articles published at super-memory.com. They illustrate how electronic texts can be converted to cloze deletions, and how formulation problems are solved at the level of articles, extracts and cloze deletions.
以下示例收集自 super-memory.com 上发布的多篇文章。它们展示了如何将电子文本转换为填空式问题，以及如何在文章、摘录和填空式问题的层面上解决表述问题。

6.1 Example: Cloze deletion 示例：填空式删除

Passively processed ideas in the form of sentences rarely leave a durable trace in your memory even if they are reviewed regularly. Very often, as soon as after 2-3 months, you will notice that at review time, you actually do not seem able to recall that you have ever had a given sentence in your collection. You will quickly discover that you need active recall in order to remember. Active recall is a process in which you must answer questions. For example, you may be presented with a picture of Charles Darwin and be asked to recognize his face. In the long run, you need to replace passive review with active recall. Otherwise, your memory of the fact will not be permanently consolidated.
以句子形式被动处理的想法，即使定期复习，也很少能在记忆中留下持久的痕迹。往往在短短 2-3 个月后，你就会发现，在复习时，你实际上似乎无法回忆起自己曾经收集过某个特定的句子。你会很快意识到，为了记住，你需要主动回忆。主动回忆是一个你必须回答问题的过程。例如，你可能会看到一张查尔斯·达尔文的照片，并被要求辨认他的面孔。从长远来看，你需要用主动回忆取代被动复习。否则，你对事实的记忆将无法永久巩固。

The fastest way of converting simple sentences into active recall material is to use a cloze deletion. Using cloze deletion, you work with simple declarative sentences like:
将简单句子转化为主动回忆材料的最快方法是使用填空删除。使用填空删除，你可以处理简单的陈述句，例如：

WW1 was precipitated by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914
第一次世界大战是由 1914 年奥地利-匈牙利大公弗朗茨·斐迪南被塞尔维亚民族主义者刺杀引发的

Those sentences are converted into question-answer pairs that can be used in actively stimulating your memory for best recall:
这些句子被转换成问答对，可用于积极刺激你的记忆以获得最佳回忆效果：

Question: WW1 was precipitated by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of … by a Serbian nationalist in 1914
问题：第一次世界大战的导火索是 1914 年塞尔维亚民族主义者刺杀奥匈帝国的…弗朗茨·斐迪南大公
Answer: Austria-Hungary 答案：奥匈帝国

Question: WW1 was precipitated by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in …
问题：第一次世界大战的导火索是塞尔维亚民族主义者于…刺杀奥匈帝国的弗朗茨·斐迪南大公
Answer: 1914 答案：1914 年

Question: … was precipitated by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914
问题：1914 年，奥地利-匈牙利大公弗朗茨·斐迪南被塞尔维亚民族主义者刺杀，引发了…
Answer: WW1 答案：WW1

6.2 Example: Extracts and deletions

示例：摘录与删除

6.2.1 Example text (submitted by a student)

示例文本（由学生提交）

After the discovery of Pluto, it was quickly determined that Pluto was too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbits of the other planets. The search for Planet X continued but nothing was found. Nor is it likely that it ever will be: the discrepancies vanish if the mass of Neptune determined from the Voyager 2 encounter with Neptune is used
在发现冥王星后，人们很快意识到冥王星体积过小，无法解释其他行星轨道上的异常现象。对 X 行星的搜寻仍在继续，但一无所获。事实上这种搜寻很可能永远不会有结果：如果采用旅行者 2 号飞掠海王星时测算的质量数据，这些轨道异常就会消失。

6.2.2 Example processing 示例处理

There are many ways in which the processing of texts can be done in incremental reading. The example below is just one of the ways.
渐进阅读中处理文本的方式多种多样，下文所述仅为其中一例。

6.2.2.1 Extract 1 and 4 clozes: Pluto and orbit discrepancies

提取第 1 和第 4 个填空项：冥王星与轨道差异

Pluto is too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbits of the other planets
冥王星体积过小，无法解释其他行星轨道上的异常现象

Question: … is too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbits of the other planets
问：…体积过小，无法解释其他行星轨道上的异常现象
Answer: Pluto 答案：Pluto
Question: Pluto is too […] to account for the discrepancies in the orbits of the other planets
问题：冥王星太[…]以至于无法解释其他行星轨道的差异
Answer: small 答案：小
Question: Pluto is too small to account for the […] of the other planets
问题：冥王星太小以至于无法解释其他行星的[…]
Answer: discrepancies in the orbits
答案：轨道上的差异
Question: Pluto is too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbits of […]
问题：冥王星太小，无法解释[…]轨道上的差异
Answer: planets 答案：行星

6.2.2.2 Extract 2 and 1 cloze: Planet X

提取第 2 和第 1 个填空项：X 行星

Pluto was too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbits of the other planets. The search for Planet X continued but nothing was found
冥王星太小，无法解释其他行星轨道上的差异。对 X 行星的搜寻仍在继续，但一无所获

Question: Pluto was too small. The search for Planet X continued and […] was found
问题：冥王星太小了。寻找 X 行星的工作仍在继续，最终发现了[…]。
Answer: nothing was 答案：什么都没有

6.2.2.3 Extract 3 and 5 clozes: Voyager and Neptune

提取 3 和 5 号填空：旅行者号和海王星

Pluto was too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbits of the other planets. The discrepancies vanish if the mass of Neptune determined from the Voyager 2 encounter with Neptune is used
冥王星体积太小，无法解释其他行星轨道上的异常。如果采用旅行者 2 号与海王星相遇时测得的海王星质量数据，这些异常就会消失

Question: Pluto was too small. The discrepancies […] if the mass of Neptune determined from the Voyager 2 encounter is used
问题：冥王星太小。如果采用旅行者 2 号相遇时测得的海王星质量数据，这些异常[…]
Answer: vanish 答案：消失
Question: Pluto was too small. The discrepancies vanish if the new […] of Neptune is used
问题：冥王星体积过小。若采用新的海王星[…]数据，这些差异便会消失
Answer: mass 答案：质量
Question: Pluto was too small. The discrepancies vanish if the mass of […] determined by the Voyager 2 is used
问题：冥王星体积过小。若采用旅行者 2 号测定的[…]质量数据，这些差异便会消失
Answer: Neptune 答案：海王星
Question: Pluto was too small. The discrepancies vanish if the mass of Neptune determined from the […] encounter with Neptune is used
问题：冥王星体积过小。若采用根据[…]与海王星相遇时测得的质量数据，这些差异便会消失
Answer: Voyager 2 答案：旅行者 2 号
Question: Pluto was too small. The discrepancies vanish if the mass determined from the Voyager 2 encounter with […] is used
问题：冥王星体积过小。若采用旅行者 2 号与[…]相遇时测得的质量数据，这些差异便会消失
Answer: Neptune 答案：海王星

6.3 Example: Processing an article

示例：处理一篇文章

6.3.1 Reading the article 阅读文章

Let us have a look at an example of a very short, self-containing article, posted in April 1999 on the CNN website. This short article can be read in minutes and can serve as a positive incentive towards adjustments in your diet.
让我们来看一个非常简短、自成一体的文章例子，这篇文章于 1999 年 4 月发布在 CNN 网站上。这篇短文只需几分钟就能读完，可以作为调整饮食的积极动力。

Antioxidants may slow aging process, study says April 5, 1999 Web posted at: 9:39 p.m. EDT (0139 GMT) From Correspondent Linda Ciampa – Research at Tufts University indicates that a healthy diet fortified with certain fruits and vegetables may slow down and even reverse the aging process. Foods rich in antioxidants – such as blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli – have what doctors call high ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity) levels. Middle-aged rats who were fed a high ORAC diet in the USDA-sponsored study experienced less memory loss than those given a normal diet. Some of the older, slower rats became as lively as their younger peers after taking antioxidants. “We prevented both some brain and some behavioral changes that one normally sees in these rats when they hit 15 months of age,” said USDA researcher Jim Joseph. Antioxidants are effective in destroying free radicals – cell-damaging compounds that can help cause cancer and heart disease and speed the aging process. “It’s pretty well accepted that aging is due to the production of free radicals. So anything we can do nutritionally to provide additional antioxidants is likely to protect us in the process of aging,” Joseph said. That fact already has prompted many to eat a diet rich in antioxidants. “I look at it as sort of a savings account. I’m benefiting today from eating right, but I’m also going to have it in the future,” said 30-year-old Cori Alcock. “As I age and grow older, I’ll have good health as well.”
研究表明抗氧化剂或可延缓衰老过程 1999 年 4 月 5 日美国东部时间晚上 9:39（格林尼治时间 0139）发布于网络记者 Linda Ciampa 报道——塔夫茨大学的研究表明，富含特定果蔬的健康饮食可能延缓甚至逆转衰老过程。富含抗氧化剂的食物（如蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花）具有医生所称的高 ORAC（氧自由基吸收能力）值。在美国农业部资助的研究中，食用高 ORAC 饮食的中年大鼠比正常饮食组表现出更轻微的记忆衰退。部分年迈迟缓的大鼠在摄入抗氧化剂后变得与年轻大鼠同样活跃。”我们成功预防了这些大鼠在 15 月龄时通常会出现的大脑功能和行为变化，”美国农业部研究员 Jim Joseph 表示。抗氧化剂能有效清除自由基——这种损害细胞的化合物会引发癌症、心脏病并加速衰老过程。”学界普遍认同自由基的产生是衰老的主因。约瑟夫表示：‘因此，任何通过营养手段提供额外抗氧化剂的方法，都可能帮助我们在衰老过程中获得保护。’这一事实已促使许多人开始食用富含抗氧化剂的饮食。30 岁的科里·阿尔科克说：‘我把这看作一种储蓄账户。我现在通过正确饮食获益，未来也将持续受益。随着年龄增长，我还能保持良好健康状态。’

#Title: Antioxidants may slow aging process
#标题：抗氧化剂或可延缓衰老进程
#Author: Linda Ciampa  #作者：琳达·恰姆帕
#Date: April 5, 1999  #日期：1999 年 4 月 5 日
#Source: CNN  #来源：美国有线电视新闻网

6.3.2 Extracting the essence from the article

从文章中提取精华

In the course of reading, you should select the most important sections of the article. The article introduces some facts related to healthy diet and adds a lot of redundant explanations. For your review, you are only likely to need the core message which usually makes up a fraction of the entire text. Please have a look again at the same text with four most critical sections emphasized (numbering is not needed and is used only for your convenience for further reference):
在阅读过程中，你应筛选出文章中最重要的部分。该文章介绍了与健康饮食相关的一些事实，并添加了大量冗余解释。为了便于复习，你通常只需要关注核心信息，这部分通常只占全文的一小部分。请再次查看同一文本，其中四个最关键的部分已加粗强调（编号仅为方便后续引用，无需保留）：

Research indicates that a healthy (1) diet fortified with certain fruits and vegetables may slow down and even reverse the aging process. (2) Foods rich in antioxidants – such as blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli – have high ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity) levels. Middle-aged rats who were fed a high ORAC diet in the USDA-sponsored study experienced less memory loss than those given a normal diet. Some of the older, slower rats became as lively as their younger peers after taking antioxidants. “We prevented both some brain and some behavioral changes that one normally sees in these rats when they hit 15 months of age,” said USDA researcher Jim Joseph. (3) Antioxidants are effective in destroying free radicals – cell-damaging compounds that can help cause cancer and heart disease and speed the aging process. (4) “It’s well accepted that aging is due to the production of free radicals. So anything we can do nutritionally to provide additional antioxidants is likely to protect us in the process of aging,” Joseph said. That fact already has prompted many to eat a diet rich in antioxidants. “I look at it as sort of a savings account. I’m benefiting today from eating right, but I’m also going to have it in the future,” said 30-year-old Cori Alcock
研究表明，富含特定水果和蔬菜的健康(1)饮食可能延缓甚至逆转衰老过程。(2)富含抗氧化剂的食物——如蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花——具有较高的 ORAC（氧自由基吸收能力）值。在美国农业部资助的研究中，喂食高 ORAC 饮食的中年大鼠比正常饮食组记忆力衰退更少。一些年老迟缓的大鼠在摄入抗氧化剂后变得和年轻同伴一样活跃。”我们阻止了这些大鼠在 15 个月大时通常会出现的大脑和行为变化，”美国农业部研究员吉姆·约瑟夫说。(3)抗氧化剂能有效清除自由基——这些损害细胞的化合物会引发癌症、心脏病并加速衰老。(4)”学界普遍认为衰老是由自由基产生导致的。因此，通过营养手段提供额外抗氧化剂很可能在衰老过程中保护我们，”约瑟夫表示。这一事实已促使许多人开始食用富含抗氧化剂的饮食。”我把它看作一种储蓄账户。 “我现在从健康饮食中受益，未来也会继续坚持，”30 岁的科里·阿尔科克说道

6.3.3 Improving the wording of extracts

改进摘录的措辞

Once you extract important fragments from an article, you may need to reformulate individual fragments to make sure they are fully context independent, free of redundant information, easy to read, and formulated in such a way that the beginning of the fragment serves as the introduction to the latter phrases and not vice versa. Please have a look at the example from the healthy diet article. We selected four important fragments and these fragments (presented on the left in the table) were reformulated to become fully-independent pieces of information (on the right). Please note that two fragments have generated more than one reworded fragment and that one fragment was deleted as it appeared to be redundant upon closer analysis.
从文章中提取重要片段后，可能需要重新表述各个片段，以确保它们完全独立于上下文、不含冗余信息、易于阅读，并且表述方式应使片段开头能自然引出后续内容而非相反。请参考健康饮食文章中的示例。我们选取了四个重要片段（表格左侧呈现），这些片段经过重新表述后成为完全独立的信息单元（表格右侧）。请注意，其中两个片段被拆分为多个重述部分，另有一个片段在深入分析后被判定为冗余而删除。

The original fragment pasted without change from the CNN article 直接从 CNN 文章粘贴的原始片段（未作修改）	Modified fragment: shorter and easier to read (sometimes split into more than one part) 修改后的片段：更简短易读（有时会拆分为多个部分）
Extract 1 摘录 1
1. diet fortified with certain fruits and vegetables may slow down and even reverse the aging process 富含特定水果和蔬菜的饮食可能减缓甚至逆转衰老过程	1. Diet of fruits and vegetables may reverse aging 水果和蔬菜为主的饮食可能逆转衰老
Extract 2 提取 2
2. Foods rich in antioxidants – such as blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli – have high ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity) levels 富含抗氧化剂的食物——如蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花——具有较高的 ORAC（氧自由基吸收能力）值	2. Examples of foods rich in antioxidants: blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli 富含抗氧化剂的食物示例：蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花
3. Foods rich in antioxidants have high levels of Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) 富含抗氧化剂的食物具有较高的氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC）水平
Extract 3 提取 3
3. Antioxidants are effective in destroying free radicals – cell-damaging compounds that can help cause cancer and heart disease and speed the aging process 抗氧化剂能有效清除自由基——这些破坏细胞的化合物会加速癌症、心脏病等疾病的发生并加快衰老进程	4. Antioxidants destroy free radicals 抗氧化剂消灭自由基
5. Free radicals are cell-damaging compounds that cause cancer, heart disease and aging 自由基是损害细胞的化合物，会导致癌症、心脏病和衰老
Extract 4 提取 4
4. It’s well accepted that aging is due to the production of free radicals 人们普遍认为衰老是由自由基的产生引起的	After a closer scrutiny, the fragment on the left seems to be redundant when compared with the one listed above. We can delete it from the set 经过仔细检查，左侧的片段与上方列出的相比似乎显得多余。我们可以将其从集合中删除

6.3.4 Generating cloze deletions

生成填空式删除

We can now convert extracts generated earlier into active recall items based on cloze deletion:
现在我们可以将之前生成的摘录基于填空测试转换为主动回忆项目：

Original extract 原始提取物	Cloze deletions generated from the extract 由摘录生成的填空测试项
Extract a 提取一个
1. Diet of fruits and vegetables may reverse aging 水果和蔬菜为主的饮食可能逆转衰老	1. Question: Diet of […] and vegetables may reverse aging 问题：以[…]和蔬菜为主的饮食可能逆转衰老 Answer: fruits 答案：水果
2. Question: Diet of fruits and […] may reverse aging 问题：以水果和[…]为主的饮食可能逆转衰老 Answer: vegetables 答案：蔬菜
3. Question: Diet of fruits and vegetables may reverse […] 问题：水果和蔬菜为主的饮食可能逆转[…] Answer: aging 答案：衰老
Extract b 提取 b
2. Examples of foods rich in antioxidants: blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli 富含抗氧化剂的食物示例：蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花	4. Question: Examples of […] rich in antioxidants: blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli 问题：富含抗氧化剂的[…]示例：蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花 Answer: foods 答案：食物
5. Question: Examples of foods rich in […]: blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli 问题：富含[…]的食物示例：蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花 Answer: antioxidants 答案：抗氧化剂
6. Question: Examples of foods rich in antioxidants: […] 问题：富含抗氧化剂的食物示例：[…] Answer: blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli 答案：蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花
Extract c 提取物 c
3. Foods rich in antioxidants have high levels of Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) 富含抗氧化剂的食物具有较高的氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC）水平	7. Question: […] rich in antioxidants have high levels of Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) 问题：富含抗氧化剂的[…]具有高水平的氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC） Answer: Foods 答案：食物
8. Question: Foods (rich/poor) in antioxidants have high levels of Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) 问题：富含/缺乏抗氧化剂的食物具有较高的氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC）水平 Answer: rich 答案：丰富的
9. Question: Foods rich in […] have high levels of Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) 问题：富含[…]的食物具有较高的氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC）水平 Answer: antioxidants 答案：抗氧化剂
10. Question: Foods rich in antioxidants have (high/low) levels of Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) 问题：富含抗氧化剂的食物具有（高/低）水平的氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC） Answer: high 答案：高
11. Question: Foods rich in antioxidants have high […] of Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) 问题：富含抗氧化剂的食物具有较高的氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC）[…] Answer: levels 答案：水平
12. Question: Foods rich in antioxidants have high levels of […] (ORAC) 问题：富含抗氧化剂的食物具有高水平的[…]（ORAC） Answer: Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity 答案：氧自由基吸收能力
13. Question: Foods rich in antioxidants have high levels of Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (…) 问题：富含抗氧化剂的食物具有高水平的氧自由基吸收能力（…） Answer: ORAC 答案：ORAC
Extract d 提取 d
4. Antioxidants destroy free radicals 抗氧化剂消灭自由基	14. Question: […](food component) destroy free radicals 问题: …消灭自由基 Answer: Antioxidants 答案：抗氧化剂
15. Question: Antioxidants (destroy/create) free radicals 问题：抗氧化剂（破坏/产生）自由基 Answer: destroy 答案：破坏
16. Question: Antioxidants destroy […](harmful compounds) 问题：抗氧化剂破坏[…]（有害化合物） Answer: free radicals 答案：自由基
Extract e 提取电子
5. Free radicals are cell-damaging compounds that cause cancer, heart disease and aging 自由基是损害细胞的化合物，会导致癌症、心脏病和衰老	17. […] are cell-damaging compounds that cause cancer, heart disease and aging […]是损害细胞的化合物，会导致癌症、心脏病和衰老 Answer: Free radicals 答案：自由基
18. Free radicals are […]-damaging compounds that cause cancer, heart disease and aging 自由基是损害[…]的化合物，会导致癌症、心脏病和衰老 Answer: cell 答案：细胞
19. Free radicals are cell-(building/damaging) compounds that cause cancer, heart disease and aging 自由基是细胞（构建/损伤）性化合物，会导致癌症、心脏病和衰老 Answer: damaging 答案：损伤
20. Free radicals are cell-damaging compounds that cause […](health problems) 自由基是损伤细胞的化合物，会引发[…]（健康问题） Answer: cancer, heart disease and aging 答案：癌症、心脏病和衰老

Although we have generated 20 cloze deletions from the original 5 extracts, it is important to stress that reviewing this much of the learning material will ultimately cost you less time and the memory effect will be better! Note that cloze deletions meticulously test your knowledge of all important semantic aspects of the learned article.
尽管我们从最初的 5 段摘录中生成了 20 个填空式删除项，但必须强调的是，复习这么多学习材料最终将花费更少时间，且记忆效果会更好！请注意，填空式删除会细致检验你对所学文章所有重要语义层面的掌握。

6.3.5 Converting cloze deletions to plain questions

将填空式删除转换为普通问题

After you extract fragments and formulate active recall questions, you should continue to constantly reevaluate the importance of individual pieces of information, their wording, delete less important pieces and move them for later review, etc. Examples of reformulated cloze deletions can be found below. Note that Clozes 4-6 and Cloze 20 have been split further to eliminate set enumeration (it is easier to independently associate cancer or aging with free radicals than to list all health problems caused by them)
在提取片段并制定主动回忆问题后，你应持续评估各个信息点的重要性及其表述，删除次要内容并安排后续复习等。下方展示了重组填空题的示例。注意：填空题 4-6 和填空题 20 已被进一步拆分以避免集合枚举（单独关联自由基与癌症或衰老，比列举其引发的所有健康问题更容易）

Original cloze deletion 原始填空题	Reformulated active recall item 重组后的主动回忆项
Clozes 4-6 填空题 4-6
4. Question: Examples of […] rich in antioxidants: blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli 问题：富含抗氧化剂的[…]示例：蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花 Answer: foods 答案：食物 5. Question: Examples of foods rich in […]: blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli 问题：富含[…]的食物示例：蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花 Answer: antioxidants 答案：抗氧化剂 6. Question: Examples of foods rich in antioxidants: […] 问题：富含抗氧化剂的食物示例：[…] Answer: blueberries, strawberries, spinach and broccoli 答案：蓝莓、草莓、菠菜和西兰花	- Question: Are blueberries rich in antioxidants? 问题：蓝莓富含抗氧化剂吗？ Answer: yes 答案：是 - Question: Are strawberries rich in antioxidants? 问题：草莓富含抗氧化剂吗？ Answer: yes 答案：是 - Question: Is spinach rich in antioxidants? 问题：菠菜富含抗氧化剂吗？ Answer: yes 答案：是 - Question: Is broccoli rich in antioxidants? 问题：西兰花富含抗氧化剂吗？ Answer: yes 答案：是
Cloze 12
12. Question: Foods rich in antioxidants have high levels of […] (ORAC) 问题：富含抗氧化剂的食物具有高水平的[…]（ORAC） Answer: Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity 答案：氧自由基吸收能力	- Question: What does ORAC stand for? 问题：ORAC 代表什么？ Answer: Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity 答案：氧自由基吸收能力
Cloze 17 填空题 17
17. Question: […] are cell-damaging compounds that cause cancer, heart disease and aging 问题：[…]是损害细胞的化合物，会导致癌症、心脏病和衰老 Answer: Free radicals 答案：自由基	- Question: What is the name of cell-damaging compounds that cause cancer? (cleaned off with antioxidants) 问题：那些会损害细胞并导致癌症的化合物叫什么？（可通过抗氧化剂清除） Answer: Free radicals 答案：自由基 - Question: What are free radicals? 问题：什么是自由基？ Answer: cell-damaging compounds (causing cancer, heart disease and aging) 答案：损害细胞的化合物（会导致癌症、心脏病和衰老）
Cloze 20 填空 20
20. Question: Free radicals are cell-damaging compounds that cause […](health problems) 问题：自由基是损害细胞的化合物，会导致[…]（健康问题） Answer: cancer, heart disease and aging 答案：癌症、心脏病和衰老	- Question: Do free radicals cause cancer? 问题：自由基会导致癌症吗？ Answer: yes 答案：是 - Question: Do free radicals contribute to heart disease? 问题：自由基是否会导致心脏病？ Answer: yes 答案：是 - Question: Do free radicals cause aging? 问题：自由基会引起衰老吗？ Answer: yes 答案：是

6.4 Example: Rewording texts 示例：重述文本

Wordy articles may require some rewording of sentences before cloze deletions can be generated.
冗长的文章在生成填空删除项前，可能需要对句子进行一些改写。

For example, the following texts puzzled a user as it appeared to be hard to process incrementally:
例如，以下文本让用户感到困惑，因为它们似乎难以进行渐进式处理：

In 1892 the Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease, even after being passed through a porcelain filter known to retain all bacteria, contained an agent that could infect other tobacco plants.
1892 年，俄罗斯植物学家 Dimitri Iwanowski 发现，感染花叶病的烟草植株汁液即使经过已知能截留所有细菌的瓷质过滤器过滤后，仍含有一种能感染其他烟草植株的介质。

In 1900 a similarly filterable agent was reported for foot-and-mouth disease of cattle.
1900 年，有报道称发现了一种可过滤的类似病原体，能引发牛的口蹄疫。

Before you begin learning, you can save lots of time by looking for articles that are properly structured and written in a concise language that will help you save lots of time. For example, Wikipedia is an excellent source. As it is edited by many people in an incremental manner, it is highly context-independent. In comparison, Britannica is wordy, full of pronouns, definite clauses, and various context references.
在开始学习前，通过寻找结构合理、语言简洁的文章可以节省大量时间。例如，维基百科就是一个极佳的资源。由于它由多人以渐进方式编辑，内容具有高度上下文独立性。相比之下，《大英百科全书》行文冗长，充斥代词、限定性从句及各种上下文指代。

Where Britannica might say (fictitious example): “Over the next five years, he struggled to obtain a patent for his invention“, Wikipedia might say explicitly “In the years 1883-1889, Edison struggled to obtain a patent for a filament of carbon of high resistance“. This context-independent style can save you hours of parsing and re-editing.
假设《大英百科全书》可能这样表述（虚构示例）：“接下来的五年里，他为发明专利权苦苦挣扎”，而维基百科则会明确写道：“1883 至 1889 年间，爱迪生为获取高电阻碳丝专利历经艰辛”。这种上下文独立的表述方式可节省大量解析与重新编辑的时间。

In the presented example, the first sentence is causing trouble because the author tried to tell you far more than you might wish to process in one go.
在所举示例中，第一句话之所以造成理解困难，是因为作者试图一次性传递远超你当下处理意愿的信息量。

One strategy is to start with monster clozes, and simplify them incrementally while learning. However, you could save lots of time with another strategy, in which you split the sentences into more manageable portions. Unfortunately, in this case, some editing will be necessary in the beginning. You will also need to carefully parse the meaning of the passage. You could, for example, separate who and what components of the sentence
一种策略是从复杂的填空（monster clozes）开始，在学习过程中逐步简化它们。不过，采用另一种策略可以节省大量时间，即把句子拆分成更易处理的部分。遗憾的是，这种情况下初期需要进行一些编辑工作。你还需要仔细解析段落含义。例如，可以将句子中的”人物”和”事件”成分分开处理。

who: In 1892 the Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease contained an infectious agent smaller than bacteria.
人物：1892 年，俄国植物学家迪米特里·伊万诺夫斯基发现，感染花叶病的烟草植株汁液中含有比细菌更小的传染性物质。

what: In 1892, Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco infected with mosaic disease even after being passed through a porcelain filter known to retain all bacteria, contained an agent that could infect other tobacco plants.
事件：1892 年，伊万诺夫斯基证实，即使经过已知能阻留所有细菌的陶瓷过滤器过滤，感染花叶病的烟草汁液仍含有能传染其他烟草植株的病原体。

From those two mini-topics, you can generate several clozes that will cover the essence of the passage:
从这两个微型主题出发，你可以生成多个覆盖段落核心内容的填空题：

Question: In … the Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease contained an infectious agent smaller than bacteria
问题：在[…]年，俄罗斯植物学家 Dimitri Iwanowski 发现感染花叶病的烟草植株汁液中含有比细菌更小的传染性病原体
Answer: 1892 答案：1892 年

Question: In 1892 the … botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease contained an infectious agent smaller than bacteria
问题：1892 年，[…]（国籍）植物学家 Dimitri Iwanowski 发现感染花叶病的烟草植株汁液中含有比细菌更小的传染性病原体
Answer: Russian 答案：俄罗斯

Question: In 1892 the Russian … Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease contained an infectious agent smaller than bacteria
问题：1892 年，俄罗斯[…]（专业）德米特里·伊万诺夫斯基发现，感染花叶病的烟草植株汁液中含有一种比细菌更小的传染性病原体
Answer: botanist 答案：植物学家

Question: In 1892 the Russian botanist … showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease contained an infectious agent smaller than bacteria
问题：1892 年，俄罗斯植物学家…发现感染花叶病的烟草植株汁液中含有比细菌更小的传染性病原体
Answer: Dimitri Iwanowski
答案：德米特里·伊万诺夫斯基

Question: In 1892 the Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that … from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease contained an infectious agent smaller than bacteria
问题：1892 年，俄罗斯植物学家迪米特里·伊万诺夫斯基发现感染花叶病的烟草植株…中含有比细菌更小的传染性病原体

Answer: sap 答案：汁液

Question: In 1892 the Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from … plants infected with mosaic disease contained an infectious agent smaller than bacteria
问题：1892 年，俄罗斯植物学家迪米特里·伊万诺夫斯基发现，感染了…花叶病的植物汁液中含有比细菌更小的传染性病原体
Answer: tobacco 答案：烟草

Question: In 1892 the Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with … contained an infectious agent smaller than bacteria
问题：1892 年，俄罗斯植物学家迪米特里·伊万诺夫斯基发现，感染了…的烟草植物汁液中含有比细菌更小的传染性病原体
Answer: mosaic disease 答案：花叶病

Question: In 1892 the Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease contained […] smaller than bacteria
问题：1892 年，俄罗斯植物学家 Dimitri Iwanowski 证明，感染花叶病的烟草植株汁液中含有[…]比细菌更小的
Answer: an infectious agent
答案：传染性病原体

Question: In 1892 the Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease contained an infectious agent smaller than […]
问题：1892 年，俄罗斯植物学家迪米特里·伊万诺夫斯基发现，感染花叶病的烟草植株汁液中含有一种比[…]更小的传染性因子。
Answer: bacteria 答案：细菌

Question: In 1892 the Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco plants infected with mosaic disease contained an infectious agent […] than bacteria
问题：1892 年，俄罗斯植物学家 Dimitri Iwanowski 发现，感染花叶病的烟草植株汁液中含有一种比细菌更小的传染性因子[…]
Answer: smaller 答案：更小

Question: In 1892, Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco infected with mosaic disease even after being passed through a … filter, contained an agent that could infect other tobacco plants
问题：1892 年，伊万诺夫斯基发现，感染花叶病的烟草汁液即使通过…过滤器后，仍含有能感染其他烟草植株的病原体
Answer: porcelain 答案：陶瓷

Question: In 1892, Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco infected with mosaic disease even after being passed through a porcelain filter known to …, contained an agent that could infect other tobacco plants
问题：1892 年，伊万诺夫斯基证明，感染花叶病的烟草汁液即使通过已知能…的陶瓷过滤器后，仍含有能感染其他烟草植株的病原体
Answer: retain all bacteria
答案：保留所有细菌

Question: In 1892, Iwanowski showed that the sap from tobacco infected with mosaic disease even after being passed through a porcelain filter, contained an agent that …
问题：1892 年，伊万诺夫斯基发现，感染花叶病的烟草汁液即使经过瓷滤器过滤后，仍含有一种能够[…]（特性）的介质
Answer: could infect other tobacco plants
答案：能感染其他烟草植株

The above questions are only a rough beginning. Only during learning will you be able to identify holes in these items. You will see where they cause trouble, why they may be hard to remember or what questions are imprecise or confusing. You will fix those deficiencies incrementally while learning.
上述问题仅仅是一个粗略的开始。只有在学习过程中，你才能发现这些项目中的漏洞。你会看到它们在哪里造成困扰，为什么难以记忆，或者哪些问题表述不精确或令人困惑。你将在学习过程中逐步修正这些不足。

6.5 Example: Conglomerating information

示例：信息聚合

A frequent sin committed by new users of SuperMemo is to create “monster items” that include many bits of information. Those items should tackled by treating all bits individually.
新用户使用 SuperMemo 时常犯的一个错误是创建包含大量信息片段的“庞杂条目”。这些条目应通过单独处理每个信息片段来解决。

6.5.1 Example of a monster item

复杂条目的示例

Question: a rod-and-tube element temperature sensor consists of:
问题：棒管式温度传感器由以下部分组成：
Answer: a high expansion metal tube containing a low expansion rod. The rod& tube are attached on one end. The tube changes length with changes in temperature, causing the free end of the rod to move
答案：一个高膨胀金属管内含低膨胀杆。杆与管在一端固定连接。金属管随温度变化改变长度，导致杆的自由端发生位移

6.5.2 Suggestions 建议

This is a typical case of combining a number of items in one with a detriment to the ability to recall the combined item. The suggestion here is to split the item into a number of simpler items that reproduce the same information in student’s memory:
这是典型的将多项内容合并为一项却损害记忆提取能力的案例。此处建议将项目拆分为若干更简单的子项，通过拆分后的信息在学员记忆中重建相同知识：

Question: What are the two parts of a rod-and-tube temperature sensor?
问题：杆管式温度传感器的两个组成部分是什么？
Answer: rod and tube
答案：杆和管

Question: What is the expandability of the tube in rod-and-tube sensor?
问题：杆管式传感器中管子的可膨胀性如何？
Answer: high 答案：高

Question: What is the expandability of the rod in rod-and-tube sensor?
问题：杆管式传感器中杆的可膨胀性如何？
Answer: low 答案：低

Question: How is temperature indicated in the rod-and-tube sensor?
问题：杆管式传感器如何指示温度？
Answer: tube moves relative to the rod
答案：管子相对于杆移动

Question: Where are rod and tube connected?
问题：杆和管在哪里连接？
Answer: On one end
答案：在一端

etc. etc. 等等。等等。

6.6 Example: Evolution of knowledge

示例：知识的演进

Changes to individual pieces of knowledge will take place in steps upon successive reviews. Here are exemplary steps that show a complete evolution of a single article into a finished item based on active recall:
知识的个别部分将在后续复习中以分步形式进行调整。以下是展示一个条目如何基于主动回忆从初始文章演变为完整知识项的示例步骤：

Imagine that you find an article on the net, e.g. The criticism of global capitalism, and you decide to read it and remember it for ever
假设你在网上发现一篇文章，例如《对全球资本主义的批判》，并决定阅读并永远记住它
You import the article to SuperMemo
你将文章导入到 SuperMemo 中
You read the article (e.g. once its turn comes up in incremental reading)
你阅读该文章（例如在渐进阅读轮到时）
While reading, you extract most important paragraphs. One of these, let us say, refers to Kuznets hypothesis
阅读过程中，你摘取出最重要的段落。其中一段可能涉及库兹涅茨假说
The extracted paragraphs will live separate lives in SuperMemo and will be scheduled for separate review, i.e. independent of the review of the parent article. The extracted paragraphs in the parent article will be marked as processed. Once all paragraphs in the parent article are processed, you will terminate the review of the parent article and keep on reviewing only its components (e.g. selected paragraphs)
被摘录的段落将在 SuperMemo 中独立存在，并安排单独复习，即与原文的复习计划无关。原文中被摘录的段落会被标记为已处理。一旦原文所有段落均处理完毕，你将终止原文的复习，仅继续复习其组成部分（如选定的段落）
Upon the first review, usually after a few days, you read the extracted paragraph again and analyze it as to how it should be processed further. You may decide to postpone it, remove it from the learning process, shorten it or extract the most important sentences that you want to remember
在首次复习时（通常间隔几天后），你会再次阅读提取的段落，并分析应如何进一步处理。你可以决定推迟处理、将其移出学习流程、缩短内容或提取出最想记住的关键句子。
If you decide to extract a single statement in reference to Kuznets hypothesis it will again be marked as processed in the original extract and will assume a separate review cycle in SuperMemo
若你决定针对库兹涅茨假说提取单一陈述句，该句将在原提取内容中标记为已处理，并在 SuperMemo 中开启独立的复习周期。
Upon the first review of the extracted sentence, you make further decisions as to its further life in SuperMemo. Let us say, this is the wording of the Kuznets sentence:
对提取句子的首次复习中，你需要决定其在 SuperMemo 中的后续处理方式。假设这是库兹涅茨假说的表述句式：

Acc to Kuznets hypothesis, growth (from the low income levels associated with predominantly agrarian societies) would first lead to an increase, and then to a decrease in income inequality
根据库兹涅茨假说，经济增长（从以农业社会为主的低收入水平起步）将首先导致收入不平等加剧，随后出现下降趋势。
In order to capture the essence, you would probably decide to shorten the above sentence to the following form:
为了抓住精髓，你可能会决定将上述句子简化为以下形式：

Acc to Kuznets hypothesis, growth would first lead to an increase, and then to a decrease in income inequality
根据库兹涅茨假说，增长最初会导致收入不平等加剧，随后则会使其减少
At the same time, other parts of the same parent article might establish a memory trace that would say that Kuznets hypothesis has been based on relatively weak empirical data. Moreover, recent research clearly indicates that the hypothesis is false (growth actually seems to equally benefit both the poor and the rich). You could then enhance the extract with words controversial or even recently falsified. For example:
与此同时，同一母文章的其他部分可能会形成这样的记忆痕迹：库兹涅茨假说的实证基础相对薄弱。此外，最新研究明确指出该假说不成立（实际上增长似乎对贫富阶层都有同等益处）。此时你可以用”存在争议”甚至”近期被证伪”等表述来强化摘录内容。例如：

Recently falsified Kuznets hypothesis claimed that growth would first lead to an increase, and then to a decrease in income inequality
近期被证伪的库兹涅茨假说认为，增长会先导致收入不平等加剧，继而使其减少
Upon the next review of the same sentence, you may decide to convert it into a number of cloze deletions. This conversion will be incremental, i.e. you may decide to first create a cloze deletion asking about the name of the controversial hypothesis and only later ask about its actual meaning (the meaning is relatively easier to remember and shall survive longer in your memory without active recall). Your cloze deletion could then look like this:
在下次复习同一句子时，你可以决定将其转换为若干填空式记忆卡片。这种转换将是渐进式的，即你可以先创建一个询问争议性假说名称的填空问题，稍后再询问其实际含义（该含义相对容易记忆，在没有主动回忆的情况下也能在记忆中留存更久）。你的填空问题可能如下所示：

Question: Recently falsified … hypothesis claimed that growth would first lead to an increase, and then to a decrease in income inequality
问题：近期被证伪的…假说声称，经济增长会先导致收入不平等加剧，随后再使其下降
Answer: Kuznets 答案：库兹涅茨

This cloze deletion would again assume a separate life from the original sentence in which the keyword Kuznets will again be marked as processed. This is the original Kuznets sentence with one keyword marked as processed:
该填空卡片会与原始句子分离独立存在，其中关键词”库兹涅茨”将再次被标记为已处理。以下是原始库兹涅茨句子中一个关键词被标记为已处理的状态：

Recently falsified Kuznets hypothesis claimed that growth would first lead to an increase, and then to a decrease in income inequality
近期被证伪的库兹涅茨假说认为，增长会先导致收入不平等加剧，继而使其减少
The same sentence will generate a few separate cloze deletions that will be processed independently. Upon the first review of the cloze deletion created in the previous point, you may decide to simplify it in accordance with the rules of formulating knowledge in learning:
同一个句子将生成几个独立的填空项，这些填空项会被独立处理。在首次复习前一点创建的填空项时，你可以根据学习中的知识表述规则决定是否简化它：

Question: Recently falsified … hypothesis claimed that growth would first lead to an increase in income inequality
问题：最近被证伪的…假说声称，增长首先会导致收入不平等的增加
Answer: Kuznets 答案：库兹涅茨
Upon the next review, you can, but you do not have to, convert the cloze deletion into a standard question-answer item:
在下次复习时，你可以（但非必须）将完形填空转换为标准问答形式的条目：

Question: What is the name of the hypothesis that falsely claims that income inequality initially increases with growth?
问题：哪种假说错误地声称收入不平等会随着经济增长而初期加剧？
Answer: Kuznets hypothesis
答案：库兹涅茨假说
The above question-answer pair is probably as simple as it can only be. Certainly, it is simple enough to be relatively easy to remember. This item will be repeated in intervals determined by SuperMemo. You can decide how well you want to remember it. By default, it will be remembered with 95% probability of recall and require 5-15 repetitions in lifetime. The establishment of durable memory traces in your memory, completes the life cycle of this particular piece of knowledge. The only thing that remains is the memory-sustaining review in intervals ranging from months to years (as determined by SuperMemo)
上述问答对可能是最简形式了。显然，它足够简单，相对容易记忆。该条目将由 SuperMemo 按间隔重复算法安排复习。你可以自行决定希望记忆的程度。默认情况下，该条目将以 95%的回忆概率被记住，并在一生中需要 5-15 次重复。这段知识在你记忆中形成持久的记忆痕迹后，就完成了其特定的生命周期。唯一剩下的就是在数月到数年不等的间隔期（由 SuperMemo 决定）进行维持记忆的复习。
Once you convert all important keywords from the Kuznets hypothesis into separate cloze deletions, you will remove the parenting paragraph from the review process. You will no longer passively review the original declarative hypothesis. You will continue repeating individual clozes and that will ensure your perfect recall of the hypothesis for as long as you deem necessary
一旦你将库兹涅茨假说中所有重要关键词转化为独立的填空测试项，就可以从复习流程中移除父段落。你将不再被动地回顾原始的陈述性假说。通过持续重复单个填空项，就能确保在你认为必要的时间内完美记忆该假说。

6.7 Example: Building comprehension incrementally

示例：逐步构建理解力

It is not unusual to generate a cloze that will keep causing problems. It is not the subject in question, but the complexity of the sentence that seems to send the brain into a panic mode. You may keep re-reading bad clozes and get the impression that at each re-reading the understanding decreases (instead of growing).
生成一个持续引发问题的填空项并不罕见。问题往往不在于主题本身，而是句子的复杂性会让大脑陷入恐慌状态。你可能会反复阅读这些糟糕的填空项，却感觉每次重读时理解程度不增反减。

Here is an example of a bad cloze taken from a real learning process. It caused 5 lapses in succession, and needed special treatment to make it palatable and useful.
这是一个来自真实学习过程的糟糕填空示例。它连续导致 5 次遗忘，需要特殊处理才能变得易于接受且有效。

Question: Companies or other groups are issued emission permits and are required to hold an equivalent number of […] (or credits) which represent the right to emit a specific amount
问题：企业或其他团体被分配排放许可，并要求持有等量的[…]（或信用额），这代表排放特定数量的权利
Answer: allowances 答案：津贴

With some experience, you will quickly notice that the problem resides in the poor quality of the chosen text. Your first red flag should come with “companies or other groups“. Unless you are an insider to the subject, you will instantly wonder what “other groups“ means. If you look at the essence of your question, you will notice that “other groups“ does not add to the core of the question and can easily be skipped. After some analysis, you can make an effort to formulate a straightforward question, however, it is easier and more cost-effective to take an incremental approach (as long as you keep understanding the question, which may not be the case with you).
随着经验的积累，你会很快发现问题出在所选文本的质量不佳上。第一个警示信号应该是“公司或其他团体”。除非你是该主题的业内人士，否则你会立刻疑惑“其他团体”指的是什么。如果你审视问题的核心，会发现“其他团体”并未增加问题的实质内容，完全可以省略。经过一些分析后，你可以努力提出一个直截了当的问题，然而采用渐进式方法更为简便且经济高效（只要你能持续理解问题，但对你而言可能并非如此）。

As soon as you notice that “other groups“ are out of place, you can simplify the cloze:
一旦你注意到“其他团体”不合时宜，就可以简化填空部分：

Question: Companies are issued emission permits and are required to hold an equivalent number of […] (or credits) which represent the right to emit a specific amount
问题：企业会获得排放许可，并被要求持有等量的[…]（或称信用额），这代表排放特定数量的权利
Answer: allowances 答案：津贴

You may also notice that allowances and credits are synonymous (acc. to that particular question), and you may not need to tax your memory with both terms. You can therefore make the question easier:
你或许还会注意到，在该特定问题中，“allowances”和“credits”是同义词，因此无需同时记忆这两个术语。这样一来，你可以简化问题：

Question: Companies are issued emission permits and are required to hold an equivalent number of […] which represent the right to emit a specific amount
问题：企业会获得排放许可证，并被要求持有等量的[…]，这代表了排放特定数量的权利
Answer: allowances/credits
答案：津贴/信用额度

During the next repetition you may wish to simplify the question further. You can now start feeling confident that the question will stick to your memory. If that makes you feel better, you will have made a big step towards better recall:
在下次复习时，你可能会想进一步简化问题。现在你可以开始有信心这个问题会牢牢记住。如果这让你感觉更好，那么你在提高记忆方面已经迈出了一大步：

Question: Companies hold a number of […] which represent the right to emit a specific amount
问题：公司持有一定数量的[…]，这些代表排放特定量的权利
Answer: allowances/credits (emission permits)
答案：津贴/信用额度（排放许可）

Some time in the future, you might take yet another incremental step:
在未来的某个时候，你可能还会采取另一个渐进步骤：

Question: […] represent the right to emit a specific amount (by companies)
问题：[…]代表（公司）排放特定量的权利
Answer: allowances/credits (emission permits)
答：津贴/信用额度（排放许可）

Finally, you may realize that you question is actually a definition of a term (credit/allowance). As such, it does not even need the cloze. You may also notice that the definition misses an important context point. The original question spoke of carbon emissions (which is probably indicated by the Wikipedia references that provide the context of the question).
最终，你可能会意识到你的问题实际上是对一个术语（信用额/配额）的定义。因此，它甚至不需要填空。你可能还会注意到这个定义遗漏了一个重要的上下文点。原问题提到了碳排放（这可能是由维基百科参考文献提供的，为问题设定了背景）。

Question: (What is the name of) the right to emit a specific amount of CO2 (by companies)?
问题：（什么是）企业排放特定量二氧化碳 2 的权利的名称？
Answer: (carbon) permits/allowances/credits
答案：（碳）许可/配额/信用额

With the above definition, learning should finally be easy and fun. Remember that it is a frequently used standard to separate synonyms or equivalent answers with a slash (“/“). This means that any answer will do permits, allowances, or credits. You do not need to list them all and you do not need to remember about semi-obvious carbon prefix.
根据上述定义，学习最终应该变得轻松有趣。请注意，用斜杠（”/“）分隔同义词或等效答案是常用的标准做法。这意味着任何答案都可以是许可、津贴或信用额度。你无需列出所有选项，也不必记住半显性的碳前缀。

Interestingly, it can easily be found that the text comes from May 7, 2010 version of Wikipedia. It was red-flagged with “clarification needed”, which instantly tells you that you are not the only one who got an issue with the paragraph. In such cases blame the author and search for better texts. In this particular example, the Wikipedia text was improved just 2 weeks later, and the current version of Wikipedia holds a better version (Aug 2013).
有趣的是，可以轻易发现这段文字来自 2010 年 5 月 7 日的维基百科版本。它被标记为”需要澄清”，这立刻表明你并非唯一对该段落有疑问的人。遇到这种情况时，应归咎于原作者并寻找更好的文本。在这个具体例子中，维基百科的文本在两周后即得到改进，而当前版本（2013 年 8 月）的内容质量更高。

6.8 Example: Unsuitable texts

示例：不合适的文本

Not all texts are suitable or easy to process with incremental reading. You will not want to process a literary novel with incremental reading. You may still prefer to read it on paper in a bathtub. Examples of texts that are difficult to process are: flowery materials, materials rich in explanations and metaphors, programming code, case studies, mathematical derivations, experimental research documentation, etc. Incremental reading is easiest for encyclopedic materials. Materials that are not suitable will often include a valuable message; however, you will often be better off by phrasing it on your own and processing your summary with incremental reading. For example, you would not want to memorize the Linux source code. However, you could find some specific facts or regularities in the code, describe them shortly and then learn the description incrementally (perhaps with snippet code illustrations).
并非所有文本都适合或易于通过渐进阅读处理。你不会想用渐进阅读来处理一部文学小说。你可能仍然更喜欢在浴缸里阅读纸质版。难以处理的文本类型包括：辞藻华丽的材料、富含解释和隐喻的材料、编程代码、案例研究、数学推导、实验研究文档等。渐进阅读最适合百科全书式的材料。不适合的材料往往包含有价值的信息；然而，你通常最好自己重新表述，并通过渐进阅读处理你的摘要。例如，你不会想记忆 Linux 源代码。但是，你可以找到代码中的一些具体事实或规律，简短地描述它们，然后逐步学习这些描述（或许附带代码片段说明）。

6.8.1 Example 1: Texts that are too general

示例 1：过于笼统的文本

Here is an example paragraph that caused learning problem to a user of SuperMemo:
以下是一个导致 SuperMemo 用户学习问题的示例段落：

A good enterprise architect should enable the right balance between the needs of the organization for an integrated IT strategy, permitting the closest possible synergy across the extended enterprise, and allowing individual business units to innovate safely in their pursuit of competitive advantage.
优秀的企业架构师应当能够在组织对一体化 IT 战略的需求与允许各业务单元安全创新以追求竞争优势之间取得恰当平衡，从而实现整个扩展企业范围内的最大协同效应。

The user wrote: 用户写道：

I have no problem understanding this phrase (synergy across business units must be balanced against freedom to innovate within business units), and I constructed two cloze deletions from it for either side of the balance, and when presented with either question I can fill in the blanks. Yet, I was in a discussion recently defending a synergy position, not realizing that it might jeopardize innovation, not even realizing I had this SuperMemo question pointing it out to me. In other words, even though I can answer the question in SuperMemo, it is not something that stuck in my memory, i.e. the synergy is not associated with freedom-to-innovate and vice versa (maybe it will after this mail). So, I suspect that I am only able to answer the question based on recognition of the question or some such, and not on recognition of the association. I figure that a better way to associate the two would be to ask something like “what must be balanced against each other” but this question would be so general in nature that it would create serious interference with other questions that deal with other aspects of enterprise architecture that need to be balanced against each other. Or I would have to make it more specific, again risking to give away the answer in the question, which would also not cause the association to form.
我完全理解这句话的意思（业务单元间的协同效应必须与业务单元内部的创新自由相平衡），并从中为平衡的两侧分别构建了两个填空问题，当面对任何一个问题时，我都能填上空白。然而，最近在一次讨论中，我却在为协同立场辩护，没有意识到这可能危及创新，甚至没想起 SuperMemo 中有这个问题提醒过我。换句话说，尽管我能在 SuperMemo 中回答这个问题，但它并未真正留在我的记忆中，即协同效应并未与创新自由相关联，反之亦然（也许这封邮件之后会有所改变）。因此，我怀疑自己之所以能回答问题，只是基于对问题的识别或类似原因，而非对关联的认知。我认为，将两者关联起来的更好方式可能是提出类似“什么必须相互平衡”的问题，但这样的问题过于宽泛，会与其他涉及企业架构中需要相互平衡的方面产生严重干扰。或者我必须让它更具体，再次冒着在问题中泄露答案的风险，这同样不会促成关联的形成。

Can you identify a problem here?
你能发现这里的问题吗？

In similar cases, you need to pause to ponder what kind of questions you want to be able to answer having read the passage. If the questions are too general or too obvious, you just need to trust your own intelligence and creativity to be able to answer them on the basis of your experience and more specific questions in the given area of knowledge.
在类似情况下，你需要停下来思考：阅读这段文字后，你希望回答哪些类型的问题。如果问题过于宽泛或过于明显，你只需相信自己的智慧和创造力，凭借自身经验及该知识领域更具体的问题就能作答。

In this case, keywords such as “synergy” or “innovate” might provide a hazy way to capture the meaning of the passage. However, very general texts are not suitable for treatment with cloze deletions. You may waste unnecessary time on re-reading the entire passage at question time, or waste time on simplifying the passage to capture the essence. In school jargon, you might call similar passages “waffle”. They may carry an important message, they may help the flow of text, they might be explanatory, but they do not yield material suitable for memorization. In the extreme case you can juxtapose Wikipedia-like “IT = Information Technology” with obvious “waffle” that cannot be clozed: We should be nice for other people.
这种情况下，像”协同效应”或”创新”这样的关键词可能模糊地捕捉到段落大意。但过于泛泛的文本并不适合用填空删除法处理。你可能会在提问时浪费不必要的时间重读全文，或耗费时间简化段落以提取精髓。用学校术语来说，这类段落可称为”空谈”。它们可能传递重要信息，帮助行文流畅，或具有解释性，但不产生适合记忆的材料。极端情况下，你可以将维基百科式的”IT=信息技术”与无法填空的明显”空谈”并列：我们应当善待他人。

In all sorts of exams, you will always need to tackle lots of “waffle”. You will also meet teachers who demand fluent “waffle” performance. However, this is not the type of knowledge that will make you a better expert or a better person. If you meet “waffle”, pause to think if there are questions that truly flow from the text, or if the text is too general to be handled with SuperMemo. In your case, you might do better by perhaps adding some meatier passages on enterprise synergy or constraints on innovation or… Actually, you are the best person to find supplementary material that will help you better understand the underlying issues.
在各种考试中，你总会遇到大量“空泛内容”。也会碰到要求流利“空谈”表现的老师。然而，这类知识并不能让你成为更优秀的专家或更好的人。若遇到“空泛内容”，不妨暂停思考：文中是否真正衍生出有价值的问题，还是文本过于笼统而不适合用渐进学习法处理？对你而言，或许补充些关于企业协同或创新限制等更具实质性的段落会更有效……实际上，你最适合寻找能帮助深入理解核心问题的补充材料。

If waffle bothers you, try to find a Wikipedia equivalent. Due to the nature of crowdsourcing, Wikipedia lends itself perfectly to incremental processing. Once you get the hang and feel the benefit, you will quickly learn to spot text and passages that are less suitable and provide less benefit when processed with incremental reading.
若空泛内容令你困扰，尝试寻找维基百科的等效条目。由于众包特性，维基百科天然适合渐进式处理。当你掌握要领并感受到益处后，很快就能识别出哪些文本段落较不适合用渐进阅读法处理，且收益较低。

6.8.2 Example 2: Unsuitable text from super-memory.com

示例 2：来自 super-memory.com 的不适用文本

Here is another example that comes from super-memory.com. The text itself is not bad, but it resorts to metaphors that should serve as explanations, not as learning material suitable for generating cloze deletions.
这是另一个来自 super-memory.com 的例子。文本本身并不差，但它使用了隐喻手法，这些隐喻本应作为解释说明，而非适合生成填空测试的学习材料。

Intelligence as processing power: the raw nimbleness and agility of the human mind. When you see a smart student quickly learn new things, think logically, solve puzzles and show uncanny wit, you may say: This guy is really intelligent! See how fast his brain reacts! The student has a fast processor installed and his RAM has a lightning access time. He may though still need a couple of years to “build” good software through years of study. IQ tests attempt to measure this sort of intelligence in abstraction of knowledge. The difficulty of improving processing power by training comes for similar reasons as the fact that programming cannot speed up the processor
智力即处理能力：人类思维原始的敏捷与灵活。当你看到一名聪明的学生快速学习新事物、逻辑思考、解决谜题并展现出非凡机智时，你可能会说：这家伙真聪明！看他大脑反应多快！这名学生装配了高速处理器，其内存访问速度如闪电般迅捷。不过，他可能仍需数年时间通过刻苦学习来“构建”优质软件。智商测试试图在剥离知识的情况下衡量这类智力。通过训练提升处理能力的难度，与编程无法加速处理器的事实出于相似原因。

The above text is metaphorical. It reiterates the same message a few times using different words in an attempt to find a metaphor that will strike a cord with the reader. Consequently, it is enough you extract only the core message. For example:
上述文字采用了隐喻手法。它通过变换措辞多次重申同一核心信息，试图找到一个能引起读者共鸣的比喻。因此，只需提炼出核心信息即可。例如：

Intelligence as processing power: IQ tests attempt to measure this sort of intelligence in abstraction of knowledge
将智力比作处理能力：智商测试试图在剥离知识因素的情况下衡量这类抽象智力

You could also add:
您还可以补充：

Intelligence as processing power: The difficulty of improving processing power by training is similar to the fact that programming cannot speed up the processor
智能即处理能力：通过训练提升处理能力的难度，类似于编程无法加速处理器的道理

Once you learn the above 6 cloze deletions (marked by 6 clozed keywords), you will most likely be able to recall that it should be very difficult to train for an improved score in an ideally designed IQ test.
一旦你学会上述 6 个填空删除项（由 6 个填空关键词标记），你很可能就能回忆起，在一个理想设计的智商测试中，通过训练提高分数应该是极其困难的。

7. What do people say about incremental reading?

人们对渐进阅读有何评价？

Incremental learning has its followers and its hardline critics. The following two sections present both sides of the story.
渐进学习既有追随者也有强硬批评者。接下来的两个部分将呈现双方的观点。

7.1 Incremental reading in the eyes of its users

用户眼中的渐进阅读

Here are a few excerpts from blogs that speak of incremental reading.
以下是几篇提及渐进阅读的博客摘录。

7.1.1 Dealing with information overflow

应对信息过载

At bobo23.net you learn the following:
在 bobo23.net 上，您可以学习以下内容：

You want to read your favorite blogs, you get e-mail newsletters every day, you have websites you check regularly, newsgroups, mailing lists, forums, interesting Wikipedia articles – a lot of digital input you want to keep up with. But unless you make reading on the computer your full time job – you can’t. So how to select the really important stuff out of it?
您想阅读喜爱的博客，每天收到电子邮件通讯，定期查看网站、新闻组、邮件列表、论坛、有趣的维基百科文章——大量数字信息需要跟进。但除非将电脑阅读作为全职工作，否则难以兼顾。那么如何从中筛选真正重要的内容呢？

[…]

This is where the concept of Incremental Reading comes into place. Sometimes you only want to read about a specific topic, sometimes you just want to read a bit of a complicated article or just read about anything randomly to build new connections / enhance creativity. You can all do that with incremental reading and do not have to worry to miss something. Sooner or later (you can influence that) it will appear in your incremental reading process.
这正是渐进式阅读概念的用武之地。有时您只想阅读特定主题，有时仅想浏览复杂文章的一小部分，或随机阅读以建立新联系/激发创造力。通过渐进式阅读，这些都能实现，且无需担心遗漏。或早或晚（您可自行调节），相关内容都会出现在您的渐进阅读流程中。

[…]

You collect all the information you want to process and store them in one place. Then you review all the articles (or any other kind of information) randomly or by category. You can highlight important parts, set a reading point (bookmark), extract fragments and generate Question-Answer items for later repetitions.
你将所有需要处理的信息收集并存储在一个地方。然后随机或按类别浏览所有文章（或其他类型的信息）。你可以高亮重要部分、设置阅读点（书签）、提取片段并生成问答条目供后续复习使用。

To read the entire entry, visit bobo23.net: Incremental Reading - Dealing with Information Overflow
阅读完整条目，请访问 bobo23.net：《渐进阅读——应对信息过载》

7.1.2 Len Budney on incremental reading

伦·巴德尼谈渐进阅读

Len Budney wrote the following:
Len Budney 曾写道：

Incremental reading is another amazing innovation of Supermemo. I haven’t seen or heard about such an idea anywhere else!
渐进阅读是 SuperMemo 另一项惊人的创新。我在其他地方从未见过或听说过这样的理念！

[…]

You are gradually digesting the article into smaller and smaller pieces.
你正在逐步将文章消化成越来越小的片段。

When those pieces have become truly bite-size, you can convert them to real flash-cards. With a single click you can create “fill in the blank” type flash-cards, or you can create a normal question-and-answer flash card. When the nugget of information is converted to a flash card, you can “Forget” that piece of text: you’ve digested it all the way down into facts that you won’t be forgetting!
当这些信息片段变得真正易于消化时，你可以将它们转换为真正的闪卡。只需点击一下，你就能创建”填空”类型的闪卡，或者制作普通的问答式闪卡。当信息块被转化为闪卡后，你可以”忘记”那段文本：你已经将其完全消化为不会遗忘的事实了！

I use the incremental reading feature for reading long, complicated documents, and it’s world’s better than any other method I’ve tried. (And with a PhD in Mathematics, I’ve certainly studied my share of documents!) It forces you to read the important bits very carefully–but still saves you time by helping you to ignore the less important bits. I can’t recommend it highly enough. In fact, I’d give my left arm to get a Palm application which supports incremental reading!
我使用渐进阅读功能来阅读长篇复杂的文档，这比我尝试过的任何其他方法都要好得多。（作为一名数学博士，我当然读过不少文档！）它迫使你非常仔细地阅读重要部分，同时通过帮助你忽略不太重要的部分来节省时间。我强烈推荐它。事实上，我宁愿付出一切代价也要得到一个支持渐进阅读的 Palm 应用程序！

Visit Len Budney’s blog to read the article: Incremental reading
访问 Len Budney 的博客阅读文章：渐进阅读

7.1.3 How to supercharge your language learning

如何加速语言学习

In his blog tmwbuckley writes:
在他的博客中，tmwbuckley 写道：

Incremental reading is a fairly misunderstood feature of SuperMemo. Incremental reading entails importing your reading material into a flashcard. This can be a huge Wikipedia article for instance, or an entire eBook. Whilst reading, if you encounter a word you’re unfamiliar with, you can highlight the sentence or paragraph it sits in and make it into an entirely new flashcard automatically, ready for you to review later on. By highlighting, pressing Alt+X to extract the segment – you will see the section become blue, meaning this part has been extracted to another flashcard. […] Incremental refers to reading the content in small chunks over time, until you’ve read all the material and extracted the information you want from it. You can mark where you’ve reached in the reading material up to using the ‘set the read point’ tool on the Read toolbar, so next time you see the article/chapter/whatever, SuperMemo will display it visibly instead of you scrolling down. […] Once you’ve finished reading the flashcard, and extracted all of the juicy goodness from it, you can delete it using Shift-Ctrl-Enter. This command is different to pure delete, because it will retain all of the flashcards you created from it, whereas delete will cause you to lose these. Which would be a pain in the derriere. SuperMemo, using it’s super-duper algorithm, will schedule the review of these items for you. […] Incremental reading represents a powerful chimera of extensive and intensive reading. And this can be used with anything – news stories, blog posts, Wikipedia articles.
渐进阅读是 SuperMemo 中一个常被误解的功能。渐进阅读意味着将阅读材料导入到一张闪卡中，例如可以是一篇庞大的维基百科文章或整本电子书。在阅读过程中，如果遇到不熟悉的单词，你可以高亮显示其所在的句子或段落，并自动将其制作成一张全新的闪卡，以便日后复习。通过高亮选中后按下 Alt+X 提取片段——你会看到该部分变为蓝色，表示这部分内容已被提取到另一张闪卡中。[…] “渐进”指的是将内容分成小块逐步阅读，直到你读完所有材料并从中提取出所需信息。你可以使用阅读工具栏上的”设置阅读点”工具标记当前阅读进度，这样下次再看到文章/章节等内容时，SuperMemo 会直接显示该位置而非需要手动滚动。[…] 当你完成闪卡的阅读并提取完所有精华内容后，可以使用 Shift-Ctrl-Enter 将其删除。该命令与纯粹的删除不同，因为它会保留你从中创建的所有闪卡，而删除操作将导致你失去这些卡片，这将会相当麻烦。SuperMemo 运用其超级算法，会为你安排这些项目的复习时间表。[…]渐进阅读代表了广泛阅读与精读的强大结合体。这种方法可应用于任何内容——新闻故事、博客文章、维基百科条目。

For the entire article, see: Incremental Reading – How to supercharge your language learning
完整文章请参阅：《渐进阅读——如何为你的语言学习加速》

7.1.4 Taking note: Incremental Reading

笔记：渐进阅读

In a blog devoted to note taking, MK is skeptical when writing about incremental reading.
在一个专注于笔记记录的博客中，MK 对渐进阅读持怀疑态度。

MK introduces the process with these words:
MK 用以下文字介绍这一过程：

The student extracts the most important fragments of individual articles for further review. Extracted fragments are then converted into questions and answers. These in turn become subject to systematic review and repetition that maximizes the long-term recall of the processed texts. The review process is handled by the proven repetition spacing algorithm known as the SuperMemo method.
学生从单篇文章中提取最重要的片段以供进一步复习。提取的片段随后被转化为问题和答案。这些内容进而成为系统复习和重复的对象，以最大化对处理文本的长期记忆。复习过程由经过验证的间隔重复算法——即 SuperMemo 方法——来管理。

MK then voices the reservations:
MK 随后表达了保留意见：

The basic idea is that you “break down” a larger document into smaller chunks in order to learn them by heart. Nothing wrong with that, but this method will not allow you to read thousands of articles at the same time. Nor will it necessarily lead you to understand the big picture.
基本思路是将大文档“拆解”成小片段以便记忆。这本身没错，但该方法无法让你同时阅读数千篇文章，也不一定能帮助你把握整体脉络。

Here is the blog entry from MK: Incremental reading
以下是 MK 的博客文章：渐进式阅读

7.1.4.1 Big picture 大局观

The issue of the big picture has been raised over and over by observers who are not intimate to the incremental learning process. See: Big picture in incremental reading
大图景的问题一再被那些不熟悉渐进学习过程的观察者提出。参见：渐进阅读中的大图景

7.1.4.2 Reading thousands of articles at the same time

同时阅读数千篇文章

As for the phrase “reading thousands of articles at the same time“, we will continue using that catchy phrase. It should be pretty obvious that we do not mean the same “moment of time“ but the same “period of time“. We do not envisage a user with a thousand of monitors, nor a user photoreading thousands of articles flashing in front of his eyes in a second. We, naturally, mean having thousands of articles in the learning process, which, in heavily overloaded collection, may mean that an article will never actually gets read due to scoring too low in priority. For more see: Incremental reading marketed dishonestly
关于“同时阅读数千篇文章”这一表述，我们将继续沿用这个引人注目的说法。显然，我们并非指同一“时间点”，而是指同一“时间段”。我们并非设想用户拥有上千块显示器，也不是指用户在一秒钟内通过照相记忆法快速浏览眼前闪过的数千篇文章。自然，我们指的是在阅读学习过程中同时处理数千篇文章，对于严重超载的收藏库而言，可能意味着某些文章因优先级评分过低而永远无法被实际阅读。更多内容请参阅：《渐进阅读被不诚实地营销》

7.1.5 The way of the ronin: About incremental reading

浪人之道：关于渐进式阅读

The way of the ronin blog says:
浪人之道博客写道：

What have I been doing instead of updating this blog? Mainly modifying and improving the system which I use for studying and starting a new project based in the incremental reading technique.
我最近没有更新博客，主要在做什么？主要是修改和完善用于学习的系统，并基于渐进阅读技术启动一个新项目。

[…]

What I want to speak about it’s my user’s experience after using Anki for a whole year in a regular way and SuperMemo for half year (still doing it) also in a regular way.
我想说的是我作为用户在使用 Anki 一整年（规律使用）和 SuperMemo 半年（仍在继续）后的体验对比。

[…]

SuperMemo has a very complex interface which most of the times makes potential users think twice before buying it.
SuperMemo 的界面非常复杂，这常常让潜在用户在购买前再三犹豫。

[…]

After one week or two of using it I got used to it’s interface. In fact, I realized It was quite intuitive.
使用一两周后，我便习惯了它的界面。实际上，我发现它相当直观。

[…]

What about schools then? Don’t they use the same methods over and over again for years and decades? If all this was true wouldn’t it mean that they should adapt their system to each of their students -which of course they don’t-?
那么学校呢？难道他们不是年复一年、几十年如一日地沿用同样的教学方法吗？如果这一切属实，是否意味着他们应该为每位学生调整教学体系——当然他们并没有这样做？

Read more in Anki vs. SuperMemo
更多内容请阅读《Anki 与 SuperMemo 对比》

7.1.6 How to incrementally read anything

如何渐进式阅读任何内容

LittleFish in his blog writes:
LittleFish 在他的博客中写道：

When I first started using Supermemo, it appeared that Incremental Reading was a valuable feature, but I never really used it. Once I began experimenting with Incremental Reading (Successfully) and adopting the Incremental Reading mindset when I look at learning material, I am now fully convinced of its superiority for nearly all of my intellectual needs. It is light years ahead of its time, and like the core concepts that power Supermemo, eventually it will likely be utilized on almost every level of the educational system (However many years that takes).
当我最初开始使用 Supermemo 时，渐进阅读似乎是个很有价值的功能，但我从未真正使用过。直到我开始尝试（并成功实践）渐进阅读，并在面对学习材料时采用渐进阅读的思维方式后，我现在完全确信它对于我几乎所有的智力需求都具有无可比拟的优越性。这一理念超前时代数光年，就像支撑 Supermemo 的核心概念一样，终有一天它很可能会被应用到教育体系的几乎各个层面（无论这需要多少年）。

[…]

Visit the blog: Supermemo Adventures: How to Incrementally Read Anything
访问博客：Supermemo 冒险之旅：如何渐进式阅读任何内容

7.1.7 Luis Gustavo Neves da Silva on memorization

路易斯·古斯塔沃·内维斯·达席尔瓦谈记忆

Luis Gustavo writes about cramming and wisdom:
Luis Gustavo 撰文探讨死记硬背与智慧的关系：

‘When I learned how to use SuperMemo, one of my first reactions was to show it to everybody around. I was very enthusiastic about the program and its underlying principles. However, I was very disappointed to find out how many people would say: “This is a cramming tool”, “This is just memorizing”, “This has nothing to do with reasoning or intelligence”.
当我学会如何使用 SuperMemo 时，我的第一反应之一就是把它展示给身边的每个人。我对这个程序及其背后的原理充满热情。然而，我失望地发现很多人会说：”这是个死记硬背的工具”、”这只是在记忆”、”这与推理或智力毫无关系”。

[…]

I believe that in our culture we have even developed a sort of fear of memory as a human weakness that would allow us to be manipulated, and even dehumanized. Just take a look at our pop culture. How many movie protagonists’ memories are being erased, changed or manipulated.
我认为在我们的文化中，甚至发展出了一种对记忆的恐惧，将其视为可能让我们被操纵甚至失去人性的弱点。只需看看我们的流行文化，有多少电影主角的记忆被抹除、改变或操控。

[…]

Teachers seems to see no limit in piling up new material in front of the kids and if someone’s memory fails … its all his or her own fault or negligence.
教师们似乎看不到在孩子们面前堆积新材料的极限，如果有人记忆力不佳……那全是他或她自己的过错或疏忽。

[…]

When asked to explain the reason for believing that memorizing is harmful, the supporters of “reasoning” would come up with a confusing and conflicting mix of words such as memorizing, data, information, knowledge and even wisdom. Looking up these words in a dictionary, you will find a lot of circular references, each word being related to or defined by the use of the others.
当被要求解释为何认为记忆有害时，“推理”支持者们会提出一堆令人困惑且自相矛盾的词汇，如记忆、数据、信息、知识甚至智慧。查阅字典你会发现大量循环引用，每个词都与其他词相关联或被其定义。

Read more: It’s more than just memorizing
阅读更多：这不仅仅是记忆

7.1.8 Incremental reading diagram

渐进阅读示意图

banaban.net writes: banaban.net 写道：

I have produced this simple diagram of the incremental reading process. The explanation on the SuperMemo web was too long and too scientific for me, I needed something simple & handy. Hopefully it will also help you to jumpstart into incremental reading with SuperMemo. It only includes the core functionality, for all the bells and whistles, more explanation
我制作了这个简单的渐进阅读流程图。SuperMemo 网站上的解释对我来说太长且过于学术化，我需要一些简单实用的内容。希望这也能帮助你快速上手使用 SuperMemo 进行渐进阅读。图中仅包含核心功能，更多细节和高级功能需要进一步了解。

Note that the diagram uses old icons, old terminology and old keywords.
请注意，该图表使用了旧版图标、旧术语和旧关键词。

7.2 Criticism of incremental reading

对渐进阅读的批评

7.2.1 Incremental reading is useless

渐进阅读毫无用处

Critics of incremental reading are not too numerous or vocal. The credit probably goes to the fact that this technology is relatively new and not too popular beyond SuperMemo insider circles. Nearly all criticism comes from those who never used incremental reading themselves. As such, it hardly ever addresses the substance of the technology. Some of the criticism seem to address the technology in general (e.g. the Internet, the web, computer software, etc).
对渐进阅读的批评者并不多见或声音不大。这可能是因为这项技术相对较新，在 SuperMemo 内部圈子之外并不太流行。几乎所有批评都来自那些从未亲自使用过渐进阅读的人。因此，这些批评很少触及该技术的实质内容。部分批评似乎针对的是广义上的技术（如互联网、网络、计算机软件等）。

For example, Emil K. wrote the following criticism of incremental reading:
例如，Emil K.对渐进阅读提出了如下批评：

Information on the internet is often unreliable
互联网上的信息往往不可靠

It will take a lot of time to find a 100% reliable information on the web
要在网上找到 100%可靠的信息需要花费大量时间

The slow internet connection augments the amount of squandered time dramatically
缓慢的网络连接会极大地增加浪费的时间

Software maintenance wastes more time
软件维护会浪费更多时间

It can be used only when there is a computer available - mostly at home.
只有在有电脑可用时才能使用——大多是在家里。

I believe that my method is better than what you propose:
我认为我的方法比你提出的更好：

Read a book that has been proven excellent by time and by ratings of others who have spent THEIR time exploring the book.
阅读一本经过时间验证且获得其他投入时间探索该书的人高度评价的优秀书籍。

Instead of some software and internet, use a pen and a notebook to scan the book for important information and copy down for later examination/memorization.
与其依赖某些软件和互联网，不如用笔和笔记本浏览书籍以获取重要信息，并抄录下来供后续检查或记忆。

Also, copy down the source and the date so that when creativity comes, the sources are reliable - it will be a disaster to waste plethora of time on a research only to find out in the end that the sources did not have any statistical significance. Magazines like Nature and Science already publish the worthiest of all research articles. Books by Feynman, Borh, Dirac, and Einstein are already the best in the field. Thus, my letter is a cogent polemic that refutes SuperMemo.
同时，记录下来源和日期，这样当灵感来临时，信息来源是可靠的——若耗费大量时间研究后才发现所用资料缺乏统计意义，那将是一场灾难。《自然》和《科学》等杂志已刊载了最具价值的研究论文。费曼、玻尔、狄拉克和爱因斯坦的著作已是该领域的顶尖之作。因此，我的信函是一篇有力驳斥 SuperMemo 的评论文章。

7.2.2 Observer’s Opinion: Why I would not use incremental learning?

观察者观点：为何我不会采用渐进学习法？

Here is an exemplary opinion of an observer who is focused on problem solving and short-term goals. For this observer, lifelong learning is understood as “I learn what I need right now“. Naturally, this approach is missing an important factor: learning in anticipation.
以下是一位专注于解决问题和短期目标的观察者的典型观点。对于这位观察者来说，终身学习被理解为“我现在需要什么就学什么”。当然，这种方法忽略了一个重要因素：预见性学习。

Massive learning  大规模学习

I do not care about massive learning. I solve problems. I learn as much as I need to solve the problem. After the problem is solved, I go to another. I do not care about long-term knowledge. I am technical. Knowledge in my field goes out-of-date in 2-3 years.
我不关心大规模学习。我解决问题。我学习解决问题所需的知识。问题解决后，我就转向下一个。我不在乎长期知识。我是技术型的。在我的领域，知识两三年就会过时。

Lifetime memories  终身记忆

I do not care about lifetime memories. I learn for short-term projects. My memory is good. I am a good problem solver.
我不在乎终身记忆。我为短期项目而学习。我的记忆力很好。我是个优秀的解决问题者。

High retention  高保留率

As I learn for short-term, my retention is always high (within the scope of my needs).
由于我是为了短期学习，我的知识保留率总是很高（在我的需求范围内）。

Comprehension  理解力

I understand my texts well enough. If something is unclear, I look for better texts.
我能充分理解我的学习材料。如果有不清楚的地方，我会寻找更好的资料。

Uniform progress  均匀进展

I do not care about learning “nothing about everything”. I learn stuff that I need here and now. Why waste time and memory space on memorizing British monarchs. That’s good for kids at school, not for a real problem solver.
我不在乎学习“对一切一无所知”。我只学当下需要的东西。何必浪费时间记忆英国历代君主，那是学校孩子的事，不是真正问题解决者该做的。

Creativity  创造力

I am creative enough. Thank you. I do not need to mix up domains of knowledge in hope of some elusive Nobel-winning discovery. I solve problems. I keep all my knowledge in my head. I put the pieces together when I need them. I do not have problems with creativity.
我的创造力足够用了，谢谢。我不需要为了某个难以捉摸的诺贝尔级发现而混搭知识领域。我解决问题。所有知识都储存在我脑中，需要时自会拼凑起来。我从不缺乏创造力。

Consistency  一致性

I instantly recognize contradictions when reading about the materials of interest. I work for short-term projects, keep all my knowledge in memory, and instantly know if something fits or does not fit the model. This is a non-issue!
在阅读感兴趣的材料时，我能立即识别出矛盾之处。我从事短期项目工作，将所有知识储存在记忆中，瞬间就能判断某内容是否符合模型。这根本不是问题！

Stresslessness  无压力

I love my job. I do not consider it stressful. Just the opposite. I think struggling with complexities of SuperMemo might give me a heart attack!
我热爱我的工作，并不觉得有压力。恰恰相反，我认为与 SuperMemo 的复杂功能搏斗才可能让我心脏病发作！

Attention  注意力

I am passionate about my job. I do not force myself to learn boring stuff. My attention is excellent.
我对工作充满热情，从不强迫自己学习枯燥的内容。我的注意力非常集中。

Consolidation  巩固

I do not work on projects that drag for years. I do not need to consolidate. I learn what I need, solve a problem, and move on.
我不参与那些拖延数年的项目。我不需要整合。我学习所需知识，解决问题，然后继续前进。

Prioritization  优先级排序

I prioritize by what I need at the moment. I need A, I read A. I need B, I read B. In problem solving, rarely do you need to read dozens of articles at the same frame of time. You read what you need and fix things.
我根据当下需求确定优先级。需要 A，我就读 A；需要 B，我就读 B。解决问题时，很少需要在同一时间段阅读大量文章。按需阅读，解决问题即可。

Speed (of reading)  阅读速度

I read fast enough. I have no idea how interrupted reading could be faster than normal reading or skimming.
我阅读速度足够快。无法理解间断阅读怎能比正常阅读或略读更快。

Speed (of formulating items)
条目构建速度

I do not need items.
我不需要物品。

Meticulousness  一丝不苟

I am very meticulous. I do not need help in that department.
我非常细致认真，在这方面不需要帮助。

Training  训练

The training in skills that one is supposed to develop with incremental learning is irrelevant. The skills are either of little value for me, or I get them in the course of my work anyway.
渐进学习中要求培养的技能训练与我无关。这些技能要么对我价值不大，要么我在工作过程中自然就能掌握。

Recognizing suitable texts - all texts are suitable if they lead me to a goal. I Google, I read, I solve. Period.
识别合适的文本——只要能帮我达成目标，所有文本都合适。我搜索、阅读、解决问题，就这么简单。

Formulating knowledge - why waste time on formulating anything? I read and work. I need no intermediary time waster.
知识表述——何必浪费时间在表述上？我直接阅读和工作。不需要这种中间环节的时间浪费。

Mnemonic skills - all those mind maps sound like a monumental waste of time.
记忆技巧——那些思维导图之类的东西听起来就是巨大的时间浪费。

Speed-reading skills - my speed of reading is fast enough for my needs.
快速阅读技能——我的阅读速度已经足够满足需求。

Semantic skills - I develop these in the course of normal reading too. I agree. The more you read, the better you get at understanding what you read.
语义理解技能——这些能力在常规阅读过程中也会自然提升。我同意。读得越多，理解能力就越强。

Prioritization skills - I do not prioritize my reading. I read and execute.
优先级划分技能——我阅读时不做优先级区分，边读边执行。

Editing and SuperMemo skills - SuperMemo is one thing I really do not need.
编辑与 SuperMemo 技能——SuperMemo 是我完全不需要的工具。

Fun  乐趣

I am not sure how adding complexity to your life with the concept of incremental learning can be more fun than just doing great things, doing them well, and having people praise your for the good you have accomplished.
我不确定，在生活已经足够复杂的情况下，引入渐进式学习的概念如何能比单纯地做伟大的事情、把它们做好、并因你的成就获得人们的赞美更有趣。

7.2.3 SuperMemo user’s opinion: Why I do not use incremental reading?

SuperMemo 用户观点：为何我不使用渐进阅读？

Here is an exemplary opinion of a user of SuperMemo who understands incremental reading, and still has many reservations:
这是一位理解渐进阅读的 SuperMemo 用户的典型意见，但仍持诸多保留态度：

I have been using SuperMemo for 19 years now (with occasional breaks). I understand the concept of incremental reading pretty well. I read about it a lot. Many times I thought of trying it. However, I am still not convinced that I should embark on this journey. Please see my story. I will gladly hear your opinion. Am I mistaken or am I different, you think? Or is the incremental reading picture a bit too rosy?
我使用 SuperMemo 已有 19 年（期间偶有间断）。我相当理解渐进阅读的概念，也阅读了大量相关资料。多次想过尝试，但仍不确定是否该踏上这段旅程。请参阅我的经历。我很乐意听取您的意见。您认为我是误解了，还是与众不同？又或者渐进阅读的描绘是否过于美好？

Learned read-only mentality
习得的只读心态

I started making repetitions years back with a goal to improving my English. To do that, I relied on learning with a ready-made Advanced English collection containing 40,000+ words and phrases. The learning material was comprehensive (far exceeding my needs), and the default learning process efficient enough to quickly propel me into good command of the language. Encouraged by the results I kept exploring the program but rarely took advantage of the ever-expanding gamut of SuperMemo’s new advanced options. It seemed as if I hadn’t really needed them to get the results I wanted (at least in the English language department). All I did was make outstanding repetitions, memorize my daily quota of new words and phrases, and, occasionally, add a piece of vocabulary or grammar which wasn’t originally in the collection.
多年前我开始进行复习，目标是提升我的英语水平。为此，我依赖于一个现成的高级英语学习集，其中包含 40,000 多个单词和短语。学习材料非常全面（远超我的需求），默认的学习过程也足够高效，能迅速让我掌握这门语言。受到成果的鼓舞，我继续探索这个程序，但很少利用 SuperMemo 不断扩展的新高级选项。似乎我并不真正需要它们来获得我想要的结果（至少在英语语言方面）。我所做的只是进行出色的复习，记忆每日配额的新单词和短语，偶尔添加一些原本不在学习集中的词汇或语法。

Incompatibility of my profession with incremental approach
我的职业与渐进式学习法的不兼容性

As for my other learning needs, they start with my professional life which happens to be computer programming. And it seems like an area of knowledge which is not particularly well-suited for declarative learning. Furthermore, Dr Wozniak himself admits learning materials for programming are not suitable for processing with incremental reading. In other words, I seem to be unable to realize the promise of incremental reading in my life’s vocation thus leaving me less determined to explore it for other domains.
至于我的其他学习需求，它们始于我的职业生涯——计算机编程。这个知识领域似乎并不特别适合陈述性学习。此外，沃兹尼亚克博士本人也承认，编程的学习材料不适合用渐进阅读来处理。换句话说，我似乎无法在我毕生的事业中实现渐进阅读的承诺，这让我对其他领域探索它的决心也有所减弱。

Stress factor 压力因素

I believe that I have achieved a pretty good mastery of SuperMemo over the years. It does not mean though that SuperMemo still isn’t able to throw a curve ball every now and then. Take the Spread priorities feature for instance. When I first checked it, I was greeted with 0!!! against the yellow background in one of the fields: Step. I tried to change the value but no matter what I did I kept coming back to square one. As it turned out, it was SuperMemo’s way of telling me there aren’t enough priority positions for the subset I selected. SuperMemo may lack in the implementation department, even though it tries to address this, many times, at great length, in the documentation. In other words, with enough persistence you can find your way around the program. This journey of discovery may be stressful but nowhere near as much as the whole idea of incremental reading if you give it a careful thought. In fact, the more I read about it (at an attempt to dispel my doubts), the more stressful it becomes. Particularly, the entire prioritization stage seems overwhelming (to the point of nausea). The advantages you so diligently describe may all be true (although some are far from obvious and/or instant). Most of those advantage will hold only as long as you set the priorities right. But the entire process seems like a wild goose chase to me (not only because the priority queue is relative in its design). It would be interesting to know how much the student actually spends on priorities in the course of a daily learning session. For example, take a priority scale. In its relative variation (i.e. when expressed as percentage), it ranges from 1 to 100 which is simply too wide (the creators of the ABC analysis recognized that long time ago). I remember reading somewhere SuperMemo novices find it hard to grade yourself on the 6-piece scale. This now seems like a breeze as compared with giving a priority to a piece of knowledge. I understand the intention for more granular control but it is simply mind-boggling. To make matters worse, there are a number of processes (both manual/conscious and (semi-)automatic/unconscious) that erode your painstakingly set priority hierarchy. I do not mind when it actually changes but what if I accidentally stumble against an item whose priority I set as important, it still remains important, but somehow ended up in the later stages of the priority queue (and, from all what I have read, it is more than a remote possibility). When I read the article, I am often reminded of the following quote by Margaret Thatcher: “I do not know anyone who has got to the top without hard work. That is the recipe. It will not always get you to the top, but should get you pretty near.“ It holds a great promise but it is far from guarantee. I believe, I recognize really well how complex incremental reading actually is, and having that clearly in mind, I conclude your advantages section offers even less in the form of guarantee. You can invest a whole lot of time, and in the end SuperMemo will only make you realize how dismal you are at managing it all (because, make no mistake, you need to carefully manage it). The toolset may be rich but is it natural? Furthermore, it all depends on the correct input. Your advantages include uniform progress. Yeah, right. Developing tunnel vision when you import and process a large number of articles related to a single topic is as much if not (considering our human deficiencies) more likely.
我相信多年来我已经相当熟练地掌握了 SuperMemo。但这并不意味着 SuperMemo 偶尔不会抛出难题。以“Spread priorities”功能为例，当我首次查看时，其中一个字段“Step”在黄色背景上赫然显示着 0!!!。我尝试修改这个值，但无论如何操作，结果总是回到原点。后来发现，这是 SuperMemo 在提示我所选的子集没有足够的优先级位置。尽管 SuperMemo 在文档中多次详尽地尝试解决这个问题，但其实现部分可能仍有不足。换句话说，只要足够坚持，你总能找到使用这个程序的方法。这种探索过程或许令人倍感压力，但若仔细思考，其压力程度远不及渐进阅读的整体概念。事实上，我越是阅读相关材料（试图消除疑虑），反而感到压力越大——尤其是整个优先级排序阶段，其复杂程度简直令人窒息（甚至到了反胃的地步）。你如此详尽描述的优点可能都成立（尽管其中一些远非显而易见且/或立竿见影）。这些优势大多只有在正确设定优先级的前提下才能持续。但整个过程在我看来犹如追逐野鹅（不仅因为优先级队列在设计上具有相对性）。若能了解学生在日常学习环节中实际花费多少时间处理优先级会很有趣。例如，以优先级量表为例。在其相对变化形式中（即用百分比表示时），其范围从 1 到 100，这显然过于宽泛（ABC 分析法的创建者很早以前就意识到了这一点）。我记得曾读到过，SuperMemo 新手觉得在 6 分量表上给自己评分很困难。与给知识点分配优先级相比，这现在简直是小菜一碟。我理解追求更精细控制的初衷，但这实在令人费解。更糟的是，存在许多流程（包括手动/有意识和（半）自动/无意识的）会逐渐侵蚀你精心建立的优先级体系。我不介意它实际何时改变，但如果我不小心碰到一个我标记为重要的项目，它仍然保持重要，却不知何故落到了优先级队列的后期阶段（根据我所读到的内容，这远非小概率事件）。阅读这篇文章时，我常想起玛格丽特·撒切尔的一句话：”我不知道有谁不靠努力就能登上顶峰。这就是秘诀。它不总能让你登顶，但应该能让你接近顶峰。” 这话虽充满希望，却远非保证。我认为，我非常清楚渐进阅读实际上有多复杂，清楚地意识到这一点后，我得出结论：你们的优势部分提供的保证甚至更少。你可能投入大量时间，最终 SuperMemo 只会让你意识到自己在管理这一切上有多糟糕（因为，别搞错，你需要仔细管理）。工具集可能很丰富，但它自然吗？此外，一切都取决于正确的输入。你们的优势包括均匀的进展。是啊，没错。在处理和导入大量与单一主题相关的文章时，产生视野狭窄的情况（考虑到人类的局限性）即使不是更可能发生，也是同样常见的。

7.2.3.1 Comment: You need to try incremental approach to get a good feel

评论：你需要尝试渐进式方法才能获得良好体验

In the section Incremental learning is not for everyone, you can read about personality factors that may conspire to make you fail with incremental learning. It is hard to make a prediction on the basis of your text. The fact that you studied incremental reading is a very good predictor of success. On the other hand, the fact that the mere concept of priority queue can generate stress, tells you a lot about your personality. You might just be one of those who excel at theory and fail in practical situations for a number of reasons. You should definitely give incremental learning a try and see how it works. If frustrations keep multiplying beyond the first two months of use, your chances may drop. It is vital to start from simplest concepts: import, extract and cloze. All the remaining tools should wait for their turn until you start enjoying the process. For the same reason, you should start from learning about things you love (not about algebra or economics). Your hobby, your pet, your favorite sport, health, your favorite music band, your favorite actor or actress, etc. Use Wikipedia as its texts are well-suited for incremental reading. Only after 2-3 months, when you start sensing the new quality of knowledge emerge in your mind, will you be able to anchor emotionally in the process and find sufficient motivation to overcome successive obstacles.
在“渐进学习并不适合所有人”这一部分，你可以了解到可能导致渐进学习失败的性格因素。仅凭你的文字很难做出预测。你学习过渐进阅读这一事实是成功的一个很好的预测指标。另一方面，优先级队列这一概念本身就会让你感到压力，这很大程度上反映了你的性格。你可能就是那种擅长理论但在实践中因各种原因失败的人。你绝对应该尝试渐进学习，看看效果如何。如果在使用的前两个月后，挫败感不断增加，那么你成功的可能性可能会下降。从最简单的概念开始至关重要：导入、提取和填空。其他所有工具都应等到你开始享受这个过程后再使用。出于同样的原因，你应该从学习你喜欢的事物开始（而不是代数或经济学）。你的爱好、宠物、最喜欢的运动、健康、最喜欢的乐队、最喜欢的演员或女演员等等。使用维基百科，因为它的文本非常适合渐进阅读。只有在 2-3 个月后，当你开始感受到脑海中涌现出的知识新质时，你才能在情感上锚定这一过程，并找到足够的动力去克服接踵而至的障碍。

Short comments on the rest of your text:
对你其余文本的简短评论：

tunnel vision: experience shows that incremental learning favors broad learning as opposed to developing a tunnel vision. After all, the more you know, the more you know you do not know. You are more likely to have your day monopolized by a single topic when you do traditional reading or browsing. In incremental learning you face the whole spectrum of your knowledge (with a natural bias towards your interests). Unpredictability of incremental learning sequences, also in different moods or different contexts (e.g. change of interest), increases the quality of the creative processes. This is where curiosity is born. You are more likely to become interested with a seemingly irrelevant detail when you have a peaceful time allocation typical of incremental learning. This is how you keep branching to new areas. This branching is less likely when you work in conditions of stress, time constraints, and information overload, typical to free browsing on the net. In free browsing, you can open 20 browser tabs and struggle with the right course of action: read now, make favorite, save to disk, skim, give up, etc. In incremental learning, you just import all tabs, and return to your main line of thought. Naturally, it helps greatly if you prioritize the tabs. This is a way of consolidating new interests as opposed to giving them just a temporary brush. SuperMemo’s capacity to prevent tunnel vision is mentioned amongst its advantages. See: Advantages of incremental learning: Uniform progress
隧道视野：经验表明，渐进式学习更倾向于广泛学习，而非形成隧道视野。毕竟，你知道得越多，就越明白自己未知的领域有多广。传统阅读或浏览时，单一主题更容易占据你的一整天。而在渐进式学习中，你面对的是知识的全貌（自然偏向你的兴趣）。渐进学习序列的不可预测性，加上不同情绪或情境（如兴趣转变），能提升创意过程的质量。这正是好奇心诞生的地方。当拥有渐进式学习特有的平和时间分配时，你更可能对看似无关的细节产生兴趣。这就是你不断向新领域分支的方式。而在压力、时间限制和信息过载（网络自由浏览的典型特征）下，这种分支现象就较少发生。自由浏览时，你可能打开 20 个浏览器标签页，却纠结于该采取何种行动：立即阅读、收藏、保存到磁盘、略读还是放弃等等。在渐进学习中，你只需导入所有标签页，然后回到你的主要思路。当然，如果能优先处理这些标签页会大有帮助。这是一种巩固新兴趣的方式，而不是仅仅给予它们暂时的关注。SuperMemo 防止视野狭窄的能力被列为其优势之一。参见：渐进学习的优势：均匀进步
wild goose chase: the way shifting priorities work in SuperMemo is exactly how priorities behave in real life situations: your yesterday’s interests are ruthlessly replaced by today’s interests, and so on. This is a wild goose chase indeed. But the fault is not with SuperMemo, but with human nature. Please recall that incremental reading started from reading lists. Priority bias could result in having a thousand or ten thousand top priority articles. This situation was not manageable and not rational. With relative priorities you can observe the process, and work to improve your strategies, and your personal honesty about priorities. This will not stop the wild goose chase, but you have a range of tools to correct your mistakes (e.g. when discovering a neglected portion of the material). However long you think about it, you are not likely to find a better remedy to your knowledge greed than a simple priority queue! You have signaled the problem, but you neglect the fact that in real life, the problem is incomparably greater. In SuperMemo, if you discover neglected material, you can up-prioritize it. In traditional learning, you forget the material and the problem itself. It is better to chase the goose that to have it swept under the carpet.
徒劳无功：SuperMemo 中优先级的变化方式与现实生活中的优先级行为如出一辙：你昨天的兴趣会被今天的兴趣无情取代，如此循环。这确实是一场徒劳无功的追逐。但问题不在于 SuperMemo，而在于人性。请记住，渐进阅读始于阅读列表。优先级偏差可能导致你标记了成千上万篇”最高优先级”文章。这种情况既难以管理也不合理。通过相对优先级，你可以观察这一过程，努力改进策略并提升对优先级设定的诚实度。这虽无法阻止追逐，但提供了一系列修正错误的工具（例如发现被忽视的学习材料时）。无论你如何苦思冥想，对于知识贪婪的补救措施，恐怕再难找到比简单优先级队列更好的方案！你指出了问题，却忽略了现实世界中这个问题要严重得多的事实。在 SuperMemo 中，若发现被忽视的材料，你可以提升其优先级；而传统学习中，你不仅会遗忘材料，连问题本身也会被遗忘。与其让问题被掩盖，不如主动去解决它。
stress: if the prioritization process is stressful, you can initially ignore the priority queue. You will needed it only when your collection grows beyond a manageable size. You can then gradually introduce various prioritization levels. For example, you can have a shy start with just two levels: Important: 22% and Unimportant: 88%. You will soon discover that you need more precision, esp. that you will never escape the feeling “this article must land in top 3 articles“, which at some point may mean you need decimal places or referencing the priority queue by position.
压力提示：如果优先级排序过程让你感到压力，初期可以忽略优先级队列。只有当你的收集内容增长到难以管理的规模时，才真正需要它。之后你可以逐步引入不同的优先级级别。例如，开始时可以保守地只设两个级别：重要（22%）和不重要（88%）。很快你会发现需要更精确的划分，尤其是当你始终无法摆脱“这篇文章必须排进前三名”的念头时——这意味着未来可能需要使用小数位或通过位置来引用优先级队列。
user friendliness: the problem of Step in Spread priorities is typical of SuperMemo, which claims to be unfriendly for novices to better satisfy the pros. This option might display a message: “You are trying to squeeze more elements into the range than the size of the range“. However, this would make pros apoplectic, as it is very easy to input wrong data. You do not want to waste time on clicking away the message. A pro will just want to correct the input. This problem cannot be remedied by File : Level because Spread priorities is available only at advanced levels. This means that the user should already be inured to the fact that the first use of any function in SuperMemo may be difficult. A more sophisticated solution, e.g. a wizard or messages incorporated in the dialog, would probably not pass Value/Time criterion on the ever-bloating SuperMemo tasklist. You are right, SuperMemo is not nice for novices. If you have simpler solution ideas, please mail them. They are always read carefully.
用户友好性：Spread 优先级中的 Step 问题是 SuperMemo 的典型特点，它声称对新手不够友好，以更好地满足专业人士的需求。此选项可能会显示一条消息：“您试图将更多元素挤入范围，超出了范围大小”。然而，这会让专业人士感到愤怒，因为很容易输入错误数据。您不希望浪费时间点击关闭消息。专业人士只想纠正输入。这个问题无法通过“文件：级别”来解决，因为 Spread 优先级仅在高级级别可用。这意味着用户应该已经适应了 SuperMemo 中任何功能的首次使用可能很困难的事实。更复杂的解决方案，例如向导或对话框中嵌入的消息，可能无法通过日益膨胀的 SuperMemo 任务列表上的 Value/Time 标准。您是对的，SuperMemo 对新手并不友好。如果您有更简单的解决方案想法，请发邮件。它们总是会被仔细阅读。
programming: it is not true that incremental reading is unsuitable for programmers (for example see: SuperMemo as a new tool for programmers). This misunderstanding might come from statements such as “computer code is not suitable as text to be processed with incremental reading“, even though it is conceivable that incremental reading might be useful in code analysis (e.g. when a large number of well-encapsulated short procedures of different priority needs to be reviewed).
编程：认为渐进阅读不适合程序员（例如参见：SuperMemo 作为程序员的新工具）的说法并不正确。这种误解可能源于诸如“计算机代码不适合作为渐进阅读处理的文本”这样的声明，尽管可以想象渐进阅读在代码分析中可能有用（例如，当需要审查大量封装良好、优先级不同的短程序时）。

8. Priority queue 优先级队列

8.1 Priority queue: Introduction

优先级队列：简介

Human knowledge resources are vast. Our appetite to acquire knowledge is usually exceeding our learning capacity. Incremental learning makes it easy to import huge volumes of knowledge. However, if you cannot effectively process all that imported knowledge, you risk neglecting high priority material by being overwhelmed by subjects that might be relegated to later study. This state of affair was the main reason for introducing priorities in SuperMemo.
人类知识资源浩瀚无垠。我们的学习欲望往往超出自身的学习能力。渐进式学习使得导入海量知识变得轻松。然而，若无法有效处理这些导入的知识，你可能会因被那些可延后学习的课题淹没，而忽视高优先级材料。这种情况正是 SuperMemo 引入优先级机制的主要原因。

In incremental learning, all elements are organized into a sequence determined by their priority. That sequence is called the priority queue. The priority is determined by the importance of the element for a particular student. Elements with lower priorities will be sacrificed first when the student runs out of learning time on a given day. As a result, only high-priority elements will receive the desired level of recall/retention. At any point in time, elements with lower priorities will be more likely to be discovered as forgotten.
在渐进学习中，所有元素按照其优先级组织成一个序列，这个序列称为优先级队列。优先级由元素对特定学生的重要性决定。当学生在某一天的学习时间不足时，优先级较低的元素将首先被牺牲。因此，只有高优先级的元素才能达到预期的回忆/保留水平。在任何时候，优先级较低的元素更有可能被发现已被遗忘。

During learning, on a given day, elements with highest priorities are processed first.
在学习过程中，某一天内，优先级最高的元素会首先被处理。

If you do not finish your learning for a day, do not despair. With the priority queue, you know you did your best and only lower priority material was left behind. Remember to use auto-sort and auto-postpone to make the most of the priority queue.
如果某天未能完成学习任务，请不要气馁。优先级队列能确保你已尽力而为，遗留的只是较低优先级的内容。记得利用自动排序和自动延期功能，充分发挥优先级队列的效用。

8.2 Can we learn the entire Encyclopedia Britannica?

我们能学会整部《大英百科全书》吗？

Early in the learning process, many students do not bother to prioritize their learning material. This attitude is caused by two factors:
在学习初期，许多学生不愿费心对学习材料进行优先级排序。这种态度源于两个因素：

smaller volume of memorized material early in the process (and lesser cost of review)
学习初期记忆材料总量较少（且复习成本较低）
false conviction that human memory is vast enough to hold all that dream knowledge
错误地坚信人类记忆足以容纳所有那些梦境知识

Do you think you are able to memorize the entire Encyclopedia Britannica line by line, fact for fact?
你认为自己能够逐行逐句、事无巨细地记住整部《大英百科全书》吗？

Chances are your answer might be: “I might be too lazy, I might be too busy, but if I had all the time of my day for the job, I would”. Or perhaps “I might not, but I have heard of geniuses able to do it! How about Kim Peek?”. If you believe the encyclopedia is within the realm of possible, you will soon realize that you desperately need the priority queue to help you overcome a big surprise: our memory is far more limited than you think!
很可能你的回答会是：“我可能太懒了，我可能太忙了，但如果我有一整天的时间来做这件事，我会的。”或者也许是“我可能做不到，但我听说过有天才能做到！比如金·皮克怎么样？”如果你认为百科全书是可能实现的，你很快就会意识到你迫切需要优先级队列来帮助你克服一个大大的意外：我们的记忆力比你想象的要有限得多！

Assuming we do not deal with humans affected with a mutation to their memory system, memorizing Britannica would falsify the theory of SuperMemo which should apply to all healthy adults. In the light of SuperMemo, memorizing Britannica verges on impossible. There are 44 million words in Britannica’s 32 volumes. This translates to 6 million SuperMemo items (“human memory bits”) assuming the average keyword extraction on information dense texts as 1:7. Assuming a 50-year learning span, we get to 18,250 days and 330 items per day. Assuming optimum representation of knowledge (say Britannica is already “perfectly formulated“) you cannot learn faster for a given level of knowledge retention than with SuperMemo (it simply finds the mathematical optimum). Practice shows it is very difficult to sustain more than 100 items per day in the long run with retention around 95%. In other words, for an intelligent man, for perfectly formulated Britannica knowledge, with SuperMemo, you are hardly able to accomplish the goal with your whole life devoted to the task!
假设我们不考虑那些记忆系统发生突变的人类，那么记忆《大英百科全书》将会证伪适用于所有健康成年人的 SuperMemo 理论。从 SuperMemo 的角度来看，记忆《大英百科全书》近乎不可能。该百科全书 32 卷共包含 4400 万单词，按信息密集文本平均 1:7 的关键词提取比例计算，相当于 600 万个 SuperMemo 记忆项（“人类记忆单元”）。若以 50 年的学习周期计算，共有 18,250 天，每天需记忆 330 个条目。即使假设知识呈现已达最优状态（即《大英百科全书》已“完美编排”），对于特定知识保留率而言，使用 SuperMemo 的学习效率已无法更快（因其本身就是数学最优解）。实践表明，长期维持每日 100 个以上条目且保持约 95%的记忆留存率极为困难。换言之，即便对于高智商者，面对完美编排的《大英百科全书》知识，终其一生使用 SuperMemo 也几乎无法完成该目标！

8.3 Volume vs. retention battle in learning

学习中的数量与记忆保持之战

Incremental reading makes it easy to import large volumes of learning material from the Internet. By default, all imported material enters the learning process. As a result, large volumes of unprocessed information begin to compete for your attention with most important pieces of knowledge that you decided to remember. It is a clash of priorities. On one hand you want to ensure high retention of your mission-critical knowledge (as in classical SuperMemo), on the other, you want to devour more and more new knowledge.
渐进阅读使得从互联网导入大量学习材料变得轻而易举。默认情况下，所有导入的材料都会进入学习流程。结果，大量未经处理的信息开始与你决定记忆的最重要知识点争夺注意力。这是一场优先级之争：一方面，你需要确保对关键知识保持高留存率（如经典 SuperMemo 那样）；另一方面，你又渴望吸收越来越多的新知识。

Before SuperMemo, your learning would largely be based on reading and reviewing books or your own notes. With older SuperMemos, you would divide your time between reading (on paper) and repetitions (on the computer). With incremental reading, those competing processes were blended into one. You can read and review concurrently in SuperMemo. However, for the most avid incremental readers, the balance of priority will always dangerously shift in favor of new reading at the cost of the previously acquired knowledge. This comes from human nature. New reading provides instant gratification: “Today, I have learned something new. I am wiser now”. Reviewing the material you already know will always feel like a burden. We are always unhappy with our forgetful memory. It always feels that the nature should have given us a natural choice of what to forget and what to remember without the painful effort of reviewing what we already know.
在 SuperMemo 出现之前，你的学习主要依赖于阅读和复习书籍或自己的笔记。使用旧版 SuperMemo 时，你会将时间分配在纸质阅读和电脑复习之间。而通过渐进阅读，这些相互竞争的过程被融合为一体。你可以在 SuperMemo 中同时进行阅读和复习。然而，对于最热忱的渐进阅读者来说，优先级的平衡总会危险地向新阅读倾斜，以牺牲已掌握知识为代价。这源于人类天性——新阅读能带来即时满足感：”今天我学到了新东西，现在更聪明了”。而复习已知材料总让人感觉是种负担。我们总对自己健忘的记忆感到不满，总觉得大自然本应赋予我们天然的选择能力，无需痛苦地复习已知内容就能决定遗忘什么、记住什么。

To settle the Volume-vs-Retention battle and to resolve the perpetual clash of priorities, you need better weapons than those made available by older SuperMemos. Before the arrival of the priority queue (2006), you would need to use a complex set of tools to employ massive learning and still protect the retention of your most important knowledge. You would use complex concepts such as A-Factors, forgetting index, subset learning, selective postpones, repetition sorting, etc. These tools were poorly automated and required substantial effort and knowledge on your part. In practice, most incremental readers would have to opt for the simplest prioritization tool: moderation. You could best protect your previous investment in learning by limiting your hunger for knowledge.
为了解决学习量与记忆保持之间的博弈，调和优先级之间永恒的冲突，你需要比旧版 SuperMemo 提供的更强大的工具。在优先级队列出现之前（2006 年），你需要运用一系列复杂工具来实现大规模学习，同时保护最重要知识的记忆留存。这包括使用 A 因子、遗忘指数、子集学习、选择性延迟、复习排序等复杂概念。这些工具自动化程度低，需要用户投入大量精力并具备专业知识。实践中，大多数渐进阅读者不得不选择最简单的优先级工具：适度原则。通过抑制对知识的贪婪渴望，才能最好地保护你之前在学习上的投入。

Newer SuperMemos use a simple and fully automated mechanism that will help you combine high volumes of reading with high retention of the most important material. This mechanism is based on the concept of the priority queue.
新版 SuperMemo 采用了一种简单且全自动的机制，帮助你实现海量阅读与重要材料高记忆保持的双重目标。该机制的核心就是优先级队列概念。

8.4 Priority bias in incremental reading

渐进阅读中的优先级偏差

In SuperMemo, each element receives a priority from 0% to 100%. Elements sorted by their priority form the priority queue. An element‘s priority can also be expressed as its position in the priority queue. The most important element in your collection will sit at Position=1 of the priority queue. The queue is a relative queue. This means that if you, for example, insert an important article at Position=3, all items and articles at higher positions will be shifted by one position up in the queue (i.e. towards lower priority). Thus the element at Position=999 will be pushed to Position=1000, while the element previously sitting at Position=3 will now occupy Position=4. The first two elements in the queue, i.e. Position=1 and Position=2, will not move. The relative nature of the priority queue will help you instantly inspect the current priority of each element in your collection. In earlier versions of SuperMemo, you could observe crowding of elements at high-priority ranks. For example, you could amass a large number of topics with [A-Factor](https://help.supermemo.org/wiki/Glossary:A-Factor "Glossary:A-Factor")=1.01 and be practically unable to prioritize within that group. ([A-Factor](https://help.supermemo.org/wiki/Glossary:A-Factor "Glossary:A-Factor")=1.01 is the lowest possible and would correspond to the highest priority).
在 SuperMemo 中，每个元素会获得从 0% 到 100% 的优先级。按优先级排序的元素形成优先级队列。元素的优先级也可表示为它在队列中的位置。您学习集里最重要的元素将位于优先级队列的 Position=1 位置。该队列是相对队列，这意味着如果您在 Position=3 位置插入一篇重要文章，所有更高位置的条目和文章都会在队列中向上移动一位（即向更低优先级方向）。因此，原本位于 Position=999 的元素会被推到 Position=1000 ，而原先位于 Position=3 的元素将占据 Position=4 位置。队列前两位元素（即 Position=1 和 Position=2 ）则不会移动。优先级队列的相对性设计能帮助您快速查看当前集合中每个元素的优先级。在早期版本的 SuperMemo 中，可能会出现高优先级等级元素堆积现象。例如，您可能积累了大量 [A-Factor](https://help.supermemo.org/wiki/Glossary:A-Factor "Glossary:A-Factor")=1.01 优先级的主题，却难以在该组内进一步区分优先级。（注： [A-Factor](https://help.supermemo.org/wiki/Glossary:A-Factor "Glossary:A-Factor")=1.01 是可能的最低值，对应最高优先级）

The fundamental rationale for using a relative priority queue is the existence of a form of cognitive bias, which we will call the priority bias. This bias makes us always think that the newly found article is extremely important to read. The new article feels so important, because we underestimate the value of all the previously imported articles. Our memory is unable to produce an effective estimate of the importance of the current mass of remembered knowledge. Even less so is it capable of producing a remotely accurate estimate of the importance of the mass of knowledge stored in your incremental reading process (of which, usually, only a tiny fraction is part of your long-term memories). The net effect is that we always underestimate the volume of what we know, the volume of what we keep in incremental reading, and the importance distribution of those volumes of knowledge. This psychological mechanism is also the primary force that works against the universal adoption of SuperMemo. Humans are, by biological design, very weak at estimating the size of their knowledge, the cost of learning, and the power of forgetting. As a result, without an intimate knowledge of what SuperMemo is, individuals rarely ever pause to sense the need to use spaced repetition. This underestimation effect is by far more damaging in the case of incremental learning, which is far more complex and has still not been explained in sufficiently simple and catchy terms.
使用相对优先级队列的基本原理在于存在一种认知偏差形式，我们称之为优先级偏差。这种偏差使我们总是认为新发现的文章极其重要、必须阅读。新文章之所以显得如此重要，是因为我们低估了之前导入的所有文章的价值。我们的记忆无法对当前所记住的知识总量产生有效的重要性评估，更不用说对渐进阅读过程中存储的知识总量（通常只有极小部分会成为长期记忆）做出哪怕略微准确的评估了。最终结果是，我们总是低估自己所知知识的体量、渐进阅读中保留知识的体量，以及这些知识体量的重要性分布。这种心理机制也是阻碍 SuperMemo 被普遍采用的主要力量。从生物学设计来看，人类在评估自身知识规模、学习成本和遗忘力量方面存在天然缺陷。因此，如果不深入了解 SuperMemo 是什么，人们很少会停下来意识到需要使用间隔重复。这种低估效应在渐进学习的情况下更为有害，因为渐进学习要复杂得多，而且至今仍未用足够简单和引人入胜的术语解释清楚。

By employing the priority queue, SuperMemo will help you visualize the priority bias and the process in which large volumes of new material quickly displace the old material from your learning focus. Moreover, SuperMemo highly automates the process in which you can handle material overflow and reconcile high retention with high volumes of learning. Incremental reading has always boasted of its capacity to bring the volume of learning to unprecedented levels. With the priority queue, you can nearly take away the moderation factor and increase the volume of learning even further without undue worry about your hard-earned knowledge.
通过采用优先级队列，SuperMemo 将帮助您可视化优先级偏差以及大量新材料迅速取代旧材料在您学习焦点中的过程。此外，SuperMemo 高度自动化了处理材料溢出及在高学习量下保持高记忆保留率的流程。渐进式阅读一直以其能将学习量提升至前所未有的水平而自豪。借助优先级队列，您几乎可以消除调节因素，进一步增加学习量，而无需过度担忧来之不易的知识。

8.5 Priority queue in SuperMemo

SuperMemo 中的优先级队列

You can define the element‘s priority by:
您可以通过以下方式定义元素的优先级：

pressing Alt+P, 按下 Alt+P，
by clicking the Priority button () on the learnbar, or
或点击学习栏上的优先级按钮（）。
by choosing Learning : Priority : Modify on the element menu.
通过选择元素菜单中的“学习：优先级：修改”来实现。

To set the element‘s priority, you can either choose the position of the element in the priority queue (from 1 to Total), or you can choose the percent value (from 0% to 100%). **Position**=1 corresponds to **Percent**=0%. Similarly, **Position**=**[Total](https://help.supermemo.org/wiki/Statistics#Total "Statistics")** corresponds to **Percent**=100%.
要设置元素的优先级，你可以选择元素在优先级队列中的位置（从 1 到 Total），或者选择百分比值（从 0% 到 100% ）。 **Position**=1 对应 **Percent**=0% 。同样地， **Position**=**[Total](https://help.supermemo.org/wiki/Statistics#Total "Statistics")** 对应 **Percent**=100% 。

Low position and low percent mean high priority! This counterintuitive choice was made due to the fact that you are more likely to choose a high priority of 0% or 1% than the low priority of 99% or 100%. Typing the number 2 takes much less time than typing the number 98 (roughly 3-4 times less). As you are likely to set priority manually many times in the course of a single learning session, this counterintuitive choice will save you a lot of typing time over years of learning. In the long run, you will probably be grateful for things set upside down in SuperMemo!
低位置和低百分比意味着高优先级！这个反直觉的选择是因为你更可能选择 0% 或 1% 的高优先级，而不是 99% 或 100% 的低优先级。输入数字 2 比输入数字 98 耗时少得多（大约节省 3-4 倍时间）。由于在一个学习会话中你可能多次手动设置优先级，这个反直觉的选择将在多年的学习中为你节省大量输入时间。长远来看，你可能会对 SuperMemo 中这种”颠倒”的设置心存感激！

You can use Learning : Priority : Increase on the element menu (Shift+Ctrl+Up arrow) to increase the priority of an element, or Learning : Priority : Decrease (Shift+Ctrl+Down arrow) to decrease it. Those operations also affect the A-Factor of topics.
你可以使用元素菜单中的”学习：优先级：提高”（Shift+Ctrl+上箭头）来提升元素的优先级，或使用”学习：优先级：降低”（Shift+Ctrl+下箭头）来降低优先级。这些操作也会影响主题的 A-因子。

You can view your entire priority queue with View : Priority queue on the main menu.
您可以通过主菜单中的”查看：优先级队列”来查看整个优先级队列。

8.6 Prioritization is difficult before it becomes easy

优先级排序在变得简单之前总是困难的

Everyone struggles with priorities as it is very hard to admit things are not as important as they seem. Of good things, there is a correlation between the hunger for knowledge and creativity. If you struggle with priorities and overflow then it might be a good indicator, as long as you win the battle and learn to prioritize honestly.
每个人都为优先级而纠结，因为很难承认事情并不像它们看起来那么重要。在美好的事物中，对知识的渴望与创造力之间存在关联。如果你为优先级和任务过载而挣扎，这可能是个好迹象——只要你赢得这场战斗并学会诚实地确定优先级。

To prioritize well, you only need to know that the most important material has priority 0%, while your least important material is 100%. You need to develop a sense for where, in the queue, a piece of information belongs. If you think that everything is “top priority” then you are clearly at the beginning of the road. Pick two items and ask yourself a question: “If I was to forget/delete one, which one would that be?” This exercise will help you see different applications of different items and different value behind the applications. Another exercise is: try to give items as low priority as you can stomach. Can you make it 10%? Would you be hurt if it was 20%? Would the world collapse if it was 66%? With some conscious effort you will realize that you can live without some portions of your knowledge (after all, most people do not use SuperMemo at all and survive ok). Over months of training, you will get better at this.
要有效设定优先级，只需知道最重要的材料优先级为 0% ，而最不重要的材料为 100% 。您需要培养一种直觉，判断每条信息在队列中的合适位置。如果您认为所有内容都是”最高优先级”，那显然还处于起步阶段。试着挑选两个项目并自问：”如果必须忘记/删除其中一个，会是哪一个？”这个练习能帮助您看清不同项目的应用场景及其背后的价值差异。另一个练习是：尝试将项目优先级设到您能接受的最低程度。能否设为 10%？设为 20%会令您困扰吗？设为 66%会让世界崩塌吗？通过有意识的努力，您会意识到某些知识其实可以舍弃（毕竟大多数人根本不使用 SuperMemo 也能过得不错）。经过数月的训练，您在这方面的判断会越来越精准。

If you keep peeking at the Protection statistic, you may also realize that sending items beyond your average priority protection will help you clear them from view for a while. This way, if you have created too many cloze deletions that crowd your process, you might actually enjoy sending most of them out of the protected zone, and focus on just one or two that capture the essence of knowledge you are trying to learn.
如果你一直关注保护统计数据，可能还会发现，将项目发送到超出平均优先级保护范围之外，可以帮助你暂时将它们从视野中清除。这样一来，如果你创建了太多挤占学习进程的填空项，实际上可能会乐于将其中大部分移出保护区，只专注于一两个能抓住你试图学习知识精髓的项目。

SuperMemo will not help you much in the prioritization work unless you manually play with intervals (e.g. by saying “this cannot wait 30 days, I must see it in 11“). This tell SuperMemo that the priority must increase slightly.
除非你手动调整间隔（例如说“这个不能等 30 天，我必须在 11 天内看到”），否则 SuperMemo 在优先级排序工作上对你帮助不大。这告诉 SuperMemo 优先级需要略微提高。

8.7 Sorting repetitions 重复排序

In a high-volume incremental reading process, you will be served more elements in a single day than you could possibly manage to process in a week (or worse). It is therefore vital that you begin your review process from elements of the highest priority. Low-priority elements might linger in the queue for months or years. High-priority items should be reviewed at the exact time that SuperMemo finds optimum. Only this way will you be able to meet your requested forgetting index criteria for high-priority material while still being under no pressure to limit your hunger for knowledge. In simpler terms, in an overloaded learning process, the SuperMemo promise of “excellent memory” will only apply to your top-priority material. The lower the priority, the lower the retention (see: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Graphs : Forgetting index vs. Priority for empirical evidence).
在高强度的渐进阅读过程中，你一天内接收到的条目数量可能超过一周能处理的范围（甚至更糟）。因此，从最高优先级的条目开始复习至关重要。低优先级条目可能在队列中滞留数月或数年。高优先级项目应在 SuperMemo 计算出的最佳时间点进行复习。只有这样，你才能在满足高优先级材料所要求的遗忘指数标准的同时，仍无需抑制对知识的渴望。简而言之，在超负荷的学习过程中，SuperMemo 承诺的“卓越记忆”仅适用于你的最高优先级材料。优先级越低，记忆保留率也越低（参见：工具包→统计→分析→图表→遗忘指数与优先级关系以获取实证数据）。

By default, your repetitions will be auto-sorted at the beginning of each learning day (unless you uncheck Learn : Sorting : Auto-sort repetitions). This means that the elements reviewed on a given day will be ordered by priority. In addition to auto-sorting, you can also sort the learning queue manually at any time with Learn : Sorting : Sort now.
默认情况下，您的复习内容会在每个学习日开始前自动排序（除非您取消勾选“学习：排序：自动排序复习”）。这意味着当天要复习的知识点将按优先级排序。除了自动排序外，您还可以随时通过“学习：排序：立即排序”手动调整学习队列的顺序。

You will quickly discover that a precise sort executed strictly along the priority criteria has serious flaws. On one hand, due to the priority bias, you will quickly displace older high-quality material with whatever dominates your current interests. That would be a throwback to your pre-SuperMemo times when you kept reading new material, while forgetting your previous investment in learning. New material always feels very important and will always show a tendency to shift all your previous learning towards lower priority. In addition, you might overwhelm your classical SuperMemo repetitions (i.e. question-and-answer review) with the inflow of new articles to read. Again, instead of making sure your previous investment becomes durable, you keep rushing through new material and forgetting the old.
您很快会发现，严格按优先级标准执行的精确排序存在严重缺陷。一方面，由于优先级偏差，您会迅速用当前兴趣主导的新内容取代那些积累已久的高质量材料。这将使您退回到使用 SuperMemo 之前的状态——不断阅读新材料，却遗忘之前的学习投入。新内容总是显得格外重要，并会不断将您之前的学习内容推向更低优先级。此外，大量涌入的新文章可能会淹没您传统的 SuperMemo 复习（即问答式复习）。如此一来，您非但无法确保之前的学习成果得到巩固，反而会不断追逐新材料而遗忘旧知识。

SuperMemo solves the problems of the priority bias and the problem of the massive inflow of topics by letting you define:
SuperMemo 通过允许您定义以下内容，解决了优先级偏差和大量主题涌入的问题：

the proportion of topics in learning, and
学习中主题所占的比例，以及
a degree to which the learning queue is randomized.
学习队列随机化的程度。

Figure: Sorting criteria in SuperMemo. Only a small proportion of time-consuming topics is allowed in the learning queue. This proportion is chosen to maximize the fun and efficiency of learning: sufficient inflow of new material combined with the necessary review of your previous investment. Some degree of randomization in the learning sequence is permitted. This way you can re-discover precious articles that were displaced in priority by a massive inflow of new material. In the presented example, topics show a higher degree of randomization than items.
图：SuperMemo 中的排序标准。学习队列中仅允许少量耗时主题的存在。这一比例的设定旨在最大化学习的乐趣与效率：新材料的充分输入与对先前学习投入的必要复习相结合。学习序列中允许一定程度的随机化。这样，您可以重新发现那些因大量新材料涌入而被优先级挤占的珍贵文章。在所示示例中，主题比项目显示出更高的随机化程度。

You can determine the sorting criteria by using Learn : Sorting : Sorting criteria. You need to adjust the proportion of topics and the degree of randomization by trial and error. This will all depend on your goals and preferences. If you admit too few topics in the process, you will not gain much new knowledge. If you allow too many topics, you will start forgetting previously learned material. If you randomize the learning queue too much, the whole prioritization mechanism will unravel, and your retention of high-priority material will drop. If you sort repetitions strictly by priority, the new material will keep displacing the old material due to the priority bias. Even for item repetitions, where the priority bias is less prominent, a degree of randomization will help you increase the priority of less appreciated items, disperse clozes generated from the same extract, and compensate some loss in retention by improving the overall speed of learning (through spacing effect).
您可以通过使用“学习：排序：排序标准”来确定排序标准。您需要通过反复试验来调整主题比例和随机化程度。这将完全取决于您的目标和偏好。如果在过程中引入的主题过少，您将无法获得太多新知识；如果允许的主题过多，您会开始遗忘先前学过的内容。若对学习队列过度随机化，整个优先级机制将失效，导致高优先级材料的记忆保持率下降。若严格按优先级排序复习，新材料的优先级偏差会不断挤占旧材料的空间。即便对于优先级偏差不明显的项目复习，适度随机化也有助于提升被忽视项目的优先级、分散同一摘录生成的填空项，并通过间隔效应提高整体学习速度来弥补部分记忆保持率的损失。

Proportion of topics tells you how many topics you will be served during your repetitions as compared with items. If you want to ensure that you keep a high retention of previously added material (as per SuperMemo definition), you cannot overload the learning process with new material (new topics) because you will not have enough time left to do your daily item review. In a healthy learning process, you should limit the inflow of topics to 1:4 or less (i.e. allow of repeating at least 4 items per each topic served).
主题比例告诉你，在复习过程中，与项目相比，你将处理多少主题。如果你想确保对之前添加的材料保持高保留率（根据 SuperMemo 的定义），就不能用新材料（新主题）过度填充学习过程，因为你将没有足够的时间来完成每日的项目复习。在一个健康的学习过程中，你应该将主题的流入限制在 1:4 或更低（即每处理一个主题，至少允许复习 4 个项目）。

8.8 Random repetitions 随机复习

To make sure you have a good understanding of the contents and distribution of the learning material in your collection, you should make randomized repetitions from time to time. This is to prevent tunnel vision and priority bias. You can randomize repetitions with Learn : Random : Randomize repetitions, or with Toolkit : Mercy with Criteria : Sorting options set to Randomize.
为确保充分理解学习材料的内容及其在知识库中的分布情况，应定期进行随机复习。这有助于避免视野局限和优先级偏差。可通过“学习：随机：随机复习”功能实现，或使用“工具包：仁慈模式”并设置“排序选项”为“随机化”来完成随机复习。

Occasional random repetitions may be quite revealing as they will not favor any portions of your material. Your learning will not be biased by an increased proportion of elements such as: short-interval elements, long-interval elements, specific element types (e.g. articles, extracts, cloze deletions, etc.), element content (e.g. a specific branch of the knowledge tree), the degree of element processing, nor (most importantly) the element‘s priority. Random repetitions will help you understand the possible negative trends such as an excessive inflow of new material, low retention due to frequent rescheduling, poor formulation of newly created cloze deletions, low quality or applicability of the acquired knowledge, excessive emphasis on certain subject at the cost of other subjects, etc. Most importantly though, random repetitions should help you sense the power of the priority bias. You will notice that you will instantly be tempted to up-prioritize large sections of the material that has slipped your attention while focusing on new imports.
偶尔的随机复习可能相当具有启发性，因为它们不会偏袒学习材料中的任何部分。你的学习不会因以下因素而出现偏差：短间隔元素、长间隔元素、特定元素类型（如文章、摘录、填空删除等）、元素内容（如知识树的特定分支）、元素处理程度，以及（最重要的）元素的优先级。随机复习将帮助你理解可能的负面趋势，例如新材料的过度流入、因频繁重新安排而导致的低保留率、新创建的填空删除表述不佳、所学知识的质量或适用性低、过度强调某些主题而牺牲其他主题等。然而，最重要的是，随机复习应帮助你感受到优先级偏差的力量。你会注意到，在专注于新导入内容时，你会立即倾向于提高那些被忽视的大段材料的优先级。

8.9 Prioritization rulebook 优先级规则手册

Learn to work on priorities of new elements. Try to visualize the entire collection and learn to position elements in the spectrum of your entire knowledge. Try to ignore urgency, and to focus on the lifetime priority of knowledge (unless under a pressure of a deadline or an exam). If all your new elements get priorities of 1-10%, you know you are not being honest. Some of the new material must be down to 80-90%. There are things that you want to know, but you do not really need to know. Add them to your collection, but give them an honestly low priority. Do you learn about movie stars? That’s ok. However, unless you want to be an actor yourself (or similar), you should rather give the stars the deserved 95-99%.
学会处理新元素的优先级。尝试在脑海中构建整个知识集合的图景，学会将每个元素定位在你全部知识光谱中的位置。尽量忽略紧迫性，专注于知识的终身价值（除非面临截止日期或考试压力）。如果你所有新元素的优先级都设为 1-10%，说明你并未诚实地评估。部分新内容理应达到 80-90%的优先级。有些知识你希望了解，但并非真正必需。将它们纳入收藏时，请诚实地给予较低优先级。比如学习影星资讯？这没问题。但除非你想成为演员（或相关职业），否则应该给这类内容 95-99%的合理低优先级。
Early in the process, you may find it hard to sense the difference between 30% and 60% priority. Or you may keep setting the priority always to 1%. The fact that SuperMemo displays the priority at four decimal places may make you feel your prioritizations are not adequate. Ignore those feelings. You can start from a 3 point scale: 1%, 33%, and 88%. The more you prioritize, the more natural and automatic it feels. Be patient.
在初期阶段，你可能难以感知 30%与 60%优先级的区别，或者总是习惯性地设为 1%。SuperMemo 显示四位小数优先级的方式可能让你觉得自己的设定不够精确。不必在意这些感觉。你可以从三级标准开始：1%、33%和 88%。优先级设定练习得越多，这个过程就会越自然流畅。保持耐心。
Deprioritization is very hard and very painful, however, it might be a key to your success in a heavily overloaded collection. It is very easy to wish to up-prioritize nearly anything. You need to train your brain to permit low priorities! You need to let some knowledge go (at least to lower priority areas)! You cannot know everything that you want to know! (unless you want to know little)
降低优先级是非常困难且痛苦的，然而，在严重超载的知识库中，这可能是你成功的关键。人们很容易想要提升几乎所有事情的优先级。你需要训练自己的大脑接受低优先级！你必须学会放弃某些知识（至少将其移至低优先级区域）！你不可能掌握所有你想知道的事情！（除非你只想了解很少的内容）
Regularly inspect Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Priority protection : Items (Shift+Alt+A opens this tab as you left it last time). Priority protection is the most honest indicator of what proportion of your collection can actually meet your requested forgetting index criteria. For example, if your Priority protection stand at 3%, you know that no knowledge in the 3%-100% priority bracket is safe! If you keep overrating priorities, items will crowd at high priority positions and the Priority protection parameter will be very low. If you are honest, you will increase that value and make it easier to protect top priority items from being delayed and possibly forgotten. You will be amazed how fast you can increase Priority protection with a focused effort and deprioritization in just a few days (let alone over a longer period)! See the example in the picture below. Such efforts will do miracles to the quality of your knowledge. Importance should always overrule urgency and emotion.
定期检查工具包：统计：分析：使用：优先级保护：项目（Shift+Alt+A 可打开上次离开时的该标签页）。优先级保护是最诚实的指标，能反映你的知识库中实际有多少比例的内容能满足你设定的遗忘指数标准。例如，若优先级保护显示为 3%，你就知道优先级在 3%-100%区间的知识都不安全！如果持续高估优先级，项目会堆积在高优先级位置，导致优先级保护参数极低。若诚实评估，你将提高该数值，更轻松地保护高优先级项目免遭延迟甚至遗忘。只需几天专注调整优先级（更不用说长期坚持），你会惊讶于优先级保护提升的速度！参见下图示例。这样的努力将为你的知识质量带来奇迹。重要性永远应凌驾于紧迫性和情绪之上。
Regulary inspect Toolkit : Statistics : Statistics : Protection. This parameters tells you how far you managed to cut into your top priority material in a given session (this is an equivalent of Priority protection for a single day). If those numbers get very low, you need to start deprioritizing your items (or topics). You do not need to cut your import appetites as long as you keep priorities reasonable.
定期检查工具包：统计：统计：保护。此参数显示你在当前学习会话中对最高优先级材料的处理进度（相当于单日的优先级保护）。若数值过低，则需开始降低项目（或主题）的优先级。只要保持优先级合理，无需抑制导入内容的欲望。
The most important moments to prioritize elements or element sets:
为知识条目或条目集设定优先级的最重要时机：
- at item failure, you need to rethink the priority. Items that fail often are the biggest contributor to slowed progress. Reducing their priority is one way of remedying this (and possibly helping your memory by inducing the spacing effect or reducing interference)
  当项目记忆失败时，需重新评估其优先级。频繁失败的项目是拖慢学习进度的主要因素。降低其优先级是解决方式之一（同时可能通过诱导间隔效应或减少干扰来帮助记忆）
- at article import, high priority will ensure early reading, however, once you get to reading, you may want to deprioritize and only give high priority to important extracts! You can set the priority for the entire article and split it all in one go (while reading or by an auto-split). It is however much easier to split the article incrementally as you progress with reading, and only then spread the priorities of all children elements with Priority : Spread on the browser processing menu. Once you finish reading the article, some of the generated extracts and clozes will be given higher priority (as per your decision), while most elements will get their priority set automatically on the basis of article’s priority. This will usually be a priority that is higher than deserved. Hence Priority : Spread is recommended each time you complete reading an article
  在文章导入时，高优先级会确保文章被优先阅读，然而一旦开始阅读，你可能需要降低优先级，仅对重要摘录保持高优先级！你可以为整篇文章设置优先级并一次性拆分（在阅读时或通过自动拆分）。但更简便的做法是随着阅读进度逐步拆分文章，随后通过浏览器处理菜单中的“优先级：分散”功能统一调整所有子元素的优先级。完成文章阅读后，部分生成的摘录和填空项会被赋予更高优先级（根据你的判断），而大多数元素的优先级将基于文章优先级自动设定——这通常会高于实际应得的优先级。因此建议在每次完成文章阅读后执行“优先级：分散”操作。
- it makes sense to give new clozes a very high priority to make sure they are reviewed at least once to “hatch” in your memory. However, once the first repetition ends with success and your future recall at longer intervals is a bit more likely, you can provide a more honest priority, which is usually lower than when first prioritizing extracts for the sake of generating cloze deletions. If you are still worried about possible forgetting, you can wait with establishing the honest priority until the 3rd or 4th review. The longer you wait, the greater the chance you will forget something truly important in the meantime.
  为新创建的填空项赋予非常高的优先级是有道理的，以确保它们至少被复习一次以在你的记忆中“孵化”。然而，一旦首次复习成功完成，且未来在更长间隔后的回忆可能性有所提高，你就可以提供一个更真实的优先级，这通常比最初为了生成填空项而优先提取内容时的优先级要低。如果你仍然担心可能会遗忘，可以等到第 3 次或第 4 次复习时再确定真实的优先级。等待的时间越长，在此期间遗忘真正重要内容的可能性就越大。
If you hesitate between a lower priority and a higher priority, a lower priority is nearly always better! (due to the priority bias that is likely to crowd your learning process)
如果你在低优先级和高优先级之间犹豫不决，选择低优先级几乎总是更优！（因为优先级偏差可能会干扰你的学习进程）
If you skip some of your daily repetition sessions, item protection will drop (as indicated by Priority protection in Analysis : Use). If you do not prioritize well, item protection will drop as well. The best way to keep item protection high is to learn regularly, learn a lot, and provide honest priority evaluations
如果跳过部分日常复习环节，项目保护级别会下降（如分析：使用中的“优先级保护”所示）。若优先级设置不当，项目保护同样会降低。保持高项目保护的最佳方式是定期学习、大量学习并诚实地评估优先级。
Your measured forgetting index will increase if you are honest with priorities in an overloaded collection. However, it will more honestly reflect your actual knowledge of the material in the collection. To see how forgetting index changes with priority, see Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Graphs : Forgetting index vs. Priority
在超负荷的知识库中如实设置优先级时，实测遗忘指数会上升。但这将更真实地反映你对知识库内容的实际掌握情况。要查看遗忘指数如何随优先级变化，请访问工具包：统计：分析：图表：遗忘指数 vs 优先级。
If you manually change the interval, element priorities will change. If you shorten the interval, the priority will automatically increase. If you delay the next repetition, the priority will drop.
手动调整间隔时间会改变元素优先级。缩短间隔时间将自动提升优先级，而延迟下次复习则会降低优先级。
Priority protection can at times drop by a huge margin in a single day. This is not a reason to worry, as long as this does not become a trend. For example, if you discover a set of clozes whose priority is too low, and you increase that priority in the entire set, all items that have been outstanding, but not at the front of the outstanding queue, will affect the item protection measurement on the next day. This is a one-day phenomenon. However, you will also notice a destructive impact of massive up-prioritizations. It is easy to say “that branch is very important”, and very difficult to undo the damage by indiscriminate change of priorities.
优先级保护有时会在一天内大幅下降。只要不形成趋势，这无需担忧。例如，若发现一组填空项的优先级过低，并在整个集合中提升优先级后，所有积压但未处于待处理队列前端的项目都会在次日影响项目保护度量。这是单日现象。然而，大规模提升优先级的破坏性影响也不容忽视。轻易断言”该分支极其重要”很简单，但 indiscriminate 的优先级调整所造成的损害却难以挽回。
If you are curious which postponed item reduced your item protection (Priority protection), choose View : Recent : Postponed, choose Child : Items on the browser menu, and sort by priority (e.g. by clicking the Prior column heading). The offending item should land on top. It will tell how your item protection dropped. This is the highest priority item missed on the previous day of learning.
若想查看具体哪个延期项目降低了您的项目保护（优先级保护），请选择视图 : 最近 : 已延期，在浏览器菜单中选择子项 : 项目列表，并按优先级排序（如点击 Prior 列标题）。违规项目将置顶显示，并说明项目保护下降的原因。这是前一天学习中被遗漏的最高优先级项目。
A simple way to get the feel of the relative importance of an article is to look at the After and Before fields in the Element priority dialog box (Alt+P).
了解文章相对重要性的简单方法是查看元素优先级对话框（Alt+P）中的“之后”和“之前”字段。

Figure: A simple way to get the feel of the relative importance of a given element is to look at the After and Before fields in the Element priority dialog box (Alt+P). In the picture, an extract from a Wikipedia article about the glymphatic system receives priority 42%. This priority is comparable with topics about morpheeins and about the autapse term.
图示：了解某元素相对重要性的简单方法是查看元素优先级对话框（Alt+P）中的“之后”和“之前”字段。图中，一篇关于类淋巴系统的维基百科文章摘录获得了 42%的优先级。该优先级与关于变形蛋白和自突触术语的主题相当。
The main difference between lifelong learning and school learning is that schools artificially distort the priority of the learning material. Before an exam, a section of material must receive high priority and high processing, while after the exam, the same material must be realistically re-assessed (which usually means a manifold decrease in priority and heavy dilution of the overload).
终身学习与学校学习的主要区别在于，学校人为扭曲了学习材料的优先级。考试前，某部分材料必须获得高优先级和深度处理，而考试后，同一材料需进行现实性重新评估（通常意味着优先级大幅下降并显著稀释过载）。

8.10 Priority queue: Summary 优先级队列：摘要

SuperMemo uses a priority queue in which all elements are arranged by their priority in the learning process
SuperMemo 在优先级队列中按学习过程中的优先级排列所有元素
The highest priority is 0%. The lowest priority is 100%
最高优先级为 0% ，最低优先级为 100%
SuperMemo can auto-postpone the excess of the outstanding material
SuperMemo 可自动推迟超额待学材料
SuperMemo uses the priority queue to auto-sort the learning queue. This means that each day, you will first be served high-priority elements
SuperMemo 使用优先级队列自动排序学习队列，这意味着每天会优先处理高优先级项目
Priority queue softens the need for moderation in learning; however, it does not entirely solve the priority bias
优先级队列缓解了学习中适度性的需求，但并未完全解决优先级偏差问题。
SuperMemo automates moderation by strictly limiting the inflow of topics into the learning process
SuperMemo 通过严格限制主题流入学习过程来实现自动化调节
SuperMemo helps you combat the priority bias by a user-defined degree of randomization in sorting the learning queue
SuperMemo 通过用户定义的学习队列排序随机化程度，帮助你对抗优先级偏差
In a heavily overloaded learning process, the retention of low-priority material will drop substantially
在严重超载的学习过程中，低优先级材料的记忆保持率会大幅下降
Deprioritization of elements is painful, but it is a key to your long-term success. Due to the priority bias, lower priority is nearly always better than a higher priority!
降低元素优先级是痛苦的，但这是长期成功的关键。由于优先级偏差的存在，低优先级几乎总是优于高优先级！
Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Priority protection : Items can be used to inspect the degree of item protection in an overloaded learning process
工具包 : 统计 : 分析 : 使用 : 优先级保护 : 在超负荷的学习过程中，可通过条目检查项目受保护的程度
Toolkit : Statistics : Statistics : Protection can be used to inspect one’s progress in processing top priority material on a given day
工具包 : 统计 : 统计 : 保护功能可用于检查某天处理最高优先级材料的进度
Priority queue will help you increase the volume of learning, and still increase the retention of top-priority material
优先级队列将帮助您增加学习量，同时提高对最高优先级材料的记忆保留

9. Visual learning 视觉学习

9.1 Incremental picture processing and learning

增量式图片处理与学习

A picture is worth a thousand words. This ageless maxim expresses a well-known fact taken from neuroscience: we have an extremely effective visual memory systems that should be used often to complement the memory systems used for more abstract knowledge that is the chief target of incremental learning. Pictures have a great mnemonic power and should be used profusely to illustrate the learning material. SuperMemo implements picture operations that should make your work with pictures easier than ever as long as you master the basic skills of visual learning.
一图胜千言。这句古老的格言道出了神经科学中一个众所周知的事实：我们拥有极其高效的视觉记忆系统，应经常利用它来补充以抽象知识为主要目标的渐进式学习所运用的记忆系统。图片具有强大的助记功能，应大量用于辅助学习材料。SuperMemo 实现了图片操作功能，只要掌握视觉学习的基本技巧，就能让图片处理工作比以往任何时候都更加轻松。

Visual learning is an equivalent of incremental reading, but is used to master material represented as pictures. In visual learning, you get a series of pictures as your input, and produce lasting memories of the most important pictures, picture fragments, or annotations associated with pictures. Pictures may be a part of your standard learning process, or be may taken from a specific picture or photo collection, e.g. your family photo album.
视觉学习是渐进阅读的等效形式，但专用于掌握以图片呈现的材料。在视觉学习中，你将接收一系列图片作为输入，并对最重要的图片、图片片段或与图片相关的注释形成持久记忆。这些图片可以是常规学习流程的一部分，也可取自特定图片或照片集，例如家庭相册。

The tools and techniques of visual learning can also be used to learn texts that are available only as pictures (e.g. book snapshots, read-only PDF screen prints, paper notes, etc.). A scanner or a digital camera can be used to take pictures of the notes. However, text searches cannot be executed unless high-quality OCR software is used or picture texts are annotated manually.
视觉学习的工具和技巧同样适用于仅以图片形式存在的文本学习（如书籍快照、只读 PDF 截图、纸质笔记等）。可以使用扫描仪或数码相机拍摄笔记图片。然而，除非使用高质量的 OCR 软件或手动标注图片文本，否则无法执行文本搜索。

9.2 Adding pictures to SuperMemo

向 SuperMemo 添加图片

9.2.1 Pasting pictures from the clipboard

从剪贴板粘贴图片

To paste a picture to SuperMemo, copy it first to the clipboard. In SuperMemo, go to the element that is to display the picture. Make sure you are in the presentation mode (e.g. press Esc a few times if you are not sure). Press Shift+Insert or Ctrl+V to paste the picture or click the Paste button () on the learnbar.
要将图片粘贴到 SuperMemo 中，首先将其复制到剪贴板。在 SuperMemo 中，转到要显示图片的元素。确保您处于演示模式（如果不确定，可以多次按 Esc 键）。按 Shift+Insert 或 Ctrl+V 粘贴图片，或点击学习栏上的粘贴按钮（ SuperMemo: Insert the contents of the clipboard ）。

If the element does not have image components, SuperMemo will shift the existing components to the left to make space for the picture. Otherwise it will reuse the first empty image component, or tile existing images to add a new one in the space devoted to pictures. Depending on your concept template settings, and the existence of picture templates associated with your default template, SuperMemo may also prompt you Do you want to use a picture template?
如果该元素没有图像组件，SuperMemo 会将现有组件向左移动以腾出空间放置图片。否则，它将重用第一个空的图像组件，或平铺现有图像以在图片区域添加新图片。根据您的概念模板设置，以及与默认模板关联的图片模板是否存在，SuperMemo 还可能会提示您“是否要使用图片模板？”

If your template has a picture hosting equivalent, you will be asked if the picture template should be used. The picture template should have the same name as the currently applied template with the suffix Picture or P. For example, if the applied template is called Physics, and you want picture template to be suggested automatically for elements with the Physics template, name the picture template Physics Picture or PhysicsP in the template registry (e.g. available via Search : Templates on the main menu).
如果您的模板有对应的图片托管版本，系统会询问是否应使用图片模板。图片模板的名称应与当前应用的模板相同，并添加后缀“Picture”或“P”。例如，若当前应用的模板名为“Physics”，且希望系统自动为使用该模板的元素推荐图片模板，则需在模板注册表中（可通过主菜单中的“搜索：模板”访问）将图片模板命名为“Physics Picture”或“PhysicsP”。

A newly pasted picture is always added to the image registry and becomes linked to the image component that hosts it.
新粘贴的图片始终会被添加到图像注册表中，并与承载它的图像组件建立关联。

Figure: Several pictures of a naked mole rat have been pasted to the presented element. After economizing space for the first picture, SuperMemo will tile the remaining pictures in the available area on the right of the element window (or in the relevant picture area if a custom-made picture template is applied when pasting). Note that you can accomplish the same effect with Web import if you select Page of images.
图示：当前元素中已粘贴多张裸鼹鼠图片。在为第一张图片优化空间后，SuperMemo 会将剩余图片平铺在元素窗口右侧的可用区域（若粘贴时应用了自定义图片模板，则显示在相应的图片区域内）。注意：通过网页导入时选择“图像页面”也可实现相同效果。

9.2.2 Importing pictures from a local drive

从本地驱动器导入图片

9.2.2.1 A single picture 单张图片

If your picture resides on the hard disk:
如果您的图片存储在硬盘上：

right-click over the image component you want to import the picture to,
右键点击要导入图片的图像组件，
choose File : Import file,
选择文件 : 导入文件，
choose the picture from the disk.
从磁盘中选择图片。

9.2.2.2 A folder of pictures 图片文件夹

If you want to import an entire album of pictures stored in a specific folder on your hard disk, use File : Import : Files and folders, and choose the folder to import. All files (including non-picture files) will be imported to separate elements that will form a tree structure in the Contents window analogous to the structure of imported folders (i.e. the selected folder and its subfolders (if any)). Note that you can automatically delete imported pictures from the import folder. Use this option with caution. To accelerate the import, there is no undo for import delete. Moreover, if you choose a wrong folder, the process may take ages and you will end up with a collection peppered with, for example, EXE applications.
若需导入硬盘特定文件夹中的整个图片相册，请使用文件 : 导入 : 文件和文件夹功能，并选择要导入的文件夹。所有文件（包括非图片文件）将被导入为独立元素，这些元素将在内容窗口中形成与导入文件夹结构对应的树状结构（即所选文件夹及其子文件夹（如有））。注意：您可自动删除导入文件夹中的图片，但请谨慎使用此选项。为加速导入过程，删除操作不可撤销。此外，若误选文件夹，该过程可能耗时极长，最终导致集合中混入诸如 EXE 应用程序等无关文件。

9.2.3 Importing pictures from the web

从网络导入图片

You can import pictures from the web. You can either search for pictures (e.g. with Google Images), or you can import pictures that are included in the articles that you process with incremental reading.
您可以从网络导入图片。您既可以搜索图片（例如使用谷歌图片），也可以在渐进阅读处理文章时导入其中包含的图片。

9.2.3.1 Import from the web 从网络导入

If you find some pictures on the net, open them in Microsoft Edge, and use Shift+F8 to import them to SuperMemo. See Web import for details. Download progress for large pictures is displayed on the status bar.
如果在网上找到一些图片，请在 Microsoft Edge 中打开它们，并使用 Shift+F8 将其导入 SuperMemo。详情请参阅网络导入。大图片的下载进度会显示在状态栏上。

The import template is determined as follows:
导入模板的确定方式如下：

Default topic template for the current concept group is used if it contains at least one text component (for picture descriptions) and one image component (for the picture)
若当前概念组的默认主题模板包含至少一个文本组件（用于图片描述）和一个图像组件（用于图片），则使用该模板。
Predefined Article Picture template is used if it still exists (you can redefine this template or save your own template under this name as long as it contains the required text and image components)
如果预定义的”文章图片”模板仍然存在，则使用该模板（只要该模板包含必需的文本和图像组件，您可以重新定义此模板或将自己的模板以此名称保存）。
In all other cases, template-less element is created with text and image components as required by the import procedure
其他所有情况下，将创建一个无模板元素，并根据导入流程要求包含必要的文本和图像组件。

9.2.3.2 Import from articles included in SuperMemo

从 SuperMemo 包含的文章中导入

Once you import an article from the net, all its pictures will still reside on the net. If you would like to make sure you do not lose those pictures (e.g. when the article is pulled off), or if you want the pictures to show up in all extracts and clozes produced in incremental reading, use Ctrl+F8 (Download images on the HTML component menu).
当你从网络导入一篇文章时，其所有图片仍保留在原网站上。若想确保不丢失这些图片（例如文章被撤下时），或希望图片能出现在渐进阅读生成的所有摘录和填空练习中，请使用 Ctrl+F8（HTML 组件菜单中的“下载图片”功能）。

Figure: Download images (Ctrl+F8) makes it possible to download remote images referred to in the HTML code of an HTML component and import them into the image registry. In the picture, pictures to illustrate the Donald Trump article from Wikipedia are being downloaded. At first, images are snapped from the browser renderer as thumbs. Full size images are downloaded in parallel. 5 images of the 34 listed have already been downloaded (as indicated in the caption) while the other 2 are still being downloaded (marked with → followed by the current download progress, i.e. 27.9% and 38.2% completed). You can illustrate the element with the thumbs or you can wait until the full images are downloaded. On an average speed connection, images usually download faster than you can review them. In other words, unlike in SuperMemo 16, you usually do not need to wait for image downloads. Insert will insert the picture to illustrate the article and all its extracts and clozes (those which are ready for insertion are marked with ✔). The thumbs/pictures that have not been inserted, will be available for download in all portions of the text that include the corresponding images.
图：下载图片（Ctrl+F8）功能允许下载 HTML 组件代码中引用的远程图片，并将其导入图片注册表。图中正在下载维基百科上关于唐纳德·特朗普文章的配图。初始阶段，图片会以缩略图形式从浏览器渲染器中截取，同时全尺寸图片会并行下载。列出的 34 张图片中已有 5 张完成下载（如标题所示），另外 2 张仍在下载中（标记为→后跟当前下载进度，即 27.9%和 38.2%）。您可以使用缩略图来示意元素，也可以等待完整图片下载完毕。在平均网速下，图片下载速度通常快于您的复习速度。换言之，与 SuperMemo 16 不同，您通常无需等待图片下载完成。”插入”按钮会将图片添加到文章中，并应用于其所有摘录和填空项（可插入的项标有✔）。未插入的缩略图/图片仍可在包含对应图片的所有文本段落中继续下载。

9.2.4 Pictures as answers 图片作为答案

If you want a picture to be part of the answer (i.e. not visible at question time), check Answer on the image component menu.
若希望图片作为答案的一部分（即提问时不显示），请在图片组件菜单中勾选“答案”。

9.3 Tiling pictures 平铺图片

If you are not happy with the way your pictures are tiled, you can rearrange the components and re-tile your pictures. To rearrange components, set them in the dragging mode first. You can switch a component to the dragging mode with Alt+click (click twice until the component becomes gray and draggable). You can switch all the components to the dragging mode with the Switch mode button () on the learnbar, with double Alt+click over an empty element area, over the navigation bar, or over the bottom bar of the element window. Once in the dragging mode, components can be moved around with the mouse.
如果您对图片平铺效果不满意，可以重新排列组件并重新平铺图片。要重新排列组件，需先将其设置为拖动模式。通过 Alt+点击（点击两次直到组件变为灰色并可拖动）可将单个组件切换至拖动模式。通过点击学习栏上的”切换模式”按钮（ SuperMemo: Switch element from presentation to editing to drag&size mode ）、在空白元素区域/导航栏/元素窗口底部栏处双击 Alt+点击，可将所有组件切换至拖动模式。进入拖动模式后，即可用鼠标移动组件。

To tile components, set the to-be-tiled components in the dragging mode, and choose Tile components in the Commander (Ctrl+Enter), or Components : Tile components (Shift+Alt+T) on the element menu. Component tiling assistance will help you arrange the components into the optimum set of rows and columns. Components will be tiled into the rectangle determined by the topmost, bottommost, rightmost and leftmost edges of all the components selected for tiling. Positions of all other components are not taken into consideration. Note that once you change either Rows or Columns you need to press Enter in order to recalculate the other parameter and to update the preview grid.
若要平铺组件，请先将待平铺组件设为拖动模式，然后在指挥官中（Ctrl+Enter）选择“平铺组件”，或通过元素菜单中的“组件 : 平铺组件”（Shift+Alt+T）。组件平铺辅助功能将帮助您将组件排列成最佳行列组合。组件将根据所有选定平铺组件的最上、最下、最右及最左边缘构成的矩形区域进行平铺，其他组件的位置不予考虑。注意：当您修改“行数”或“列数”后，需按 Enter 键重新计算另一参数并更新预览网格。

To choose components to tile, you can also press Ctrl+E to set all components in the editing mode, and return non-tile components to the presentation mode with double or triple Alt+click. Finally, you can just check or uncheck the components on the list displayed right before they are to be tiled.
选择待平铺组件时，亦可按 Ctrl+E 将所有组件设为编辑模式，再通过双击或三击 Alt+点击将非平铺组件返回展示模式。最后，您可直接在平铺前的组件列表上勾选或取消勾选相应组件。

Figure: 14 Rafael Nadal‘s pictures are being tiled with the assistance of the Tile arrangement tool. You can use this tool to easily determine in how many rows and columns you want to arrange the pictures available in the current element. In the picture, the element holds the pictures of the Spanish tennis player celebrating the match points of all his 14 French Opens.
图 14：拉斐尔·纳达尔的照片正在使用平铺排列工具进行排列。您可以使用此工具轻松确定在当前元素中可用图片的行列排列方式。图中展示了这位西班牙网球选手庆祝其 14 次法网冠军赛点的照片集。

9.4 Big pictures 大图

9.4.1 Zooming, slicing, trimming, and cropping pictures

图片的缩放、切片、修剪与裁剪

Some pictures are too big to be effectively used in learning. They carry too much information. In some cases you will want to focus on the important part of the picture, in other cases you will just want to discard unnecessary information.
有些图片过大，无法有效用于学习。它们携带了过多信息。在某些情况下，您可能希望聚焦于图片的重要部分；而在其他情况下，您可能只想丢弃不必要的信息。

For example, when learning political geography, you might import a huge map of Africa to SuperMemo. However, for individual items, you might want to limit the displayed portion of the picture to a single country with its direct neighbors.
例如，在学习政治地理时，您可能会将一张巨大的非洲地图导入 SuperMemo。然而，对于单个学习项目，您可能希望将图片显示范围限制为单个国家及其直接邻国。

Figure: The unzoomed picture of the African political map used to illustrate elements related to Africa. You can see an element related to the assassination of the President Habyarimana extracted from the article about the history of Rwanda originally imported from Wikipedia. The element is illustrated with the political map of Africa on the right (the map is neither zoomed nor trimmed; just stretched proportionally within the image component).
图：用于说明与非洲相关元素的非洲政治地图未缩放图片。你可以看到一个关于哈比亚利马纳总统遇刺的元素，该元素摘自最初从维基百科导入的卢旺达历史文章。该元素右侧配有非洲政治地图作为插图（地图既未缩放也未裁剪；仅在图像组件内按比例拉伸）。

Figure: The picture of the African political map zoomed in on Rwanda to illustrate an item about the assassination of the President Habyarimana in 1994. In the picture, you can see a cloze deletion produced from the History of Rwanda article. In this element, however, the African political map is zoomed in on Rwanda (and the neighboring nations). The original picture is zoomed in without cropping the original picture file. Zoomed pictures are marked with a border, which is colored bright lime in zoom&trim mode and red in the display mode. If you do not crop the picture, it will remain unchanged (whether zoomed or unzoomed) in all elements that use it (including other extracts from the History of Rwanda article).
图：非洲政治地图局部放大至卢旺达，用以说明 1994 年哈比亚利马纳总统遇刺事件条目。图中可见从卢旺达历史文章生成的空格填空内容。此元素中，非洲政治地图被放大聚焦于卢旺达（及周边国家）。原始图片通过缩放而非裁剪实现局部放大。缩放后的图片会添加边框——缩放修剪模式下呈亮柠檬色，显示模式下为红色。若不进行裁剪，该图片在所有使用场景（包括卢旺达历史文章的其他摘录）中将保持原状（无论缩放与否）。

To display only a small portion of a picture in a given element, enter the zoom&trim mode by Alt+clicking the picture. You can now use several operations to zoom in onto the interesting portion of the picture:
若要在特定元素中仅显示图片的局部区域，可通过 Alt+点击图片进入缩放修剪模式。此时可执行以下操作来聚焦图片重点区域：

Zoom: click the middle mouse button to zoom in on an interesting portion of the picture
放大：点击鼠标中键可放大图片的指定区域
Unzoom: Shift+click the middle button to unzoom
缩小：Shift+点击中键可缩小视图
Move: Shift+drag the zoomed picture to adjust the displayed area
移动：按住 Shift 拖动放大后的图片可调整显示区域
Trim: Ctrl+swipe unwanted edges of the picture:
裁剪：按住 Ctrl 滑动图片不需要的边缘：
1. press Ctrl, 按下 Ctrl 键，
2. point to the edge that is to be cut out,
  指向需要裁切的边缘，
3. press down the mouse, and
  按下鼠标，并
4. move it in the direction of the area that is to be cut.
  朝要裁剪的区域方向移动。
Select: drag and select to mark the area that is to be displayed in the picture:
选择：拖动并框选以标记图片中要显示的区域：
1. point to one corner of the desired area,
  指向目标区域的一个角落，
2. press down the left mouse button,
  按住鼠标左键，
3. drag the selection marquee to select a portion of the picture, and
  拖动选择框以选中图片的一部分，然后
4. release the mouse button to slice the picture.
  释放鼠标按钮以切割图片。

Once you zoom in onto the interesting area, press Esc to quit the zoom&trim mode. You will be given the following options:
放大至目标区域后，按 Esc 键退出缩放裁剪模式。系统将提供以下选项：

Leave the picture zoomed/trimmed without changing the file. This will display the selected portion of the picture in the current element without changing the original picture file that might be used elsewhere in its entirety or with other portions zoomed onto. This is the default option. When you revisit the element, it will still be marked with a zoom border. However, the lime-colored border of the zoom&trim mode will be replaced with a red border, which indicates a zoomed picture in the display mode.
保持图片缩放/裁剪状态但不修改原文件。此选项将在当前元素中显示选定区域的图片，而不更改可能在其他地方完整使用或以其他区域缩放显示的原始图片文件。此为默认选项。重新访问该元素时，仍会显示缩放边框，但缩放裁剪模式的青绿色边框将变为红色边框，表示当前处于显示模式下的缩放图片。
Permanently cut/crop the zoomed/trimmed image file. This will replace the original picture file with a smaller picture representing the zoomed-in area).
永久剪切/裁剪缩放后的图片文件。此操作将用代表放大区域的小尺寸图片替换原始图片文件。
Unzoom/undo. This will cancel the changes introduced in the zoom&trim mode.
取消缩放/撤销。此操作将撤销在缩放裁剪模式中做出的所有更改。
Cancel. This does nothing (i.e. you will stay in the zoom&trim mode)
取消。此操作无效（即您将保持在缩放&裁剪模式）

If you leave the element without terminating the zoom&trim mode, the picture will remained zoomed, and the original picture file will remain unchanged (i.e. as if you chose the default option when terminating the zoom&trim mode with Esc)
如果您未退出缩放&裁剪模式就离开元素，图片将保持缩放状态，且原始图片文件不会被修改（效果等同于在缩放&裁剪模式下按 Esc 选择默认选项）

9.4.2 Picture processing options

图片处理选项

You can quickly access picture processing options with Shift+Ctrl+F8. If you have more than one picture in the element, start from clicking the one that you want to process.
你可以通过 Shift+Ctrl+F8 快速访问图片处理选项。如果元素中包含多张图片，请先点击你想要处理的那一张。

Figure: Picture processing options available by pressing Shift+Ctrl+F8 (Image : Process from the image component menu)
图：通过按下 Shift+Ctrl+F8 可用的图片处理选项（图像：从图像组件菜单中选择处理）

The following picture processing options are available:
可用的图片处理选项包括：

Zoom - enter the zoom&trim mode (you can enter this mode even faster with Alt+click over the image)
缩放 - 进入缩放&裁剪模式（通过 Alt+点击图片可更快进入此模式）
Unzoom - unzoom the zoomed picture, i.e. show the entire original picture
取消缩放 - 取消已缩放图片的缩放效果，即显示完整的原始图片
Extract (Alt+X) - extract portion of a picture into a new element. SuperMemo (1) duplicates the element, (2) clones the image, and (3) enters the trim&zoom mode. This will, in essence, produce an extract in the same way as you produce a text extract in incremental reading. Once you finish selecting or trimming the extract, press Esc, and choose Permanently cut/crop the zoomed/trimmed image file. If you do not want the original picture to be marked with extract boundaries, respond with No to Replace picture with a JPG image? After executing Extract, you will have two elements: one with the original picture with extract boundaries marked (or unchanged, if you do not want to modify the picture), and the new element with a new picture, which is a portion of the original picture (see: example)
提取（Alt+X） - 将图片的一部分提取到新元素中。SuperMemo 会执行以下操作：(1)复制元素，(2)克隆图片，(3)进入裁剪&缩放模式。这本质上与增量阅读中制作文本摘录的方式相同。完成选择或裁剪后按 Esc 键，并选择“永久剪切/裁剪缩放/裁剪后的图像文件”。若不想在原图上标记提取边界，在提示“用 JPG 图像替换原图？”时选择“否”。执行提取后，将得到两个元素：一个包含标记了提取边界的原图（或未修改的原图，若选择不更改），另一个新元素包含从原图截取的新图片（参见：示例）
Crop - delete invisible portions of the picture from the original file (i.e. reduce its size to the visible portion of the zoomed picture). This will affect all elements that use this picture
裁剪 - 从原始文件中删除图片的不可见部分（即将其尺寸缩小至缩放后图片的可见区域）。这将影响所有使用该图片的元素
Clone - create a copy of a picture in the image registry (this way, cropping a picture or marking it with extracted portions will not affect other elements that use the same picture in the collection)
克隆 - 在图片注册表中创建图片副本（这样，裁剪图片或标记其提取部分不会影响集合中使用同一图片的其他元素）
Compress - reduce the size of the picture by choosing a new size; compression will produce a file that is no greater than the size you choose. In most cases, you can compress a 2-5 MB picture to 200-500 kB without noticing the difference in quality
压缩 - 通过选择新尺寸来减小图片大小；压缩后生成的文件不会超过您指定的大小。在大多数情况下，可将 2-5MB 的图片压缩至 200-500kB 而不会明显察觉画质差异
Scale - reduce the size of the picture by reducing its quality, increasing compression, reducing its dimensions, trimming its edges, etc
缩放 - 通过降低画质、增加压缩率、减小尺寸或修剪边缘等方式来缩小图片大小

9.5 Extracting pictures from larger pictures

从大图中提取图片

Extracting picture fragments from larger pictures is analogous to extracting fragments of texts in incremental reading. They can also be executed with the same shortcut Alt+X. The Alt+X will work for a picture extract if (1) no text is selected, and (2) there is a picture available in the element.
从大图片中提取图片片段类似于在渐进阅读中提取文本片段。同样可以使用快捷键 Alt+X 进行操作。当满足以下两个条件时，Alt+X 可用于图片提取：(1) 未选中任何文本，(2) 当前元素中包含图片。

When you press Alt+X on a picture, the element will be duplicated (as is the case with text extracts), the picture will be cloned (i.e. a duplicate of its original will be created), and you will enter the zoom&trim mode. Once you zoom onto a portion of the picture, press Esc to crop the extract and return to the original element (from which the extract has been made). SuperMemo will ask you: Replace picture with a JPG image? Note that the above sequence is slightly different from the one you use in extracting texts: you press Alt+X and generate a new element before you select a picture fragment.
在图片上按下 Alt+X 时，该元素会被复制（与文本提取情况相同），图片将被克隆（即创建原图的副本），随后进入缩放&裁剪模式。当您放大到图片的某一部分后，按 Esc 键可裁剪提取区域并返回原始元素（即提取来源的元素）。SuperMemo 会询问您：是否用 JPG 图像替换原图？请注意，此操作序列与提取文本时略有不同：您需先按 Alt+X 生成新元素，然后再选择图片片段。

If you choose Yes, the original big picture will be marked with a bright yellow-red extract rectangle (marking the area that has been extracted). If extract rectangles overlap, you may wish to answer No to make sure the extracts themselves do not get obscured by previous extract borders; however, in such cases you will need to remember which portions of the picture have already been extracted. This means that in those cases you will rather need to do all your extracts one after another (i.e. while you keep your progress fresh in memory).
若选择“是”，原始大图将被标记一个明亮的黄红色提取矩形框（标出已提取的区域）。若提取框相互重叠，您可能需要回答“否”以确保提取部分本身不会被先前的提取边框遮挡；然而，这种情况下您需自行记住图片中哪些部分已被提取过。这意味着在此类情形下，您最好能连续完成所有提取操作（即在记忆清晰时一次性处理完毕）。

9.5.1 Example of a picture extract

图片提取示例

This large picture of a stunning Freiburg panorama is too large to view details in SuperMemo. You can therefore extract all interesting portions for independent review. After producing an extract, yellow-red border can indicate which portions of the picture have already been processed:
这张壮观的弗赖堡全景图尺寸过大，无法在 SuperMemo 中查看细节。因此，您可以提取所有感兴趣的部分供独立浏览。生成提取区域后，黄红色边框可标示图片中已处理过的部分：

Individual extracts are small enough to view details without zooming:
单个提取项足够小，无需缩放即可查看细节：

Instead of extracting portions of the panorama, you might equally well just zoom in. However, if you extract only a tiny portion of pictures from a very large image, extracts will consume less disk space because the portions of the picture you are not interested in will be discarded.
与其从全景图中截取部分，你同样可以选择直接放大。然而，如果仅从一张非常大的图像中提取极小部分，提取的图片将占用更少的磁盘空间，因为你不感兴趣的部分会被丢弃。

9.6 Cloze for pictures 图片填空

To create graphic deletion tests (occlusion tests), use the following approaches:
创建图形删除测试（遮挡测试）时，可采用以下方法：

9.6.1 Multiple items 多个项目

Create a template element with at least one picture
创建一个至少包含一张图片的模板元素
Type “Occlusion” in the Commander (Ctrl+Enter)
在命令栏中输入”Occlusion”（按 Ctrl+Enter）
Mark occlusion rectangles with click&drag
用点击拖拽的方式标记遮挡矩形区域
Choose one of occlusion options at the bottom (leftmost by default)
从底部选项中选择一个遮挡处理方式（默认最左侧选项）

See: Learning anatomy with Occlusion tests (video)
参见：通过遮挡测试学习解剖学（视频）

Figure: SuperMemo 19 simplifies generating multiple occlusion tests from the same picture. In the picture, the structure of the hippocampus is mastered with the help of occlusion rectangles generated in Occlusion Test dialog window. In the background, template item will be reused in all generated tests. See: video
图：SuperMemo 19 简化了从同一图片生成多个遮挡测试的过程。图中，海马体结构通过遮挡测试对话框生成的遮挡矩形辅助掌握。背景中，模板项目将在所有生成的测试中重复使用。参见：视频

9.6.2 Incremental approach 渐进式方法

Choose Add new (Alt+A) to add a new item
选择“新增”(Alt+A)以添加新项目
Apply the Occlusion template (e.g. press Ctrl+Shift+M and choose “Occlusion“)
应用遮挡模板（例如按 Ctrl+Shift+M 并选择“Occlusion”）
Paste the image prepared for the graphic test (e.g. Ctrl+V)
粘贴为图形测试准备的图像（例如 Ctrl+V）
Use Ctrl+T a few times to select the occlusion rectangle
多次使用 Ctrl+T 来选择遮挡矩形
Size the rectangle so that to occlude the portion that makes the question
调整矩形大小以遮挡构成问题的部分
Type in the question (e.g. “What portion of the image is covered by the red rectangle?“)
输入问题（例如：“图像中被红色矩形覆盖的部分占多少比例？”）
Type in the answer
输入答案
Use Shift+Alt+L to test your new occlusion test
使用 Shift+Alt+L 测试您新建的遮挡测试
Use Edit : Duplicate (Alt+D) on the element menu to generate more tests with the same picture
使用元素菜单中的“编辑：复制（Alt+D）”功能，可以生成更多带有相同图片的测试
Remember that for best scaling results you need to keep your template/element Scaled and your picture Image : Stretch : Filled (without those two, resizing the element will move the rectangle relative to the image and reveal the answer)
请记住，为了获得最佳的缩放效果，您需要保持模板/元素为“已缩放”状态，并将图片设置为“图像：拉伸：填充”（若不进行这两项设置，调整元素大小会使矩形相对于图片移动，从而暴露答案）

10. Incremental video 渐进式视频

10.1 What is incremental video?

什么是渐进式视频？

Incremental video is a technique for learning or watching video recordings with the view to forming lasting memories of the material viewed. Incremental video makes it possible to learn from multiple sources of video without neglecting any one of them. The processing of individual sources proceeds in parallel and time allocations for individual sources depend on student’s priorities. Incremental video is to video as incremental reading is to learning from electronic texts. In incremental video, it is the user who decides which portions of a video are important to remember. Those portions are part of a standard learning process known from other applications of SuperMemo. Each portion of the video forms a separate topic that is reviewed at increasing intervals. Despite working with thousands of videos, you do not ever need to feel lost, ever get bored, or ever miss a valuable scene. You can also use SuperMemo as your video or music jukebox. You can work with individual videos for mere seconds. Just as much as is needed to set the new viewing point, determine the priority and determine the date of the next viewing. This way, you can process dozens of videos daily and work with thousands of videos in parallel. You shall feel overwhelmed with the richness of YouTube never again!
增量视频是一种学习或观看录像的技术，旨在形成对所观看材料的持久记忆。增量视频使得从多个视频源学习成为可能，而不会忽视其中任何一个。对单个视频源的处理是并行进行的，每个视频源的时间分配取决于学生的优先级。增量视频之于视频，就如同增量阅读之于电子文本学习。在增量视频中，由用户决定视频的哪些部分需要记住。这些部分构成了 SuperMemo 其他应用中已知的标准学习过程的一部分。视频的每个片段形成一个独立的主题，以逐渐增加的间隔进行复习。即使处理成千上万的视频，你也永远不会感到迷失、无聊或错过有价值的场景。你也可以将 SuperMemo 用作视频或音乐点唱机。你可以仅用几秒钟处理单个视频，只需足够设置新的观看点、确定优先级和下一次观看的日期即可。如此一来，你每天可以处理数十个视频，并行处理数千个视频。你将再也不会被 YouTube 的丰富内容所淹没！

On the face of it, incremental video looks like channel-zapping on steroids. However, it is also a powerful learning technique that makes it easy to process thousands of videos in parallel without getting lost. It also makes it easy to learn individual video scenes for long-term retention. It can be used to learn sports, master musical instruments, understand biology, or learn fun dialogs in your favorite movies. Individual videos are processed in small portions. Viewing can be resumed at any time at the last viewing position. Best pieces are preserved for repeat viewing. Individual videos are prioritized and served on a daily basis in manageable portions in order of priority.
表面上看，增量视频学习像是加强版的频道切换。然而，它实则是一种强大的学习技巧，能让你轻松并行处理数千个视频而不迷失方向，还能帮助长期记忆单个视频片段。无论是学习运动技巧、掌握乐器、理解生物学，还是记忆喜爱电影中的趣味对话，这种方法都适用。视频被分割成小片段进行处理，观看可随时从上次停止的位置继续。精华片段会被保留以供重复观看。系统会根据优先级对视频进行排序，每日按可管理量提供最高优先级的内容。

Although, incremental video can roughly be implemented with a pair of digital video recorders working in tandem, only SuperMemo provides a bona fide implementation with the whole set of incremental learning tools. SuperMemo makes it possible to learn from standard video files (e.g. MP4). It also makes it easy to learn from YouTube videos. At the moment of writing these words, no other software in the world provides the incremental video learning toolset.
虽然增量视频可以通过一对协同工作的数字录像机大致实现，但只有 SuperMemo 提供了包含全套增量学习工具的真正实现。SuperMemo 使得从标准视频文件（如 MP4）中学习成为可能，同时也简化了从 YouTube 视频学习的过程。在撰写本文时，全球尚无其他软件提供增量视频学习工具集。

Figure: Exemplary screenshot from an incremental video process in SuperMemo.
图：SuperMemo 中增量视频处理的示例截图。

10.1.1 Incremental video with YouTube

增量视频与 YouTube

Incremental video in SuperMemo can use YouTube videos. You can capitalize on the video streaming power of YouTube and the speed up SuperMemo. You will also dramatically save on the hard disk space. Videos are notorious hogs of space, your YouTube collections will take a tiny fraction of space needed for video based on local files. YouTube collection will actually take less space than incremental reading collections while carrying lots of learning power. Videos in SuperMemo are automatically stripped of advertising. It provides for a smother viewing experience even if you do not plan to use extracts. Last but not least, SuperMemo may encourage you to upload your own educational videos to YouTube and thus share them with others.
SuperMemo 中的增量视频可利用 YouTube 视频。您能结合 YouTube 的视频流媒体优势与 SuperMemo 的高效学习。同时还能大幅节省硬盘空间。视频文件通常占用大量空间，而您的 YouTube 收藏所占空间仅为本地视频文件的极小部分。实际上，YouTube 收藏占用的空间甚至少于增量阅读材料，却蕴含强大的学习价值。SuperMemo 会自动去除视频中的广告，即使您不打算使用片段提取功能，也能获得更流畅的观看体验。最后同样重要的是，SuperMemo 可能鼓励您将自己的教育视频上传至 YouTube，与他人分享知识。

10.1.2 Incremental video with video files

增量视频与本地视频文件

Incremental video in SuperMemo can use video files from your local drive. You do not need to limit your learning to videos available from YouTube that can be notoriously volatile (e.g. with accounts closed for copyright violations, embedding blocked by account holders, videos made private, etc.). You are not limited by the need to access the Internet. You can also process private videos.
SuperMemo 中的增量视频可使用本地驱动器中的视频文件。您无需将学习内容局限于 YouTube 上可能极不稳定的视频资源（例如因版权问题被关闭的账户、账户持有者禁止嵌入的视频、设为私密的视频等）。您不受网络连接限制，还可以处理私人视频内容。

Using incremental video with local files requires computers with significant processing power. On a strong PC, processing video files is fast and painless. It may be slower on weaker PCs. Your collections may grow to be terabytes large, which is the main disadvantage of keeping files local. Make sure you have a big dedicated external drive for a backup of your material. The time-scale resolution of local videos is higher than that of YouTube-based videos, which are limited to setting Start and Stop points in increments of 1 second. With local files, you can review fragments that last milliseconds. You can review your best football move at nauseam. Moreover, with local files, you can work when disconnected from the net.
使用本地文件进行增量视频学习需要具备较强处理能力的计算机。在性能强劲的 PC 上，视频文件处理快速且顺畅，而在配置较低的电脑上则可能较慢。您的资料库可能会增长至 TB 级别，这是本地存储文件的主要缺点。请确保备有专用的大容量外置硬盘用于资料备份。本地视频的时间轴精度高于基于 YouTube 的视频（后者只能以 1 秒为增量设置起始/结束点）。使用本地文件时，您可以反复观看仅持续毫秒级的片段，比如不断回放最精彩的足球动作。此外，本地文件支持离线工作。

Incremental video can use local files in several video formats (incl. MP4, WMV, AVI, MOV, Mpeg, and more). Not all video formats are supported. Before you commit to SuperMemo, give it a try to see if your files can be processed or converted to acceptable format with third party tools.
增量视频功能支持多种本地视频格式（包括 MP4、WMV、AVI、MOV、Mpeg 等）。但并非所有格式都受支持。在决定使用 SuperMemo 前，建议先测试您的文件能否被处理，或通过第三方工具转换为兼容格式。

10.2 Incremental video in SuperMemo

SuperMemo 中的增量视频学习

SuperMemo is a pioneer of incremental video. For those who are familiar with incremental reading, incremental video is an analogous technique. Instead of text extracts, you generate video extracts, i.e. portions of a larger video. Video extracts are viewed repeatedly in increasing intervals (as it is the case with other pieces of information in SuperMemo).
SuperMemo 是渐进式视频技术的先驱。对于熟悉渐进阅读的人来说，渐进式视频是一种类似的技术。不同于文本摘录，你生成的是视频片段，即较长视频中的部分内容。这些视频片段会以逐渐增加的间隔重复观看（与 SuperMemo 中其他信息条目的处理方式相同）。

Individual videos and their extracts are treated in the same way as all other topic elements and enter the learning process according to the rules that are known from incremental reading. Currently, only passive review of extracts is supported. There is no equivalent of cloze deletion in incremental video. However, you can use videos as answers if you choose so.
单个视频及其片段与其他所有主题元素的处理方式相同，并按照渐进阅读中已知的规则进入学习流程。目前仅支持对视频片段的被动复习，渐进式视频中尚无填空测试的对应功能。不过，你可以选择将视频用作答案。

10.2.1 Incremental video with YouTube: Outline

YouTube 渐进式视频：大纲

This is how you work with incremental video in SuperMemo:
以下是 SuperMemo 中增量视频学习的使用方法：

open your favorite YouTube videos in Internet Explorer
在 Internet Explorer 中打开您喜爱的 YouTube 视频
choose YouTube import option to import videos to SuperMemo (e.g. Shift+Ctrl+Y)
选择 YouTube 导入选项将视频导入 SuperMemo（例如使用 Shift+Ctrl+Y 快捷键）
use Learn to process individual videos
使用“学习”功能逐个处理视频
use Start and Stop buttons to mark interesting scenes
使用开始和停止按钮标记感兴趣的片段
use Extract to generate new elements with scenes extending from Start to Stop
使用提取功能生成从开始到结束片段的新元素
use learning tools in SuperMemo to prioritize, schedule, and organize videos and video extracts
使用 SuperMemo 中的学习工具来优先处理、安排和组织视频及视频片段

For a demo see this YouTube video: Incremental video with SuperMemo 17.
演示请观看此 YouTube 视频：SuperMemo 17 中的渐进式视频学习

Figure: An extract from the “Giulio Tononi’s 2011 Allen Institute for Brain Science Symposium” (yellow in the template is used to differentiate between extracts and parent videos). SuperMemo will play the fragment between the start time of 10 min. 59 sec. and the stop time of 11 min 18 sec. (of the original YouTube video). The checkmark near the Test button indicates that the fragment should be played in a loop. On the right, you can see the description of the video imported from the YouTube database. Both the video description and the references (not visible in the picture but generated automatically when importing videos with Edit : Web import : YouTube (Shift+Ctrl+Y) are propagated from the original video element to all video extracts.
图：摘自“Giulio Tononi 在 2011 年艾伦脑科学研究所研讨会”的片段（模板中的黄色用于区分片段和父视频）。SuperMemo 将播放原始 YouTube 视频中从 10 分 59 秒开始到 11 分 18 秒结束的片段。Test 按钮旁边的勾选标记表示该片段应循环播放。右侧可以看到从 YouTube 数据库导入的视频描述。无论是视频描述还是参考文献（图片中不可见，但在使用编辑：网络导入：YouTube（Shift+Ctrl+Y）导入视频时会自动生成），都会从原始视频元素传播到所有视频片段中。

10.2.1.1 Importing videos from YouTube

从 YouTube 导入视频

To import videos for incremental learning do the following:
要进行增量学习的视频导入，请执行以下操作：

open YouTube videos in a supported web browser (e.g. MS Edge)
在支持的网页浏览器（如微软 Edge）中打开 YouTube 视频
choose one of the following:
选择以下选项之一：
- press Shift+F8 按下 Shift+F8
- Import articles on the learnbar (right-click over the Add a new article button)
  在学习栏导入文章（右键点击“添加新文章”按钮）
- Edit : Web import from the main menu
  编辑：从主菜单进行网页导入
optionally, set import options (e.g. which videos to import, video priority, name of the import concept, etc.)
可选设置导入选项（例如导入哪些视频、视频优先级、导入概念名称等）
click Import 点击导入

If you see a video embedded in a webpage choose Copy video URL on the YouTube video context menu (right click), and paste the video to SuperMemo with Ctrl+N (as you would paste any webpage).
若在网页中看到嵌入的视频，请在 YouTube 视频的上下文菜单（右键点击）中选择“复制视频网址”，然后像粘贴普通网页一样用 Ctrl+N 将其粘贴到 SuperMemo 中。

If you receive a video forward from SuperMemo, you can copy its code from the body of the mail and paste it to your collection with Ctrl+N (as you would paste any text or article).
如果收到来自 SuperMemo 转发的视频，你可以从邮件正文中复制其代码，并像粘贴任何文本或文章一样用 Ctrl+N 将其粘贴到你的集合中。

Versions from Oct 2024 or later, support importing live video (also during the broadcast).
2024 年 10 月及之后的版本支持导入实时视频（包括直播期间）。

Figure: In the picture above, 10 YouTube videos featuring American biologist and 1972 Nobel prize winner Gerald Edelman are available and selected for automatic import into SuperMemo from MS Edge (for easy use with incremental video). 7 videos have been detected as already imported in the collection and marked as a duplicate (red D icon). The selected videos will be imported as children of a newly added element titled “Web import”. The priority of the imported videos will fall in the range of 0.1759-1.2147%
图示：在上图中，有 10 个展示美国生物学家、1972 年诺贝尔奖得主杰拉尔德·埃德尔曼的 YouTube 视频可供选择，并已从微软 Edge 浏览器中自动导入至 SuperMemo（便于配合渐进式视频学习使用）。其中 7 个视频被检测到已存在于集合中，并标记为重复项（红色 D 图标）。所选视频将作为新增标题为“网页导入”元素的子项被导入。导入视频的优先级范围设定在 0.1759%-1.2147%之间。

10.2.1.2 Viewing YouTube videos 观看 YouTube 视频

Use Learn in the same way as when learning with SuperMemo. The videos start automatically. When you get bored or need to watch other videos, press Start to mark the point from which you will resume the video next time you see it. If you find an important fragment that you would like to learn or view again, press Start at the beginning of the fragment, and Stop at the end of the fragment.
使用“学习”功能的方式与在 SuperMemo 中学习时相同。视频会自动开始播放。当感到厌倦或需要观看其他视频时，按下“开始”按钮标记当前进度，下次观看时将从此处继续。若发现重要片段希望重复学习或查看，需在片段开头按“开始”，片段结尾按“停止”。

10.2.1.2.1 Extracting fragments for review

提取片段以供复习

Use Test to view the fragment again. Press Extract if you would like to create a new fragment that should take part in the learning process as a separate element.
使用“测试”功能可重新查看片段。若需将某片段作为独立学习项参与学习过程，请按“提取”创建新片段。

You can generate extracts without interrupting the viewing process. Extract elements are generated only when you move on to the next element or when you press Alt+X.
您可以在不中断观看过程的情况下生成摘录。摘录元素仅在您转到下一个元素或按下 Alt+X 时生成。

10.2.1.2.2 Bookmark 书签

You can use Mark and Resume to set a bookmark that will not affect the point from which video starts (e.g. when preparing an extract).
您可以使用标记和恢复功能设置书签，这不会影响视频开始播放的位置（例如在准备摘录时）。

10.2.1.2.3 Sorting videos 视频排序

If you get the same videos over and over again, and you would like to get some variety independent of video priority, use Learn : Sorting : Sorting criteria and increase Randomization (move the thumb from Prioritized topics towards Randomized topics, i.e. to the right).
如果您反复看到相同的视频，并且希望获得一些不受视频优先级影响的多样性，请使用学习：排序：排序标准，并增加随机化（将滑块从“优先主题”向“随机主题”移动，即向右）。

10.2.1.2.4 Skipping 跳过

You can press Left and Right arrow keys to skip video 5 seconds back or forward. You can use other YouTube shortcuts accordingly. For this, the focus must be on the video (if the focus is on the control panel, click the video to re-enable the shortcuts).
您可以按 Left 和 Right arrow 键使视频向前或向后跳过 5 秒。您也可以相应地使用其他 YouTube 快捷键。为此，焦点必须在视频上（如果焦点在控制面板上，请点击视频以重新启用快捷键）。

10.2.1.2.5 Cross-inspiration 交叉启发

If you are not sure how to handle the incremental learning process, incremental reading is a good introduction to understanding incremental video.
如果你不确定如何处理渐进学习过程，渐进阅读是理解渐进视频的一个良好入门途径。

10.2.1.3 Forwarding video fragments to friends

转发视频片段给朋友

If you forward a YouTube element in SuperMemo via e-mail to others, it will include the link and start:stop boundaries of the video. Forwarded videos can be viewed in a web browser or directly in SuperMemo with Start and Stop buttons set to make sure only the recommended fragment plays.
如果你通过电子邮件将 SuperMemo 中的 YouTube 元素转发给他人，邮件将包含视频链接及起止时间标记。转发的视频可在网页浏览器中观看，或直接在 SuperMemo 中播放，其中设有开始和停止按钮以确保仅播放推荐片段。

Your e-mail will look similar to this one:
你的电子邮件将与此类似：

Please have a look at this YouTube video:
https://www.youtube.com/embed/yVq4ARIlNVg?start=471&end=3150

See the fragment from 7:51 to 52:30.

If you are using SuperMemo, you can also:

(1) select this code (e.g. triple click):

    {SuperMemoYouTube:yVq4ARIlNVg,7:51,52:30,0:00,3}

(2) copy the code to clipboard (e.g. Ctrl+C)
(3) use Ctrl+N to paste the code to SuperMemo

Sender ID: SuperMemo Research

==================================================
#Subject: #EIE23: Jonathan Haidt: Smartphones vs. Smart Kids - YouTube:
#Author: Jonathan Haidt
#Date: Imported on Dec 28, 2023, 17:29:21
#Source: Edge import from YouTube
#Link: https://youtube.com/watch?v=yVq4ARIlNVg
#Comment: recommended at Ja Nauczyciel
#Collection: YOUTUBE [Element=26660]
#Generated: Dec 28, 2023, Thu, 23:40:20
#Software: SuperMemo 19 (Build 19.03, Dec 20, 2023)

10.2.1.4 Exemplary YouTube videos 典范 YouTube 视频

Incremental video is a video equivalent of incremental reading. However, there are many things you may wish to learn that are best mastered with video and cannot be substituted with reading. The list is truly endless. However, here are just a few examples taken from YouTube to give you the first sense of why incremental video is an important component of incremental learning:
渐进式视频是渐进式阅读的视频形式。然而，有许多知识通过视频学习效果最佳，无法用阅读替代。这样的例子不胜枚举。仅举几个来自 YouTube 的实例，让你初步了解为何渐进式视频是渐进学习的重要组成部分：

learn a foreign language with the help of movies, speeches, lectures, etc.
借助电影、演讲、讲座等学习外语
learn recent history with archive footage
通过档案影像学习近代历史
explore the student’s video paradise: Khan Academy
探索学生的视频宝库：可汗学院
learn to play a musical instrument using video tutorial produced by experts or best artists
通过专家或顶尖艺术家制作的视频教程学习演奏乐器
learn to play along or sing along your favorite songs
学习跟着你最喜欢的歌曲一起演奏或合唱
use Mike Phelps videos to learn how to swim butterfly
观看迈克尔·菲尔普斯的视频学习蝶泳技巧
recover from injuries by learning physiotherapeutic exercises
通过学习物理治疗练习来恢复伤病
watch movies incrementally
渐进式观看电影
listen to your favorite music
聆听你喜爱的音乐
watch historic sports events
观看历史体育赛事
watch video lectures from reputable universities
观看知名大学的视频讲座
enjoy or learn the best jokes or comedy pieces by Leno, Connan, Jon Stewart, and others
欣赏或学习莱诺、柯南、乔恩·斯图尔特等人的最佳笑话或喜剧作品
master speechmaking with videos of MLK, JFK, Reagan, or Obama
通过观看马丁·路德·金、肯尼迪、里根或奥巴马的演讲视频掌握演讲技巧
seek motivation from Tony Robbins or other self-help gurus
从托尼·罗宾斯或其他自助大师那里寻求激励
learn to cook 学习烹饪
relive memorable moments in the lives of your family and friends
重温家人和朋友生活中的难忘时刻
learn physiology, geology, physics, or history, wherever a video explanation is needed
学习生理学、地质学、物理学或历史学，任何需要视频讲解的领域
learn sign language, volleyball, soccer, etc.
学习手语、排球、足球等

10.2.2 Incremental video with video files: Outline

渐进式视频与视频文件：大纲

This is how you work with video files using incremental video in SuperMemo:
以下是使用 SuperMemo 进行增量视频处理时操作视频文件的方法：

put your video files into a single empty folder
将您的视频文件放入一个空文件夹中
use File : Import : Files and folders to import the contents of that folder to SuperMemo
使用“文件：导入：文件和文件夹”功能将该文件夹内容导入 SuperMemo
use Learn to process individual videos
使用“学习”功能逐个处理视频
use Start and End buttons to mark interesting scenes
使用“开始”和“结束”按钮标记感兴趣的片段
use Extract to generate new elements with scenes marked with Start and End
使用提取功能生成带有开始和结束标记场景的新元素
use learning tools of SuperMemo to prioritize, schedule, and organize videos and video extracts
利用 SuperMemo 的学习工具对视频及视频片段进行优先级排序、时间安排和组织管理

Figure: An incremental video extract from the 2013 men’s singles US Open final between Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal (yellow background in the template is used to differentiate between extracts and parent videos). On the right, you can see the import parameters of the video, which should ideally be converted to annotations that will help you locate the video and assist in the training (or learning). In the picture, the 9th game into the 3rd set, the Spanish challenger, down love 40, defends the first of the three consecutive break points with a topspin serve into the ad court to win the point with his trademark forehand down the line upon the Serb’s otherwise excellent aggressive return.
图：2013 年美国网球公开赛男单决赛中诺瓦克·德约科维奇与拉斐尔·纳达尔之间的增量视频片段（模板中的黄色背景用于区分片段与原始视频）。右侧可见视频的导入参数，这些参数应转化为注释，以便定位视频并辅助训练（或学习）。图中展示的是第三盘第 9 局，西班牙挑战者在 0-40 落后的情况下，通过一记向占先区发出的上旋发球，在塞尔维亚选手本已出色的进攻性回球后，以标志性的正手直线击球成功挽救三个连续破发点中的第一个，赢得该分。

10.2.2.1 Video deletion 视频删除

Incremental video is currently most suited for processing video or audio material passively with the most interesting portions extracted for passive review as topics. Currently you cannot “cloze delete” portions of video or audio files with a keystroke, however, you can easily use video extracts as answers to text questions, or video questions. For that purpose, mark your sound or video components with the Answer attribute. You can also define templates that will make that process easier.
增量视频目前最适合用于被动处理视频或音频材料，并将最有趣的部分提取出来作为主题进行被动复习。目前您无法通过按键操作对视频或音频文件的部分内容进行”挖空删除”，但您可以轻松地将视频片段作为文本问题或视频问题的答案。为此，请为您的音频或视频组件标记”答案”属性。您还可以定义模板来简化这一过程。

10.2.2.2 Viewing video files and learning

观看视频文件与学习

Use Learn in the same way as when learning with SuperMemo. The videos start automatically if you have AutoPlay checked on the element menu. When you get bored or need to watch other videos, press Start (on the Extractor panel). Start marks the point from which you will resume the video next time you see it. If you find an important fragment that you would like to learn or view again, press Start at the beginning of the fragment, and End at the end of the fragment. Use Test to view the fragment again. Press Extract if you would like to create a new element with the extracted fragment that should take part in the learning process.
使用”学习”功能的方式与在 SuperMemo 中学习时相同。如果您在元素菜单中勾选了”自动播放”，视频将自动开始播放。当您感到厌倦或需要观看其他视频时，请点击”开始”（位于提取器面板上）。”开始”会标记您下次观看时视频的恢复点。如果您发现一个重要片段想要再次学习或查看，请在片段开头点击”开始”，在片段结尾点击”结束”。使用”测试”功能可再次查看该片段。若想创建一个包含该片段的新元素参与学习过程，请点击”提取”。

If you get the same videos over and over again, and you would like to get some variety (even though the videos might be of top priority), use Learn : Sorting : Sorting criteria and increase Randomization (move the thumb from Prioritized topics towards Randomized topics).
如果你反复看到相同的视频，想要获取一些多样性（尽管这些视频可能是最高优先级的），可以使用学习：排序：排序标准，并增加随机化（将滑块从“优先主题”向“随机主题”方向移动）。

If you are not sure how to handle the incremental learning process, incremental reading is a good introduction to understanding incremental video.
如果不确定如何处理渐进学习过程，渐进阅读是理解渐进视频的一个良好入门方式。

10.2.2.3 Exemplary video files 示范视频文件

For a list of exemplary videos that may be used in incremental learning see: Exemplary YouTube videos.
关于可用于渐进学习的示范视频列表，请参阅：示范性 YouTube 视频。

Note that not all video material may be learned with the help of YouTube. There might be copyright or privacy issues. There is also one pesky problem with YouTube that can ruin any long-term learning process: videos can be pulled at any minute (unless you upload them yourself for public viewing with full respect to copyright). Last but not least, the time resolution of local file incremental video is higher that that of YouTube-based video. You can set your starting point with millisecond precision (as opposed to 1 second resolution of YouTube videos).
请注意，并非所有视频材料都能借助 YouTube 进行学习。可能存在版权或隐私问题。YouTube 还有一个可能破坏任何长期学习过程的棘手问题：视频随时可能被下架（除非你自己上传供公众观看，并完全尊重版权）。最后但同样重要的是，本地文件渐进视频的时间分辨率高于基于 YouTube 的视频。你可以以毫秒精度设置起始点（而 YouTube 视频的分辨率为 1 秒）。

Material that might work better with files on your local hard disk include:
更适合本地硬盘文件的材料包括：

lectures or interviews that are available for download but not published at YouTube
可下载但未发布在 YouTube 上的讲座或访谈
lectures or interviews that are available for download and you wish to keep local (e.g. to ensure speed, precision, persistence, or offline viewing)
可下载且希望本地保存的讲座或访谈（例如为确保速度、精确性、持久性或离线观看）
copyrighted material from iTunes
来自 iTunes 的受版权保护材料
movies 电影
home video 家庭视频
language courses 语言课程
all other files that you want to learn but cannot upload to YouTube (or just you do not want to be bothered with the hassle)
所有其他你想学习但无法上传到 YouTube 的文件（或者只是你不想被上传的麻烦所困扰）

10.3 Hints: Incremental video 提示：渐进式视频

10.3.1 Hints: Incremental video with YouTube

提示：使用 YouTube 进行增量视频学习

Define “YouTube Extract“ template to have it used for extracts from YouTube videos (as long as you use the “YouTube“ template). Otherwise, “YouTube“ template will be used with the background changed to yellow. The simplest approach is to save your “YouTube“ template with the new name (“YouTube Extract“) and then redefine it (e.g. by changing the element color). Differentiating videos from their extracts (e.g. by color) is important for your strategies in optimizing the learning process.
定义“YouTube 摘录”模板，用于处理 YouTube 视频中的摘录内容（前提是您使用“YouTube”模板）。否则，系统将使用背景色改为黄色的“YouTube”模板。最简便的方法是先将您的“YouTube”模板另存为新名称（“YouTube 摘录”），然后重新定义它（例如更改元素颜色）。通过颜色区分视频与其摘录内容对优化学习过程的策略至关重要。
Incremental video is less incremental than incremental reading. Incremental video was designed on the assumption that, unlike in incremental reading, you go through the main body of the video linearly. This is because of multiple context problems when splitting videos into smaller portions and watching them in unpredictable order. This way, once you make an extract, the assumption is, you do not come back to the once viewed portion of the video as it is already part of the extract. When you return to process the video, you start from the last position extracted or marked with Start. In other words, as you do not extract without viewing, there should be little needed for sub-extracts
渐进式视频的渐进性不及渐进式阅读。设计渐进式视频时基于的假设是：与渐进式阅读不同，用户会线性观看视频主体内容。这是由于将视频分割成小段并以不可预测顺序观看时会产生多重上下文问题。因此，一旦创建摘录，系统默认用户不会返回已观看的视频片段，因为该部分已成为摘录内容。当您返回处理视频时，将从最后提取的位置或标记为“开始”处继续。换言之，由于观看时即完成摘录，几乎不需要再进行子摘录操作。

10.3.2 Hints: Incremental video with local files

提示：使用本地文件进行增量视频学习

Define “Video Extract“ template to have your template used for extracts. Otherwise, The “Video“ template will be used with the background changed to yellow. The simplest approach is to save your “Video“ template with the new name (“Video Extract“) and then redefine it (e.g. by changing the element color to the desired extract color). Color differentiation is important for optimizing the strategies in processing videos
定义”视频摘录”模板以使用您自定义的模板进行摘录。否则，系统将采用”视频”模板并仅将背景色改为黄色。最简便的方法是先将原”视频”模板另存为新名称（如”视频摘录”），然后重新定义该模板（例如将元素颜色更改为所需的摘录标识色）。颜色区分对于优化视频处理策略至关重要
If you want your extracts to run in an infinite loop, make sure you check Continuous on the component menu in your video extract template
若希望摘录片段无限循环播放，请确保在视频摘录模板的组件菜单中勾选”连续播放”选项
There isn’t much performance penalty for processing large video files. You can import whole DVDs too and process them incrementally
处理大型视频文件不会造成明显的性能损失，您甚至可以导入整张 DVD 内容并逐步进行处理
Not all file formats are supported, however, most formats can easily be converted to MP4 (e.g. with XMedia Recode).
并非所有文件格式都受支持，但大多数格式可轻松转换为 MP4（例如使用 XMedia Recode 转换工具）
Note that some MP4 files may not work correctly in SuperMemo. Please test a trial SuperMemo before you make a major commitment
请注意，某些 MP4 文件在 SuperMemo 中可能无法正常工作。在做出重大决定之前，请先试用 SuperMemo 进行测试。

10.3.3 Problems with YouTube-based incremental video

基于 YouTube 的增量视频学习问题

Here are some problems you may encounter when learning with YouTube-based incremental video:
使用基于 YouTube 的渐进式视频学习时，您可能会遇到以下问题：

YouTube videos can be removed at any time. They can also have embedding disabled. This is a major problem for the present implementation of YouTube-based incremental video in SuperMemo. There are no API tools that could allow of legal localization of YouTube contents (at the moment of writing). However, the problem mostly affects copyrighted material that shows up on YouTube illegally (e.g. movies, music, etc.). Occasionally, video authors themselves remove content. This should never be a problem though if you use your own videos. Hopefully, there will be more and more persistent content uploaded for educational purposes.
YouTube 视频可能随时被删除，也可能被禁用嵌入功能。这对 SuperMemo 当前基于 YouTube 的渐进式视频实现来说是个主要问题。目前（截至撰写时）尚无 API 工具能合法定位 YouTube 内容。不过，该问题主要影响那些非法出现在 YouTube 上的受版权保护材料（如电影、音乐等）。偶尔视频作者也会自行删除内容。但如果您使用自己的视频，则永远不会出现此问题。希望未来会有越来越多为教育目的上传的持久性内容。
Alt+Left arrow shortcut is used by Internet Explorer to return to the previously visited page. As a result, it also works like an Undo for your Start:Stop setting. To return to the previous page in SuperMemo, use the Back button () on the navigation bar
Alt+左箭头快捷键在 Internet Explorer 中用于返回上一访问页面。因此，它也可作为您设置开始/停止的撤销操作。要在 SuperMemo 中返回上一页面，请使用导航栏上的后退按钮（）。
it may happen that your network is down or the Internet is slow when working with YouTube videos. You may therefore prefer to keep videos in a dedicated incremental video collection to learn how to handle videos and prevent interruptions to learning in cases of network problems. You can always stop working with your incremental video collection, return to your regular learning, and resume video learning when the network returns to normal functionality
在使用 YouTube 视频时，可能会遇到网络中断或网速缓慢的情况。因此，建议将视频保存在专用的渐进式视频学习集里，以便学习如何处理视频，并在网络故障时避免学习中断。您可以随时暂停渐进式视频学习集的学习，返回常规学习，待网络恢复正常后再继续视频学习。
if you would like to use SuperMemo as your YouTube jukebox, you should also keep music videos in a single collection (or mark them all with a specific keyword for fast subset learning). You can later hide your jukebox collection in the system tray. Your jukebox will play only the selected fragments of individual videos in order of priority as specified in your sorting criteria. As in incremental reading, using intervals and priorities is a good remedy against getting bored with a given song or video
若想将 SuperMemo 用作 YouTube 点唱机，建议将所有音乐视频集中保存在一个集合中（或为它们统一标记特定关键词以便快速子集学习）。之后可将点唱机集合隐藏至系统托盘。点唱机将根据您设定的排序优先级，仅播放各视频中选定的片段。如同渐进阅读一样，利用间隔重复和优先级设置能有效避免对特定歌曲或视频产生厌倦感。
videos cannot be played in SuperMemo if their embedding is blocked (you will see a message Embedding Disabled By Request). Those videos you can only watch on YouTube. This means that those videos are pretty useless in your incremental video learning; however, you can still use prioritization and scheduling tools to choose which videos should be played in which sequence and on which day. Note also that many of those videos are uploaded multiple times by various users, and you only need to search for an alternative that can be embedded
如果视频的嵌入被阻止（您会看到消息“Embedding Disabled By Request”），则无法在 SuperMemo 中播放这些视频。这些视频您只能在 YouTube 上观看。这意味着这些视频在您的渐进式视频学习中几乎无用；不过，您仍然可以使用优先级和排程工具来选择哪些视频应按何种顺序以及在何日播放。还需注意的是，许多此类视频由不同用户多次上传，您只需搜索可嵌入的替代版本即可。

10.3.4 Your own incremental video script

你自己的渐进式视频脚本

Videos are handled with the help of YouTube Player API in HTML components using a small JavaScript program. When you first run SuperMemo, it writes this script into a file stored in the [BIN] subfolder of the folder in which you installed SuperMemo. The name of the file is YouTube.htm. If you know JavaScript, you can substitute your own incremental video script in that file (e.g. to change the layout, size of buttons, or even add new functions for processing videos). Here are the only components of the script that you need to preserve:
视频播放功能通过 HTML 组件中的 YouTube Player API 实现，辅以一个小型 JavaScript 程序。首次运行 SuperMemo 时，系统会将此脚本写入安装目录下[BIN]子文件夹中的 YouTube.htm 文件。若您熟悉 JavaScript，可替换该文件中的渐进视频脚本（例如修改布局、按钮尺寸，甚至新增视频处理功能）。以下是脚本中必须保留的核心组件：

the order of INPUT fields (these are used by SuperMemo to collect extract boundaries)
INPUT 字段的顺序（SuperMemo 用其收集片段边界）
SELECT and OPTION fields for generating extracts
用于生成片段的 SELECT 和 OPTION 字段
INPUT field with YouTube video ID substituted by SuperMemo (id="videoid")
由 SuperMemo 替换的 YouTube 视频 ID 字段（ id="videoid" ）
INPUT field that determines the position of video start and end (id="startvideoat" and id="stopvideoat")(must be “0:00:00“)
决定视频开始和结束位置的字段（ id="startvideoat" 和 id="stopvideoat" ）（必须为”0:00:00”）

The most important change you may wish to introduce is to decide between version=2 and version=3 of the player. Both have their bugs and disadvantages. For more see Player Version Issues. The version of the player you choose will be picked by default in all your YouTube elements.
您可能希望引入的最重要更改是在播放器的 version=2 和 version=3 之间做出选择。两者都存在缺陷和不足。更多信息请参阅“播放器版本问题”。您选择的播放器版本将在所有 YouTube 元素中默认使用。

If you would like to share your own script with others, you can upload it to SuperMemoPedia.
如果您想与他人分享自己的脚本，可以将其上传至 SuperMemoPedia。

10.4 Example 示例

See: 参见：

Learning history with SuperMemo 19 (YouTube)
使用 SuperMemo 19 学习历史（YouTube）
How to upgrade? 如何升级？

11. Incremental audio 渐进式音频

11.1 Incremental audio: Introduction

渐进式音频：简介

Incremental audio is analogous to incremental video. You can use incremental video to process audio information from YouTube, or you can use a dedicated extractor bar in the sound component to import and process sound files (e.g. MP3, WMA, WAV, etc.).
渐进式音频与渐进式视频类似。你可以使用渐进式视频处理来自 YouTube 的音频信息，或者利用声音组件中的专用提取栏导入和处理音频文件（如 MP3、WMA、WAV 等格式）。

11.2 Incremental audio with sound files

使用音频文件的渐进式学习

Working with sound files is the same as working with video files. The only difference is that you will use sound components instead of video components. Those will be created for you automatically at import with File : Import : Files and folders (available from the main menu). For details see: Incremental video with video files: Outline.
处理音频文件与处理视频文件的操作相同。唯一区别在于您需要使用音频组件而非视频组件。这些组件会在通过主菜单中的“文件：导入：文件和文件夹”进行导入时自动创建。详情请参阅：使用视频文件进行渐进式学习：大纲。

11.3 Incremental audio with YouTube

使用 YouTube 的渐进式音频学习

See: Incremental video with YouTube: Outline to find out how to use YouTube material in incremental audio process.
参阅：使用 YouTube 进行渐进式音频学习：大纲，了解如何在渐进式音频处理中使用 YouTube 素材。

12. Incremental mail processing

渐进式邮件处理

12.1 E-mail in SuperMemo: Introduction

SuperMemo 中的电子邮件：简介

SuperMemo makes it easy to resolve mail overload without neglecting the most important channels of communication.
SuperMemo 让您轻松应对邮件过载问题，同时不会忽视最重要的沟通渠道。

In addition to prioritizing and managing the communication, SuperMemo helps you:
除了优先处理和管理通信外，SuperMemo 还能帮助您：

incorporate e-mail communication into your learning process (e.g. forwarding and discussing important pieces of knowledge)
将电子邮件通信融入学习过程（例如转发并讨论重要的知识片段）
incorporate learning into your e-mail communication (e.g. memorizing important facts related to your mail communication)
在学习中整合电子邮件通信内容（例如记忆与邮件往来相关的重要事实）

To fully use e-mail functionality in SuperMemo you will need Windows (Live) Mail (or any other e-mail client that support EML) or MS Outlook 2000 or later. At the very minimum, MAPI compatible mail would be needed for sending SuperMemo elements or objects via mail.
要充分利用 SuperMemo 中的电子邮件功能，您需要 Windows (Live) Mail（或任何其他支持 EML 的电子邮件客户端）或 MS Outlook 2000 及以上版本。最低要求是具备 MAPI 兼容的邮件系统，以便通过邮件发送 SuperMemo 元素或对象。

Here are the most important ways you can use SuperMemo in mail processing, and use e-mail in communicating your SuperMemo work:
以下是您在邮件处理中使用 SuperMemo 以及通过电子邮件交流 SuperMemo 工作的最重要方式：

Prioritizing mail: To make sure you always begin with the most important pieces, you should use the priority queue to prioritize mail. Possibly, you will not manage to answer all mail, however, you will always do your best in processing top-priority messages.
邮件优先级排序：为确保您始终从最重要的邮件开始处理，应使用优先级队列对邮件进行排序。您可能无法回复所有邮件，但至少能确保优先处理高优先级消息。
Using incremental learning tools to process mail: Incremental reading is a powerful tool that helps you prioritize, schedule, and process mail. As a result, you may decide that instead of using your mail software, it is more convenient and rational to use SuperMemo to read and respond to your e-mail. Users of Windows (Live) Mail or MS Outlook can now import all their mail to SuperMemo with a keystroke. If you receive more mail than you are able to effectively process, you can use overload tools. You will immediately process only the most important pieces and proceed with others according to their priority in proportion of available time. As in the learning process, rescheduling and sorting happens in the background, so that you never lose sleep over delaying a reply or being slow with processing excess mail. You can respond to longer pieces incrementally.
使用增量学习工具处理邮件：增量阅读是一种强大的工具，能帮助你优先处理、安排和处理邮件。因此，你可能会发现，与其使用邮件软件，不如使用 SuperMemo 来阅读和回复邮件更为方便合理。Windows (Live) Mail 或 MS Outlook 的用户现在只需一键即可将所有邮件导入 SuperMemo。如果你收到的邮件超出了有效处理能力，可以使用过载工具。你将立即处理最重要的部分，并根据优先级和可用时间比例处理其他邮件。与学习过程类似，重新安排和排序在后台进行，因此你无需为延迟回复或处理过多邮件而失眠。你可以逐步回复较长的邮件。
发送学习数据给他人：在渐进学习（或处理邮件）过程中遇到有价值的信息时，你可以一键将其发送给同事、朋友、合作伙伴或家人，以激发灵感或进一步讨论。例如，在阅读一篇关于解码人类基因组的文章时，你可能会发现 Celera 公司的 Craig Venter来自摩门教家庭，且他的父亲最终被逐出教会。你可以通过 SuperMemo 一键将这样的笔记（或整篇文章）发送给你的摩门教朋友。
在渐进学习中利用邮件材料：你也可以将邮件片段融入学习过程。可将最有价值的电子邮件视为待阅读文章。若收到极具启发性的信息，不妨将其引入渐进学习并记忆部分内容，以确保长期受益。换言之，你的邮件不仅能触发行动，还可用于学习，使记忆与你关心的事物保持同步。通过这种方式，你还能从他人发送的材料中学习，尤其是当这些材料来自他人进行的渐进学习过程的小片段时。你还可以对处理过的邮件各部分进行评论或回复，无论是阅读时还是复习时新想法涌现之际。这一过程既可用于创造性目的（如在不同情境下重温启发性的观点或信息），也可用于记忆强化（如尝试回忆表兄的大学专业）。

12.2 Sending learning data to others

向他人发送学习数据

Note: Sending e-mail does not work by default in Windows 10, even with a MAPI compliant client. Please watch this video for instructions on how to get sending email working with SuperMemo (using registry string: Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\WOW6432Node\Microsoft\Windows Messaging Subsystem)).
注意：在 Windows 10 中，默认情况下发送电子邮件无法正常工作，即使使用符合 MAPI 标准的客户端也是如此。请观看此视频了解如何通过修改注册表字符串（路径：计算机\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\WOW6432Node\Microsoft\Windows Messaging Subsystem）使 SuperMemo 能够发送邮件。

To send an element via e-mail, click the E-mail button () on the navigation bar or press Shift+Ctrl+E. Element texts will be sent in the e-mail body (if you wish so), while formatted texts, pictures, and other files will be sent as attachments. You could also send texts without attachments by using E-mail : Texts or E-mail : Q&A on the element menu.
要通过电子邮件发送元素，请点击导航栏上的电子邮件按钮（ SuperMemo: Send a copy of the element (or its part) in an e-mail message ）或按 Shift+Ctrl+E。元素文本将作为邮件正文发送（如您所愿），而格式化文本、图片和其他文件将作为附件发送。您还可以通过元素菜单中的”电子邮件：文本”或”电子邮件：问答”选项发送无附件的纯文本内容。

To send a selected fragment of an article via e-mail, right-click over the selection (to open the component menu) and choose Reading : E-mail (Shift+Ctrl+E). Alternatively, you can also click the E-mail button () on the Read toolbar. Note: SuperMemo sends only plain text mail, and formatted texts can only be sent as attachments.
要发送文章中选定的片段，请右键点击选中区域（打开组件菜单）并选择”阅读：电子邮件”(Shift+Ctrl+E)。或者，您也可以点击阅读工具栏上的电子邮件按钮（ SuperMemo: Send a copy of the element (or its part) in an e-mail message ）。注意：SuperMemo 仅发送纯文本邮件，格式化文本只能以附件形式发送。

To send a fragment of YouTube video, mark the fragment with Start and Stop buttons and click the E-mail button () on the navigation bar.
要发送 YouTube 视频片段，请使用开始和停止按钮标记片段范围，然后点击导航栏上的电子邮件按钮（ SuperMemo: Send a copy of the element (or its part) in an e-mail message ）。

12.3 Importing mail to SuperMemo

将邮件导入 SuperMemo

12.3.1 Importing mail from Windows (Live) Mail

从 Windows (Live) Mail 导入邮件

To import mail from Windows (Live) Mail, follow these steps:
要从 Windows (Live) Mail 导入邮件，请按照以下步骤操作：

(optionally) Preview mail in your Windows (Live) Mail Inbox:
（可选）在 Windows (Live) Mail 收件箱中预览邮件：
- delete spam, 删除垃圾邮件，
- process one-liners (mail that requires only short answers and is not worth archiving),
  处理简短邮件（仅需简短回复且不值得归档的邮件），
- categorize mail by moving it to separate folders (e.g. Business, Family, Pictures, Learning, etc.), forward mail that may be processed by others, etc.
  通过将邮件移至不同文件夹进行分类（例如：工作、家庭、图片、学习等），转发可由他人处理的邮件等。
(optionally) Move mail that is to be processed incrementally in a given collection to a dedicated import folder. Use a top level import folder as SuperMemo only lists top folders on the pick-list (e.g. Inbox, Sent items, Business as opposed to Inbox/Business). Nested folders need to be picked manually (with Change the import folder).
（可选）将需要逐步处理的邮件移动到专门的导入文件夹。使用顶级导入文件夹，因为 SuperMemo 仅显示顶级文件夹选择列表（例如收件箱、已发送邮件、业务，而非收件箱/业务）。嵌套文件夹需手动选择（通过“更改导入文件夹”功能）。
You can import mail from any folder by following these steps:
您可以通过以下步骤从任意文件夹导入邮件：
1. Choose Edit : Import mail (Shift+F4) on the main menu, or Import mail from the import context menu on the learnbar
  在主菜单中选择“编辑：导入邮件（Shift+F4）”，或从学习栏的导入上下文菜单中选择“导入邮件”。
2. (when importing for the first time) select Windows (Live) Mail as your mail application
  （首次导入时）选择 Windows (Live) Mail 作为您的邮件应用程序
3. (when importing for the first time) pick the account you want to import mail from
  （首次导入时）选择您要从中导入邮件的账户
4. (when importing for the first time) SuperMemo will ask you to specify the folder with e-mails to import
  （首次导入时）SuperMemo 会要求您指定包含待导入邮件的文件夹
  
  Figure: A dialog with the list of top level folders to import mail from (displayed when importing mail for the first time)
  图示：首次导入邮件时显示的顶级邮件文件夹选择对话框
5. Pressing OK will import all mail to SuperMemo. E-mail attachments will be imported as separate components of the appropriate type. Binary components will be used to import attachments in formats that are not supported by SuperMemo (e.g. PDF, URL, ZIP, MSG, MMP, XLS, DOC, MPA, WMA, etc.). Mail that has been imported previously will be skipped (as long as it is located in the same import folder as used in the prior import)
  点击确定将把所有邮件导入至 SuperMemo。邮件附件将作为相应类型的独立组件被导入。对于 SuperMemo 不支持的格式（如 PDF、URL、ZIP、MSG、MMP、XLS、DOC、MPA、WMA 等），将以二进制组件形式导入附件。先前已导入的邮件将被跳过（只要该邮件位于与之前导入时相同的文件夹中）。
  
  Figure: Progress bar displayed while importing mail to SuperMemo
  图示：将邮件导入 SuperMemo 时显示的进度条

Note that you will only repeat steps 2-4 when changing the e-mail client or the import folder.
注意：只有在更换电子邮件客户端或导入文件夹时才需要重复步骤 2-4。

12.3.2 Importing mail from MS Outlook

从 MS Outlook 导入邮件

To import mail from MS Outlook, do what follows:
从 MS Outlook 导入邮件的操作步骤如下：

(optionally) Preview mail in the Outlook Inbox
（可选）在 Outlook 收件箱中预览邮件
(optionally) Move mail that is to be processed incrementally in a given collection to a dedicated import folder. A disadvantage of importing directly from Outlook Inbox is that new mail may arrive during the import process
（可选）将要进行增量处理的邮件从指定集合移至专用导入文件夹。直接从 Outlook 收件箱导入的缺点是导入过程中可能有新邮件到达
You can import the content of your Inbox (or any other Outlook mail folder) by choosing Edit : Import mail (Shift+F4) on the main menu. Choose Import All to import all mail to SuperMemo and move it to an archive folder in MS Outlook (see the picture below). E-mail attachments will be imported as separate components of the appropriate type. Binary components will be used to import attachments in formats that are not supported by SuperMemo (e.g. PDF, URL, ZIP, MSG, MMP, XLS, DOC, MPA, etc.)
您可以通过主菜单中选择编辑：导入邮件（Shift+F4）来导入收件箱（或任何其他 Outlook 邮件文件夹）内容。选择”全部导入”可将所有邮件导入 SuperMemo 并移至 MS Outlook 的存档文件夹（见下图）。电子邮件附件将作为相应类型的独立组件导入，不支持 SuperMemo 格式的附件（如 PDF、URL、ZIP、MSG、MMP、XLS、DOC、MPA 等）将以二进制组件形式导入

12.3.3 Importing mail from other applications

从其他应用程序导入邮件

12.3.3.1 Importing mail from a folder

从文件夹导入邮件

If your mail application keeps mail on a local disk in the EML format, you can import it by pointing to the folder from which the mail should be imported:
如果您的邮件应用程序将邮件以 EML 格式保存在本地磁盘上，您可以通过指向应从中导入邮件的文件夹来导入邮件：

choose Edit : Import mail (Shift+F4) from the main menu
从主菜单中选择编辑：导入邮件（Shift+F4）
choose Change the mailing program (if you used other method previously, answer with No to whatever confirmation SuperMemo demands)
选择更改邮件程序（如果之前使用了其他方法，对 SuperMemo 要求的任何确认都回答“否”）
choose Other applications
选择其他应用程序
when SuperMemo asks “Please point to the folder where you keep the mail that you want to import“, point to the folder where EML files reside
当 SuperMemo 询问”请指定包含待导入邮件的文件夹位置”时，请指向存放 EML 文件的文件夹

12.3.3.2 Importing mail by copy&paste

通过复制粘贴导入邮件

If you do not use Windows (Live) Mail, nor MS Outlook, nor any other suitable application from where you can import mail, you can manually import individual pieces of mail.
如果您不使用 Windows (Live) Mail、MS Outlook 或其他可以导入邮件的合适应用程序，您可以手动导入单封邮件。

To paste a piece of e-mail for incremental reading, select the text in the e-mail body, copy this text to the clipboard and choose E-Mail: Paste in the Commander.
要在渐进阅读中粘贴邮件片段，请先选中邮件正文文本，复制到剪贴板后，在 Commander 中选择 E-Mail: Paste（邮件：粘贴）功能

If you want to respond to the original sender while incrementally reading his or her e-mail, paste the e-mail along with its header information (date, return address, subject, etc.).
若想在渐进阅读过程中回复原邮件发件人，请粘贴包含邮件头信息（日期、回邮地址、主题等）的完整邮件内容

For example, in Thunderbird:
例如，在 Thunderbird 中：

click Forward, 点击“转发”，
select the entire body of the message (e.g. with Ctrl+A),
选择整封邮件正文（例如使用 Ctrl+A 全选），
copy the selected text to the clipboard (e.g. with Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Ins)
将选中文本复制到剪贴板（例如使用 Ctrl+C 或 Ctrl+Ins）
switch to SuperMemo, and choose E-Mail: Paste in the Commander. This will automatically convert your e-mail to plain text (to save space, remove read-only attributes, etc.). It will also format the header for you. If you want to retain some formatting, select the text and re-paste the formatted fragment
切换到 SuperMemo，在 Commander 中选择“邮件：粘贴”。这将自动将您的邮件转换为纯文本（以节省空间、移除只读属性等）。同时会为您格式化邮件标题。如需保留部分格式，请选中文本并重新粘贴带格式的片段

12.3.3.3 Importing from other applications

从其他应用程序导入

See: Importing mail from other applications
参见：从其他应用程序导入邮件

12.4 Reading mail incrementally

增量式阅读邮件

You can process e-mail incrementally in SuperMemo in a process analogous to incremental reading.
在 SuperMemo 中，您可以以类似于渐进阅读的方式逐步处理电子邮件。

Here are the pros and the cons:
以下是优缺点：

12.4.1 Advantages 优势

recall of important facts: if you learn new things from e-mail sent by others, you can easily introduce the most valuable pieces into the learning process (via standard Extract or Alt+X). Those pieces will be reviewed as other pieces of knowledge in SuperMemo. If you decide to respond to a given inspirational fragment, the sender address will automatically be used when you click the E-mail button () on the navigation bar. Incremental processing will help you remember names, contexts, events, and facts far better than when using other methods. You will not experience mental chaos caused by an overcrowded Inbox
重要事实的记忆：如果从他人发送的邮件中学习新内容，您可以轻松地将最有价值的部分引入学习流程（通过标准提取或 Alt+X 快捷键）。这些内容将像 SuperMemo 中的其他知识点一样被复习。若您决定对某个启发性的片段进行回复，点击导航栏上的邮件按钮（）时，发件人地址会自动填入。渐进式处理能帮助您比使用其他方法更好地记住人名、背景、事件和事实。您将不再因收件箱过载而遭受思维混乱的困扰。
prioritization: if you get more e-mail material than you are able to process, you can use incremental learning tools for prioritizing mail and its fragments. One of the greatest strengths of incremental learning is its unique system for efficiently determining the priority of the reading material with the help of the priority queue. Remember to politely inform everyone about your e-mail processing system. Otherwise you may easily be accused of acting as an e-mail black hole
优先级处理：若收到的电子邮件材料超出你的处理能力，可利用渐进学习工具对邮件及其片段进行优先级排序。渐进学习最显著的优点之一，是其借助优先级队列高效确定阅读材料优先级的独特系统。记得礼貌地告知他人你的邮件处理机制，否则你可能会被指责为“邮件黑洞”。
handling overflow: you can use Postpone and other rescheduling tools to resolve the excessive inflow of information without damage to your selected priority criteria. If you work in a team, it is a great idea to delegate some of your work; however, not all work can be delegated. Additionally, if you delegate, you do not learn from e-mail that you delegate. To answer the latter problem, you can choose a solution in the middle: delegate e-mail jobs and process inflowing pieces with the tools of incremental learning
处理信息过载：面对信息过量涌入时，可使用“推迟”及其他重排工具来调整，而不会损害你设定的优先级标准。若在团队中工作，将部分工作委派出去是个好主意，但并非所有任务都可委派。此外，委派意味着你无法从被委派的邮件中学习。针对后者，可采取折中方案：委派邮件任务的同时，使用渐进学习工具处理流入的信息片段。

12.4.2 Disadvantages 缺点

splintering e-mail: some people dislike splintered responses. They prefer to have their e-mail analyzed as a whole and responded to as a whole (preferably within an hour :). As an act of kindness, try to remember people’s preferences and do not use incremental e-mail processing (too much) on those who do not like it
碎片化邮件处理：有些人反感零散的回复方式。他们更希望邮件被整体分析并得到完整回复（最好在一小时内完成）。出于善意，请尽量记住对方的偏好，对那些不喜欢这种方式的人（过度）使用渐进式邮件处理
incremental approach is not transitive: incremental e-mail processing shows the greatest power for longer pieces of mail, article forwards, etc. For very short e-mail messages, incremental e-mail processing delivers less value per unit time. Because incremental mail processing leads to short communication bursts, it undermines its own power when used at both ends of the communication channel. However, even if you communicate in short sentences (i.e. without SuperMemo), keep the record of mail in your collection for Search and review
渐进式方法不具备传递性：渐进式邮件处理对长篇邮件、转发文章等效果最佳。对于非常简短的邮件，单位时间内产生的价值较低。由于渐进式处理会导致通信碎片化，当通信双方都采用这种方式时反而会削弱其优势。但即便你用短句交流（即不使用 SuperMemo），也请将邮件记录保存在学习集供搜索和复习

12.5 Incremental strategy for mail processing

邮件处理的增量策略

Incremental learning can be employed in mail processing.
增量学习可应用于邮件处理中。

The strategy will be different when processing mail from family or friends. It will be different when processing business mail. It will also be different, and perhaps most effective, when brainstorming over e-mail.
处理来自家人或朋友的邮件时，策略会有所不同；处理商务邮件时策略也不同；而在通过电子邮件进行头脑风暴时，策略或许最为高效。

This is an exemplary strategy that might be used in nearly all imaginable applications:
这是一个示范性策略，几乎适用于所有能想象到的应用场景：

Review stage 复习阶段

(optionally) Preview mail in your Inbox: delete spam, process one-liners (mail that requires only short answers and is not worth archiving), categorize mail by moving it to separate folders (e.g. Business, Family, Pictures, Learning, Music, etc.), forward mail that may be processed by others, etc.
（可选）预览收件箱中的邮件：删除垃圾邮件，处理只需简短回复且无需归档的邮件（如单行邮件），通过将邮件移至不同文件夹进行分类（例如商务、家庭、图片、学习、音乐等），转发可由他人处理的邮件等。
import mail from a selected import folder (e.g. with Shift+F4). You may import different categories of mail to different collections (e.g. business mail to Mail.kno, while family pictures to Photos.kno)
从选定的导入文件夹导入邮件（例如使用 Shift+F4）。您可以将不同类别的邮件导入到不同的集合中（例如将商务邮件导入 Mail.kno，而家庭照片导入 Photos.kno）。
prioritize mail. Use Spread priorities to assign a range of priority to the imported subset of mail. Use Alt+P on most important pieces of mail to assign individual priorities. For example, import the bulk in the 3%..6% range, and pick 5-10 most important pieces for higher priorities
对邮件进行优先级排序。使用“分散优先级”为导入的邮件子集分配优先级范围。对最重要的邮件使用 Alt+P 单独设置优先级。例如，将批量邮件设为 3%..6%的优先级范围，并挑选 5-10 封最重要的邮件赋予更高优先级。

Processing stage 处理阶段

click Learn, and process mail using standard incremental reading tools (extract, re-prioritize, delay, etc.) combined with e-mail options (extract, send/reply, FAQ, article or picture forwards, etc.). As long as you use auto-sort and auto-postpone, your workload should be reasonable and you should always begin from top priority mail. If you have Learn : Sorting : Auto-sort repetitions checked, your mail will be sorted by priority at the beginning of the day. If have Learn : Postpone : Auto-postpone checked, all the mail that you fail to process today will be redistributed into the future
点击“学习”，使用标准的渐进阅读工具（如提取、重新优先级排序、延迟等）结合电子邮件选项（提取、发送/回复、常见问题解答、文章或图片转发等）处理邮件。只要您启用自动排序和自动延期功能，您的工作量就会保持在合理范围内，并且始终从最高优先级的邮件开始处理。如果您勾选了“学习：排序：自动排序复习”，您的邮件将在每天开始时按优先级排序。若勾选“学习：延期：自动延期”，所有当天未能处理的邮件将被重新分配到未来日期。
(optionally) once you run out of time, process some mail without responding to re-prioritize and reschedule the most important pieces manually (rather than leaving them to automatic rescheduling)
（可选）当时间耗尽时，处理部分邮件但不立即回复，手动重新优先级排序并重新安排最重要的部分（而非依赖自动重新安排）。

Naturally, as with incremental reading, the time you choose to progress through individual stages is important for efficiency. Processing stage should fall into time slots with best alertness and mental performance. Review stage can be done at other times, incl. while multi-tasking. This approach eliminates the instant nature of mail, but makes the entire process more reasonable, esp. if volumes are far beyond manageable. Although many pieces of mail will get substantially delayed (or perhaps even neglected), top-priority mail will be processed in the first order, and damage done by urgency will be less. The above strategy may introduce an inevitable delay of up to 4 days in replying (Day #1 arrival, #2 review, #3 prioritizing, #4 processing); however, in incremental reading, it is always the priority and quality that should come first ahead of speed and urgency. Those pieces that truly cannot wait can be handled at Review stage (if absolutely necessary).
自然，与渐进阅读一样，选择何时推进各个阶段对效率至关重要。处理阶段应安排在警觉性和心智表现最佳的时间段进行，而复习阶段则可在其他时间完成，包括多任务处理时。这种方法虽然消除了邮件的即时性，但使整个过程更为合理，尤其在处理量远超可管理范围时。尽管许多邮件会被大幅延迟（甚至可能被忽略），但最高优先级的邮件将首先得到处理，紧急事务带来的损害也会减少。上述策略可能导致回复延迟最多 4 天（第 1 天接收、第 2 天复习、第 3 天优先级排序、第 4 天处理）；然而在渐进阅读中，优先级和质量始终应优先于速度和紧急性。那些确实无法等待的事项可在复习阶段处理（如绝对必要）。

12.6 Mail processing tips 邮件处理技巧

Create a separate collection for e-mail processing (unless you plan to combine e-mail work with standard repetitions)
为邮件处理创建一个单独的集合（除非你计划将邮件工作与标准复习相结合）
Import mail to your e-mail collection with Shift+F4
使用 Shift+F4 将邮件导入到你的邮件集合中
Use the priority queue (Alt+P) to prioritize mail
使用优先级队列（Alt+P）来为邮件设置优先级
Use Auto-sort and Auto-postone to resolve overload and prioritize mail automatically
使用自动排序和自动延期功能来自动解决过载问题并优先处理邮件
You can delay individual pieces of mail with Ctrl+Shift+R or Ctrl+J, and change their priority with Alt+P. Use Ctrl+Shift+R on first reading to determine when you want to reply to an e-mail
你可以使用 Ctrl+Shift+R 或 Ctrl+J 延迟单封邮件，用 Alt+P 更改其优先级。首次阅读时使用 Ctrl+Shift+R 来决定何时回复电子邮件
SuperMemo picks the earliest [mailto: tag from your e-mail text as the default response addressee. If you would like to send pieces of an article to a selected person, put this tag with the address anywhere in the text. For example: [mailto:johndoe@hotmail.com] (note the square brackets around the tag and the missing space between mailto: and the address). You can specify multiple recipients by separating their names with a semicolon. For example: [mailto:miko;alex] where miko and alex must be defined in your mail program’s address book (e.g. Windows Live Mail address book). Adding the [mailto: tag is useful when you want to ask many questions or forward many pieces of a single mail to a single person whose address is complex and is not defined in your address book
SuperMemo 会从邮件正文中选取最早的[mailto:标签作为默认回复地址。若想将文章部分内容发送给指定人员，只需在文本任意位置插入带地址的该标签。例如：[mailto:johndoe@hotmail.com]（注意标签用方括号包裹且 mailto:与地址间无空格）。可通过分号分隔指定多个收件人，例如：[mailto:miko;alex]，其中 miko 和 alex 需在邮件程序地址簿中定义（如 Windows Live Mail 通讯录）。当需要向地址复杂且未存入通讯录的收件人批量提问或转发邮件片段时，添加[mailto:标签尤为实用
Optionally, add a degree of randomization in your Sorting criteria to prevent “tunnel vision” in processing. For example, we all suffer from a recency bias where recently arrived mail is ranked higher in priority than mail that arrived earlier. Randomization helps to counteract this and similar biases
可选地，在排序标准中添加一定程度的随机性，以防止处理过程中出现“隧道视野”。例如，我们都会受到近因偏差的影响，即最近收到的邮件优先级高于较早收到的邮件。随机化有助于抵消这种及类似的偏差。
In the e-mail review process (initiated with Learn), do the following:
在电子邮件复习过程中（通过“学习”功能启动），请执行以下操作：
- respond to the most important fragments with E-mail button ()(on the navigation bar)
  对最重要的片段使用导航栏上的“邮件”按钮（）进行回复
- schedule less important fragments with Schedule extract (on the Read toolbar)
  在阅读工具栏上用“安排提取”功能处理较不重要的片段
- pass or delete unimportant fragments, or mark them with Ignore (on the Read toolbar)
  忽略或删除不重要的片段，或在阅读工具栏上标记为“忽略”
- if you jump to the next e-mail element before completing the reading, select the current read-point with Ctrl+F7 (Set read-point)
  如果在完成阅读前跳转到下一封邮件元素，请使用 Ctrl+F7（设置阅读点）标记当前阅读位置
- if you jump to the next e-mail before completing the reading, optionally, set the new interval with Shift+Ctrl+R
  如果在完成阅读前跳转到下一封邮件，可选用 Shift+Ctrl+R 设置新的间隔
- if mail can be answered later, use Alt+P to reduce its priority
  若邮件可稍后回复，使用 Alt+P 降低其优先级
- use Next repetition or Learn to move on to the next piece of mail
  使用“下次复习”或“学习”功能继续处理下一封邮件
- if you complete reading/processing a piece of e-mail, dismiss it with Ctrl+D. You can also use Done on the element menu (Shift+Ctrl+Enter) if you do not plan to archive a given piece of mail
  完成邮件阅读/处理后，按 Ctrl+D 将其关闭。若不打算归档该邮件，也可通过元素菜单中的“完成”选项（Shift+Ctrl+Enter）操作
To change the addressee, paste the new address in place of the old one in the [mailto: ] field. You can use short names (e.g. [mailto:john]) if you have the name in your Address Book. Unfortunately, you will have to paste the address to all splinter fragments generated in incremental reading. You could use Search and Replace (Ctrl+R) for that purpose.
要更改收件人，请在[mailto: ]字段中用新地址替换旧地址。如果通讯录中有该联系人，可以使用简称（如[mailto:john]）。需要注意的是，增量阅读中生成的所有拆分片段都需要逐个粘贴地址。此时可以使用查找替换功能(Ctrl+R)批量操作。
You can sort mail by interval, date, and more. See: You can sort mail by interval, priority or other criteria
邮件可按间隔时间、日期等多种方式排序。参见：邮件可按间隔、优先级或其他条件排序
You can safely remove texts that SuperMemo adds at the end of mail sent
您可以安全删除 SuperMemo 在发送邮件末尾自动添加的文本

12.6.1 You can sort mail by interval, priority or other criteria

您可以根据间隔、优先级或其他标准对邮件进行排序

You can sort mail by the length of the interval using the following method:
通过以下方法可按间隔时长对邮件进行排序：

choose View : Outstanding
选择视图：未完成项
click Intrv twice at the top of the browser window (to sort from the lowest to the highest intervals)
在浏览器窗口顶部点击两次“间隔”列（按从低到高间隔排序）
choose Tools : Save repetitions (on the browser menu)
选择工具菜单中的“保存重复记录”（位于浏览器菜单栏）

You can use this method in e-mail processing in the same way as in the learning process. You can also use this method to sort mail by priority, last review date, etc. It is most convenient to use auto-sort and auto-postpone when processing mail. This way you can be sure that mail of highest priority is scheduled at the beginning of the outstanding queue.
您可以将此方法应用于电子邮件处理，如同在学习过程中使用一样。该方法还可用于按优先级、最后复习日期等对邮件进行排序。处理邮件时，使用自动排序和自动推迟功能最为便捷，如此可确保最高优先级的邮件被安排在未处理队列的最前面。

12.7 Responding with FAQs 使用常见问题解答进行回复

When processing e-mail, you can choose to reply to a question with an FAQ (i.e. a question-answer pair), which can then be stored in your FAQ database. Responding via FAQ is the best way to retain the context of the question, even if you reply with substantial delay.
在处理电子邮件时，您可以选择用 FAQ（即问答对）来回复问题，随后该问答可存入 FAQ 数据库。通过 FAQ 回复是保留问题上下文的最佳方式，即使延迟较久后回复也能保持原意。

Use Reading : E-mail FAQ on the component menu or click the FAQ icon on the Read toolbar. After providing the answer, click OK. Optionally, you can reword the question, change the addressee, or the title of the question. You can also have your FAQ saved in HTML or Wiki format for publishing on the web. Note that SuperMemo FAQs are generated with SuperMemo itself. This way, many users can benefit from a reply to a question asked by a single individual.
使用组件菜单中的”阅读：邮件 FAQ”功能，或点击阅读工具栏上的 FAQ 图标。提供答案后点击确定。您可选择重述问题、修改收件人或问题标题。FAQ 还能以 HTML 或 Wiki 格式保存供网页发布。注意：SuperMemo 的 FAQ 由软件自身生成，这使得单个用户的提问回复能让众多用户受益。

If you would like to publish your FAQs and change their formatting, modify the following files:
如需发布 FAQ 并修改其格式，请编辑以下文件：

HTML: [SuperMemo folder]\bin\FAQ_template.htm
HTML: [SuperMemo 文件夹]\bin\FAQ_template.htm
Wiki: [SuperMemo folder]\bin\FAQ_wiki.txt
Wiki: [SuperMemo 文件夹]\bin\FAQ_wiki.txt

If you would like to use rich formatting in your FAQs that will be saved to a selected HTML file, toggle the Rich formatting button above the top right corner of the Question text area. You can recognize if the formatting is enabled by blue borders of the Question and Answer fields. You will then be able to use standard keyboard shortcuts for basic formatting (e.g. Ctrl+B to make the currently selected text bold, Ctrl+I to italicize the selected text, etc.)
若您希望在保存至指定 HTML 文件的常见问题中使用富文本格式，请点击问题文本框右上角的”富文本格式”按钮进行切换。当问题与答案字段显示蓝色边框时，即表示格式功能已启用。此时您可使用标准键盘快捷键进行基础排版（例如：Ctrl+B 将选中文字加粗，Ctrl+I 将文字设为斜体等）。


The E-mail response dialog box now supports richly formatted FAQs that can be formatted either as HTML… 电子邮件回复对话框现在支持富文本格式的 FAQ，可以格式化为 HTML…	or WYSIWYG 或所见即所得
Figire: Reading : E-mail FAQ on the component menu makes it possible to use the selected text as a question in an FAQ. The FAQ will be sent as a reply, and stored in FAQ files (as HTML and/or Wiki). 图例：阅读：组件菜单中的“电子邮件常见问题解答”功能允许将选定文本作为 FAQ 中的问题使用。该 FAQ 将以回复形式发送，并存储为 HTML 和/或 Wiki 格式的 FAQ 文件。

The E-mail response dialog box now supports richly formatted FAQs that can be formatted either as HTML…
电子邮件回复对话框现在支持富文本格式的 FAQ，可以格式化为 HTML…

or WYSIWYG 或所见即所得

Figire: Reading : E-mail FAQ on the component menu makes it possible to use the selected text as a question in an FAQ. The FAQ will be sent as a reply, and stored in FAQ files (as HTML and/or Wiki).
图例：阅读：组件菜单中的“电子邮件常见问题解答”功能允许将选定文本作为 FAQ 中的问题使用。该 FAQ 将以回复形式发送，并存储为 HTML 和/或 Wiki 格式的 FAQ 文件。

You can edit your FAQs in the HTML component. Use Horizontal line in the Commander to separate question from answer with a splitline (you can use Reading : Split : Insert splitline on the component menu, or Shift+Alt+H). Once the FAQ is largely complete, select both the question and the answer, and choose Reading : E-mail FAQ from the component menu to polish its HTML, preview it in the WYSIWYG mode, and send it. The FAQ will be sent as a reply, and stored in FAQ files (as HTML and/or Wiki).
您可以在 HTML 组件中编辑 FAQ。使用指挥官中的水平线通过分割线分隔问题与答案（可通过组件菜单中的“阅读：分割：插入分割线”或快捷键 Shift+Alt+H 实现）。当 FAQ 内容基本完成后，同时选中问题与答案，选择组件菜单中的“阅读：电子邮件 FAQ”功能来优化其 HTML 格式，在所见即所得模式下预览并发送。FAQ 将作为回复发送，并存储为 HTML 和/或 Wiki 格式的文件。

13. Incremental learning in creativity

创造力中的渐进学习

Incremental learning promotes creativity by association of remote ideas coming in proximate sequences during the learning process. This characteristic of incremental learning can be used for all sorts of creative processes that need a boost from extra knowledge or better recall. The most useful cases of creativity enhanced with incremental learning are:
渐进式学习通过在学习过程中将远距离关联的想法以邻近序列呈现，从而促进创造力。这一特性可应用于所有需要额外知识或更好记忆来激发的创造性过程。渐进式学习增强创造力的最典型场景包括：

incremental problem solving,
渐进式问题解决，
incremental writing, and
渐进式写作，以及
incremental brainstorming.
渐进式头脑风暴。

13.1 Incremental problem solving

渐进式问题解决

Incremental learning can assist you in problem solving. It will be particularly useful for the classes of problems with the following properties:
渐进式学习能协助你解决问题。它尤其适用于具有以下特性的问题类别：

problems that require processing large amounts of information
需要处理大量信息的问题
problems that are complex and involve rich branching of the thought process
复杂且涉及思维过程丰富分支的问题
problems where working memory becomes a bottleneck
工作记忆成为瓶颈的问题

13.1.1 Exemplary problems to solve

待解决的典型问题

How to fix a pesky problem with a computer?
如何修复电脑的烦人问题？
How to get rid of a health problem?
如何摆脱健康问题？
How to move to another country?
如何移居到另一个国家？
How to get a PhD?
如何获得博士学位？
How to find a culprit in a crime?
如何找出犯罪中的真凶？
How to answer a difficult question in science?
如何回答科学领域的难题？

Many technical issues and bugs in SuperMemo have been solved with incremental problem solving methods. Incremental approach is most suited for complex problems with multiple reasoning paths or requiring rich input of new information. Some bugs in SuperMemo would be particularly intractable due to their complex technical background or difficulty in reproducing the problem. In most severe cases, it makes sense to set up a separate collection for working on a single issue. That collection can later be integrated with larger bodies of knowledge (incl. problem solving knowledge).
SuperMemo 中的许多技术问题和故障已通过渐进式问题解决方法得到解决。增量方法最适合具有多重推理路径或需要大量新信息输入的复杂问题。由于复杂的技术背景或问题难以复现，SuperMemo 中的某些故障尤其棘手。在最严重的情况下，有必要为单个问题设立单独的学习集。该学习集后续可整合到更庞大的知识体系中（包括问题解决知识）。

13.1.2 How does incremental problem solving work?

渐进式问题解决如何运作？

Incremental problem solving works as follows:
渐进式问题解决的工作流程如下：

collect all information about the problem from all sources available
从所有可用来源收集关于该问题的全部信息
write down your own ideas and comments as separate topics
写下你自己的想法和评论作为单独的主题
process all that information with incremental learning techniques
运用渐进学习技术处理所有信息
document all new ideas and new sub-problems that need to be tackled
记录所有需要解决的新想法和新子问题
import all relevant supplementary material that expands on core ideas
导入所有拓展核心概念的相关补充材料

13.1.3 Advantages of incremental problem solving

增量式问题解决的优势

always focusing on a small sub-problem that requires further testing or gathering further information
始终专注于需要进一步测试或收集更多信息的小型子问题
never missing a single idea in a jungle of criss-crossing inspiration
在灵感交织的丛林中从不遗漏任何一个想法
never drowning in excess information
永不淹没在信息的洪流中
using random association of ideas that boosts creativity
使用随机联想来激发创造力
never getting frustrated by lack of progress in solving the problem. There is always progress in incremental learning, which is reassuring
永远不会因问题解决缺乏进展而沮丧。渐进学习总能带来进步，这令人安心
never being limited by time constraints. Breaks taken from the work over the problem are not a problem and may actually improve one’s chances of coming up with an original idea or the solution. This is due to:
不受时间限制的束缚。在解决问题过程中休息并非坏事，反而可能增加产生原创想法或解决方案的几率。这归因于：
1. the spacing effect, 间隔效应，
2. the novelty effect produced by forgetting, and
  遗忘产生的新鲜感效应，以及
3. the creative power of memory optimization in sleep
  睡眠中记忆优化的创造力

13.2 Incremental writing 增量写作

13.2.1 Incremental writing: Introduction

渐进式写作：导论

SuperMemo can be used in the process of creative writing, which combines two processes:
SuperMemo 可用于创意写作过程，该过程结合了两个环节：

writing texts and 文本撰写与
creative review and elaboration.
创造性回顾与详细阐述。

Both processes are based on incremental reading. By analogy to incremental reading, this process is called incremental writing.
这两个过程都基于渐进阅读。类比于渐进阅读，这一过程被称为渐进写作。

The technique of incremental writing was used to compile some of the materials at super-memory.com. Most notably, Good sleep, good learning, good life (2012), and the present Incremental learning (2013) article.
渐进写作技术被用于汇编 super-memory.com 上的部分材料，尤其是《优质睡眠、高效学习、美好生活》（2012 年）以及本篇《渐进学习》（2013 年）文章。

The main difference between traditional writing and incremental writing is that the writer is free to re-organize the material and review it with incremental reading tools.
传统写作与渐进写作的主要区别在于，作者可以自由重组材料，并利用渐进阅读工具进行回顾。

The main difference between incremental reading and incremental writing is that the “big picture” of the article is built primarily within the collection, and to a lesser extent in the writer’s mind. This is suitable for large fact-packed material that is difficult to organize sequentially. In addition, one’s own writing may be the source of most input, as opposed to external electronic sources. Incremental writing is also suitable in a compilation of a large body of prior writing, esp. of materials that are repetitive, fact-rich, and often loosely connected. Incremental writing is less useful for texts with a linear line of thought.
渐进阅读与渐进写作的主要区别在于，文章的”宏观框架”主要在知识库内构建，而在作者脑海中的构建程度较低。这种方法特别适合那些事实密集、难以按顺序组织的大型材料。此外，个人写作可能成为主要输入来源，而非外部电子资源。渐进写作也适用于汇编大量既有文稿，尤其是那些内容重复、事实丰富且关联松散的素材。对于思维脉络呈线性发展的文本，渐进写作的效用则相对有限。

Incremental article writing is an open-ended process that can be interrupted at any stage for the article to be exported to as a single document for text-flow rewrites.
增量式文章写作是一个开放式的过程，可以在任何阶段中断，将文章导出为单一文档以便进行文本流重写。

Articles written using incremental writing may be particularly suitable for incremental reading. They can be compared to Wikipedia. Crowdsourced Wikipedia is an excellent source for incremental reading due to its incremental growth and solid local context. For the exactly same reasons, materials compiled with incremental writing are highly suitable for incremental reading. They may be bloated and repetitive, however, with incremental reading, they can be prioritized in a rational way. Incremental writing leaves the texts highly granular and the flow of thought is jagged, however, in incremental reading, this is an advantage as all individual articles and subarticles carry sufficient local context to be read independently.
采用渐进式写作撰写的文章可能特别适合渐进式阅读。它们可以与维基百科相媲美。由于维基百科的众包特性、渐进式增长以及坚实的局部上下文，它成为渐进式阅读的绝佳素材来源。基于完全相同的原因，通过渐进式写作整理的材料也非常适合渐进式阅读。这些材料可能显得冗长且重复，但借助渐进式阅读，可以合理地对它们进行优先级排序。渐进式写作使文本高度碎片化，思路呈现跳跃性，然而在渐进式阅读中，这反而成为优势，因为所有独立文章和子文章都携带足够的局部上下文，能够独立阅读。

13.2.2 Incremental writing algorithm

渐进式写作算法

The incremental writing algorithm involves the steps presented below. Note, however, that these steps are not executed one after another. All steps are executed incrementally and interleaved in unpredictable sequences that assist the creative process. Unpredictable association of text component is also useful in:
增量写作算法包含以下步骤。但请注意，这些步骤并非按顺序依次执行。所有步骤都以增量方式执行，并以不可预测的顺序交错进行，以辅助创作过程。文本组件的随机关联在以下方面同样有效：

the development of the logical structure of the text,
文本逻辑结构的发展，
the elimination of contradictions, and
消除矛盾，以及
deleting/reconciling the repetitive material.
删除/整合重复材料。

The steps involved in incremental writing:
增量写作涉及的步骤：

import all the relevant sources, supplementary material, and supporting knowledge to a single SuperMemo collection
将所有相关来源、补充材料和支持性知识导入到同一个 SuperMemo 集合中
build a knowledge tree branch at the root of the collection with the desired structure of the article (e.g. name this branch ARTICLE)
在集合的根目录下构建一个具有文章预期结构的知识树分支（例如将此分支命名为 ARTICLE）
keep all the supplementary material in a separate branch (e.g. TO DO)
将所有补充材料保存在单独的分支中（例如 TO DO）
review the ARTICLE branch incrementally, rewrite, improve, and rebuild the tree structure to organize a logical entirety
逐步审阅 ARTICLE 分支，重写、改进并重构树状结构以组织成逻辑整体
add figures, citations, links, etc.
添加图表、引用、链接等内容
review the TO DO branch incrementally, copy and paste, or move incrementally processed texts from the TO DO branch to the ARTICLE branch in the tree. Attach snippets to the right branches in the tree. Reschedule and re-prioritize less relevant texts. Delete texts that will be of no use in the final article
逐步审阅 TO DO 分支，复制粘贴或移动已处理文本至 ARTICLE 分支的树状结构中。将片段附加到正确的分支上。对相关性较低的文本重新安排优先级和计划时间。删除最终文章中无用的文本
use incremental learning. This implies that you will see articles from ARTICLE and TO DO branches interleaved in unpredictable sequences moderated only by material priority. Always work on the topic that comes next. Do as little as necessary or as much as you like it. You can finish the processed topic in one go, or you can just pass a single sentence and reschedule
采用渐进式学习法。这意味着你将看到 ARTICLE 和 TO DO 分支的文章以不可预测的顺序交错出现，仅由材料优先级调节。始终处理下一个出现的主题。工作量可多可少，按需进行。可以一次性完成当前主题，也可以仅处理单句后重新安排计划
use Mercy to re-distribute the excess of the material in manageable portions
使用 Mercy 将过剩材料重新分配为可管理的部分
use templates to visually indicate the status of individual portions of the article (e.g. “to write”, “to expand”, “to rewrite”, “to review”, “finished”, etc.)
使用模板直观标注文章各部分的状态（如”待撰写”、”待扩展”、”待重写”、”待审阅”、”已完成”等）
branches that bloat beyond manageability can be treated in the same way as the entire article with subset review, tree reorganization, topic extraction and merging, etc.
那些膨胀到难以管理的分支可以采用与整篇文章相同的处理方式，包括子集复习、树状结构重组、主题提取与合并等。
once the job is largely completed, or a deadline looms, export the article branch with Export : Document (on the contents menu), which also automatically adds a table of contents
一旦工作大体完成，或截止日期临近，使用“导出：文档”（在内容菜单上）导出文章分支，该操作还会自动添加目录

13.2.2.1 Incremental writing example #1

渐进式写作示例 #1

Let us consider Good sleep, good learning, good life (2012) as an example. The source material for the article included its decade-old original version, several articles related to sleep and published at super-memory.com, as well as a great deal of basic knowledge taken from various scholarly sources involved in sleep research. Those materials were supplemented with the review of knowledge of sleep from a general knowledge collection compiled by the author. The whole process started from a massive review of the entire material with incremental learning. The construction of a rough outline of the structure of the article proceeded in parallel (in the Contents window). Supplementary materials were imported to fill in or complement individual pieces of knowledge. Figures, annotations, links, and literature citations were also processed incrementally in order of priority. This process quickly resulted in an article bloat, however, this was a bloat of valuable information rather than a bloat of excess writing. Towards the end of the process, individual topics from SuperMemo were imported to a single-page wiki. Some manual wikification was necessary at that step. Alternatively, multi-page wikis, blogs, or plain-HTML sites could have been used as the target of exports from SuperMemo.
让我们以《优质睡眠、高效学习、美好生活》（2012 年）为例。该文章的原始素材包括其十年前的原版、发表于 super-memory.com 的多篇睡眠相关文章，以及大量来自睡眠研究领域各类学术资料的基础知识。这些材料还补充了作者从个人知识库中整理的睡眠知识综述。整个过程始于对全部材料进行渐进式学习的大规模复习，同时（在目录窗口中）并行构建文章结构的粗略框架。补充材料被导入以填补或完善各个知识点，图表、注释、链接和文献引用也按优先级顺序进行渐进式处理。这一过程迅速导致文章内容膨胀，但这是有价值信息的膨胀而非冗余文字的堆砌。在流程后期，来自 SuperMemo 的独立主题被导入至单页维基，此阶段需进行必要的手动维基化处理。或者，也可以将多页维基、博客或纯 HTML 网站作为 SuperMemo 导出的目标。

13.2.2.2 Incremental writing example #2

渐进式写作示例 #2

Incremental learning (2013) has been compiled from a number of older articles on incremental reading, priority queue, incremental video, visual learning, as well as older articles such as Devouring knowledge, Flow of knowledge in SuperMemo, FAQ pages, SuperMemopedia, etc.
增量学习（2013）由多篇关于渐进阅读、优先级队列、增量视频、视觉学习的旧文章汇编而成，同时也参考了《吞噬知识》《SuperMemo 中的知识流动》等早期文章以及 FAQ 页面和 SuperMemopedia 等内容。

13.2.3 Advantages of incremental writing

渐进式写作的优势

The most tangible advantages of incremental writing in SuperMemo are:
SuperMemo 中渐进式写作最切实的优势在于：

Incremental approach provides for a better focus on a task at hand
渐进式方法能让人更好地专注于手头任务
Incremental approach is great for resolving writer’s block
渐进式方法对解决写作障碍非常有效
Incremental approach makes it possible to compile new texts from old texts that need resolution of duplicates (e.g. converting two or more versions of older texts into a newer reconciled text)
渐进式方法使得从需要消除重复的旧文本中汇编新文本成为可能（例如将两个或多个版本的旧文本整合成新的协调文本）
Priorities can be used to start from the most important portions of the text. In the end, lowest priority material may never be processed and left neglected or relegated to future versions of the text
优先级可用于从文本最重要的部分开始处理。最终，最低优先级的材料可能永远不会被处理，被忽视或留待文本的未来版本中解决
Working with the knowledge tree as opposed to a linear text helps to see the big picture of the entire article, and organize its logic
与线性文本相比，通过知识树进行工作有助于把握整篇文章的大局观，并组织其逻辑结构
Search returns chapters instead of portions of the text. This helps you locate portions of the text that include a keyword that is too frequent to make it useful in ordinary searches (e.g. as in MS Word)
搜索返回的是章节而非文本片段。这有助于定位包含关键词的文本部分，尤其当该关键词出现频率过高导致常规搜索（如 MS Word 中）效果不佳时
Search&review is great for minor edits, comparisons, reprioritization, safe search&replace, and more
搜索与复习功能非常适合进行小规模编辑、内容对比、优先级调整、安全搜索替换等操作
Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use graphs and Toolkit : Calendar can be used to chart the progress through the writing material
工具包：统计：分析：使用图表和工具包：日历可用于追踪写作材料的进度
Outstanding topics can be sorted by priority to match the circadian cycle (high priorities for high alertness times, low priorities for less productive hours of the day)
待处理主题可按优先级排序以匹配昼夜节律（高优先级对应高警觉时段，低优先级对应效率较低的时段）
Add to outstanding (or other tools) can be used if a subset of texts needs to be processed more than once in a single day
若某部分文本需在单日内多次处理，可使用”添加到待处理”（或其他工具）功能
Open-ended writing and a “never-ending writing” are easy and natural
开放式写作和”永无止境的写作”既轻松又自然
Writing in SuperMemo is fun. It is not just more fun than writing. It is an order of magnitude more fun than traditional writing! Naturally, a high degree of fluency in using SuperMemo toolkit is necessary to experience the fun factor
在 SuperMemo 中写作充满乐趣。这不仅仅是比普通写作更有趣，而是比传统写作乐趣高出几个数量级！当然，要体验到这种乐趣，必须高度熟练地使用 SuperMemo 工具包。

13.2.3.1 Fun of writing boosts efficiency

写作乐趣提升效率

When the fun of writing is gone, the writer’s block can ensue. SuperMemo makes writing fun as compared to traditional methods (e.g. writing in a word processor). If you are in no mood to write about one topic today, you might be more inclined to try something else. If you are in no mood for writing anything, tackle some minor clean up jobs. Very often, once you start writing, you get sucked into the effort and the mood returns. A piece of information can trigger new ideas. If it happens in your writing slot, you can instantly write down new ideas. You can write them rough and short. But you need to write them instantly. If you keep waiting, the memory of the inspiration whittles down to just the need to write about a subject! This is how forgetting affects your own ideas! Strike the iron while it’s hot. Process inspiration incrementally, and pick the pieces that raise most enthusiasm at any given moment. Those pieces will generate most new creative value.
当写作的乐趣消失时，作家可能会遭遇创作瓶颈。与传统方法（如在文字处理器中写作）相比，SuperMemo 能让写作变得有趣。如果你今天对某个主题提不起兴趣，不妨尝试写些其他内容。若完全不想动笔，可以先处理些琐碎的整理工作。往往一旦开始写作，你就会沉浸其中，找回状态。一条信息可能激发新想法——若灵感恰好在写作时段涌现，请立即记录下来。可以写得粗略简短，但必须即刻落笔。若一味等待，灵感的记忆会逐渐褪色，最终只剩下”该写这个主题”的模糊念头！这就是遗忘如何侵蚀你的创意！趁热打铁，以渐进方式处理灵感，随时挑选当下最让你热情高涨的片段。这些片段将创造最大的新创意价值。

13.2.3.2 Creative explosion vs. deadlines

创意爆发与截止期限的较量

Excess creativity and wish to include valuable information or ideas may cause an unstoppable bloat of writing materials and a never-ending writing loop. It is vital to keep all ideas well prioritized in a TO-DO branch, while the article grows independently in the ARTICLE branch.
过度的创造力和纳入有价值信息或想法的愿望可能导致写作材料无休止地膨胀，陷入永无止境的写作循环。关键在于将所有想法在待办事项分支中妥善排序优先级，而文章则在独立的主干分支中逐步完善。

Separating TO-DO from ARTICLE is the best solution that makes it easy to cut off the writing process at any stage depending on the writing goals, opportunity costs, and/or deadlines. Whatever is left in the TO-DO branch can be processed later or not at all. As long as strict priorities are applied, loss of value to the main article should be minimized.
将待办事项与正文分离是最佳解决方案，它能根据写作目标、机会成本和/或截止日期，随时轻松截断写作流程。留在待办分支的内容可后续处理或直接舍弃。只要严格遵循优先级，对主文章的价值损失就能降至最低。

13.2.4 Disadvantages of incremental writing

增量写作的缺点

Incremental writing will always be superior over linear writing for a class of non-fiction texts, however, the toolkit is difficult to master, and the strategies are not obvious. This is a new set of techniques that requires a high degree of innovative thinking on the part of the author. This is why we do not expect any significant degree of adoption at the moment. Incremental writing should primarily be considered by authors who are already masters of incremental reading.
对于特定类型的非虚构文本，渐进式写作始终优于线性写作，但其工具集难以掌握，策略也不易领悟。这是一套需要作者高度创新思维的新技术，因此我们预计目前不会出现大规模采用。渐进式写作主要适合那些已精通渐进式阅读的作者群体。

13.3 Incremental brainstorming

渐进式头脑风暴

If you combine incremental learning with incremental problem solving and plain old brainstorming, you will arrive at incremental brainstorming. The brainstorming part may be executed face-to-face or over e-mail.
若将渐进学习与渐进式问题解决及传统的头脑风暴相结合，便会催生出渐进式头脑风暴。这种头脑风暴环节可通过面对面或电子邮件形式展开。

Incremental brainstorming sounds like an oxymoron. Incremental brainstorming has very little to do with “storming”, but it makes a very good use of the brain’s capacity to build creative associations in fertile knowledge-rich conditions. Incremental brainstorming might be slow, but it can deliver more than plain face-to-face brainstorming. At worst, the outcome will be different, and in creative work, this is always a desirable complementary effect.
渐进式头脑风暴听上去像是个矛盾修辞。它与”风暴”的本意关联甚微，却能充分利用大脑在知识沃土中构建创造性关联的能力。这种方式或许进展缓慢，但其产出可能超越传统面对面头脑风暴。最不济，其结果也会有所不同——而在创意工作中，这种差异性始终是值得追求的互补效应。

In face-to-face brainstorming, two or more brains, preferably with different strengths, specializations, and biases, engage into a fast exchange of ideas, where Idea X from Brain A might generate ideas Y and Z from Brain B, which in turn may cause a chain reaction of creative inspiration in other participating brains. Moreover, brainstorming requires a degree of mental discipline that may be missing in brainstorming with oneself (in one’s mind, i.e. without incremental learning). Converting thoughts to speech slows down the thinking, but increases the discipline and may dramatically enhance creative outcomes.
在面对面头脑风暴中，两个或多个大脑（最好具备不同优势、专长和思维偏向）进行快速的思想交流，来自大脑 A 的创意 X 可能激发大脑 B 产生创意 Y 和 Z，进而引发其他参与大脑的连锁创造性灵感。此外，头脑风暴需要一定程度的思维纪律性，而这在独自头脑风暴（即仅靠内心思考而不采用渐进学习时）可能有所欠缺。将想法转化为语言会减缓思考速度，但能增强纪律性，并可能显著提升创意成果。

In incremental brainstorming, this process is taken a few steps further. Incremental learning is a form of brainstorming with oneself, as mentioned in the Creativity section, however, it can also be used in remote brainstorming via e-mail. The main tools of remote incremental brainstorming are:
渐进式头脑风暴将这一过程推进得更深入。如创造力章节所述，渐进学习是一种与自我进行头脑风暴的形式，但它也可通过电子邮件用于远程头脑风暴。远程渐进式头脑风暴的主要工具包括：

incremental learning (for processing knowledge),
渐进学习（用于知识处理）、
incremental mail processing (for processing exchanged ideas), and
渐进邮件处理（用于处理交换的创意），以及
e-mail communication (which may be supplemented by live video).
电子邮件沟通（可辅以实时视频）。

Incremental brainstorming may be slow, and yet it adds an additional degree of discipline with an archive of written communications. Most of all, it adds more sources of inspiration to the mix. In addition to the participating brains, incremental brainstorming adds inspiration from external sources of knowledge (with non-participating authors providing further inspiration). It also adds from the history of the communication. Due to forgetting, incremental brainstorming makes it possible to brainstorm with one’s past self. In other words, the participants of incremental brainstorming include:
渐进式头脑风暴可能进展缓慢，但它通过书面交流存档增添了额外的纪律性。最重要的是，它为思维碰撞注入了更多灵感来源。除了参与者的头脑，渐进式头脑风暴还从外部知识来源（非参与作者提供进一步启发）和历史交流记录中汲取灵感。由于遗忘机制的存在，渐进式头脑风暴使得与过去的自己进行思维碰撞成为可能。换言之，渐进式头脑风暴的参与者包括：

participating brains, 参与者的头脑，
past versions of participating brains, and
参与者头脑的过往版本，以及
non-participating authors from the past and the present.
过去与现在未参与的作者们。

13.3.1 Advantages of incremental brainstorming

渐进式头脑风暴的优势

The main advantages of incremental brainstorming are:
渐进式头脑风暴的主要优势在于：

wider knowledge: involvement of incremental learning in expanding upon the discussed ideas substantially extends the knowledge used in the creative process. This is a way of adding non-participating brains to the mix
更广泛的知识：渐进式学习在讨论观点扩展中的应用，极大地拓展了创意过程中所运用的知识范畴。这是一种将非参与者智慧融入讨论的方式。
spacing effect: when brainstorming is slowed down, fading memory traces evoke the spacing effect that may:
间隔效应：当头脑风暴速度放缓时，消退的记忆痕迹会引发间隔效应，这可能：
1. provide for better long-term consolidation of ideas, and
  提供更好的长期想法巩固，
2. evoke new creative reasoning pathways in cases where the fading signal needs to be rebuilt via new pathway searches.
  在信号衰减需要通过新路径搜索重建的情况下，激发新的创造性推理路径。
This is particularly valuable for hard-to-solve problems that may require the involvement of long-term memory and all its advantages (incl. problem modelling)
这对于难以解决的问题尤其有价值，可能需要长期记忆及其所有优势（包括问题建模）的参与。
circadian synchronization: participating brains do not need to synchronize their peek performance hours (e.g. when working over different times zones)
昼夜节律同步：参与的大脑无需同步其最佳表现时段（例如在不同时区工作时）。
sleep: few people realize the monumental role of sleep in creativity. Neural optimization of memories in sleep works like an automatic creative thinker that is autonomous from the conscious brain even though it feeds on creative processes that occur in waking. Sleep is an organizer of memories and can convert results of brainstorming into new quality. Incremental brainstorming is slower, it may span weeks or months. As such, it employs sleep mechanisms as new autonomous brains in the creative process. Sleep converts the chaos of data into abstract models that yield higher quality reasoning
睡眠：很少有人意识到睡眠在创造力中的巨大作用。睡眠中记忆的神经优化就像一个自动的创造性思考者，它独立于有意识的大脑，尽管它依赖于清醒时发生的创造性过程。睡眠是记忆的组织者，可以将头脑风暴的结果转化为新的质量。渐进式头脑风暴速度较慢，可能需要数周或数月。因此，它在创造性过程中利用睡眠机制作为新的自主大脑。睡眠将数据的混乱转化为抽象模型，从而产生更高质量的推理
balancing attention and creativity: in all creative pursuits, striking the ideal balance between creativity and attention is vital for the ultimate success. Our multitasking society is pretty good at stimulating creativity, however, the same factors that boost creativity have a destructive impact on attention. Incremental brainstorming helps you strike a balance between focused individual work and pulling the team brains together. You can brainstorm without ever interrupting each other
平衡注意力与创造力：在所有创造性追求中，在创造力和注意力之间找到理想平衡对最终成功至关重要。我们这个多任务处理的社会非常擅长激发创造力，然而，那些促进创造力的因素同样会对注意力产生破坏性影响。渐进式头脑风暴帮助你在专注的独立工作与团队集思广益之间取得平衡。你们可以互不干扰地进行头脑风暴。
free from reliance on the coincidence of interests: face-to-face brainstorming often fails due to differing levels of interests or motivations in the participating parties. Moderating face-to-face and adding a bigger dose of incremental brainstorming may be an easy solution. In those cases, most of the workload may shift to a single brain, while still capitalizing on the contribution of the less involved brains
摆脱对利益巧合的依赖：面对面的头脑风暴常因参与者兴趣或动机水平不同而失败。通过适度引导面对面讨论并增加渐进式头脑风暴的比重，可能是一个简单的解决方案。这种情况下，大部分工作负荷可能转移到单个大脑上，同时仍能利用参与度较低者的贡献。

13.3.2 Disadvantages of incremental brainstorming

渐进式头脑风暴的劣势

The main disadvantage of incremental brainstorming is its snail’s speed. Naturally, it won’t be of much value right before a project’s deadline. However, despite the hype speed receives in the media in reference to technological progress, the hardest problems are always solved by collective efforts of multiple brains working over generations. Incremental brainstorming might be less useful in hurrying a new iPad model, but it would be handy in slowly developing or slowly adopting theories like those of Darwin, Mendel, Wegener, and the like.
渐进式头脑风暴的主要缺点是速度缓慢如蜗牛。自然，在项目截止日期临近时它的价值有限。然而，尽管媒体对技术发展速度的炒作甚嚣尘上，最棘手的问题总是通过多代人的集体智慧才能解决。渐进式头脑风暴在赶制新款 iPad 时或许用处不大，但对于达尔文、孟德尔、魏格纳等需要缓慢发展或缓慢接纳的理论却非常适用。

13.3.3 Future of brainstorming 头脑风暴的未来

Incremental brainstorming is not intended to replace face-to-face interactive collaboration. However, it should serve as its rich supplement. It carries all the advantages of incremental learning: creativity, attention, prioritization, meticulousness, consolidation, long-term sustainability based on long-term memories, and more. It requires a lot of training before it brings fruits. Therefore, if problem solving or creative work are vital for your progress, you might consider mastering the following progression of skills: classical SuperMemo (for better memory), incremental reading (for processing text), incremental learning (for overall learning), incremental problem solving (for employing knowledge in solving problems), to finally arrive at incremental brainstorming, i.e. combining incremental learning with classical brainstorming.
渐进式头脑风暴并非旨在取代面对面的互动协作，而应作为其有力补充。它具备渐进学习的所有优势：创造力、专注力、优先级划分、细致性、知识巩固、基于长期记忆的可持续性等。这一方法需要大量训练才能见效。因此，若问题解决或创造性工作对个人发展至关重要，建议掌握以下技能进阶路径：经典 SuperMemo（提升记忆能力）→渐进阅读（处理文本）→渐进学习（全面学习）→渐进问题解决（运用知识解决问题），最终达到渐进式头脑风暴，即渐进学习与经典头脑风暴的结合。

13.4 User’s take: Creative elaboration

用户观点：创意延伸

Elaborative IR 精细加工式渐进阅读

I type up the main points of my intended article as a topic in SuperMemo, and then extract them.
我将目标文章的核心要点作为主题录入 SuperMemo，随后进行提取。
When SuperMemo shows me these fragments, instead of simplifying them (as you would when trying to learn knowledge) I elaborate on them, using my newly learned knowledge from SMIR.
当 SuperMemo 呈现这些知识片段时，我不会像常规学习那样简化它们，而是利用 SMIR 中新获取的知识对其进行深度拓展。
As my knowledge grows, so does my article, and some of the original extracts can undergo further extracting, in order to elaborate on individual points.
随着知识的增长，我的文章也在扩展，部分原始摘录可能需要进一步提炼，以便详细阐述各个要点。
When I am satisfied, I can collect all the elaborated extracts (located in the children) and bring it back to the parent article, resulting in a well-developed article.
当我满意时，可以收集所有经过详细阐述的摘录（位于子节点中），并将其整合回父级文章，最终形成一篇发展完善的文章。
The problem is that I don’t want individual fragments to increase their intervals to 200 or 300 days or more because then I may never finish writing the article. So I have to adjust the intervals manually.
问题在于，我不希望单个片段的复习间隔延长到 200 或 300 天甚至更久，因为那样我可能永远无法完成文章的撰写。所以我不得不手动调整这些间隔。

The advantages of a slow and incremental approach to writing articles (and possibly in any other type of creative endevour) are similar to regular SMIR. But because the creation process is in most ways the opposite of the learning process i think that this opposite process may need its own features although i’m not sure what, exactly :)
缓慢渐进地撰写文章（可能也适用于其他类型的创造性工作）的优势与常规的 SMIR 类似。但由于创作过程在多数情况下与学习过程相反，我认为这种相反的过程可能需要其独有的功能，尽管我不确定具体是什么 :)

Anyway, it’s just something for you to experiment on if you’d like, if you haven’t already.
总之，这只是供你尝试的东西，如果你有兴趣且尚未实践过的话。

– Georgios Zonnios
——乔治奥斯·佐尼奥斯（Georgios Zonnios）

Yours is a very healthy and creative way of using incremental reading. This is not exactly “opposite to learning with IR”. This is more like a creative way to enhance your recall and understanding. Few things contribute as much to your learning as formulating other people’s ideas in your own way. Long and complex articles can often be effectively summarized in 2-3 short sentences and thus contribute far more to your comprehension and long-term recall of the essential knowledge. One thing remains unclear, why should this function be separated from SuperMemo, and what tools are missing from incremental reading toolkit to enhance this process. – SuperMemo Support
你采用的是一种非常健康且富有创造性的渐进阅读方式。这并非完全”与渐进阅读学习法背道而驰”，而更像是一种提升记忆与理解的创新方法。鲜有方法能像用自己的语言重述他人观点这样显著促进学习。冗长复杂的文章往往可用 2-3 句简短摘要有效概括，从而极大提升对核心知识的理解与长期记忆。唯有一点尚不明确：为何此功能需从 SuperMemo 中分离？当前渐进阅读工具组还缺少哪些能优化该过程的工具？——SuperMemo 技术支持

When writing an article in this style the outcome that I have reached time and time again is a large tree structure (in the Contents window) with the most important information at the leaves (something like the outcome of incremental reading). To turn this information into an “article”, one has to go to each leave individually and copy the text, then return to the original parent and paste it in order. Hence, I see the need for a “recomposition” tool that can take all information in the leaves and paste it into a single element using the order specified by the tree structure. – Georgios Zonnios
以这种风格撰写文章时，我反复得出的结果是一个庞大的树状结构（在目录窗口中），其中最重要的信息位于叶节点（类似于渐进阅读的成果）。要将这些信息整合成一篇“文章”，必须逐个访问每个叶节点并复制文本，然后返回原始父节点按顺序粘贴。因此，我认为需要一个“重组”工具，能够获取所有叶节点中的信息，并按照树结构指定的顺序将其粘贴到单个元素中。—— Georgios Zonnios

You could: 你可以：

open all elements relevant to a given article in the element browser
在元素浏览器中打开与特定文章相关的所有元素
Sort the contents of the browser by the order of the knowledge tree
按知识树的顺序对浏览器内容进行排序
Export the contents of the browser as a single HTML document (which should make editing of the final article much more efficient)
将浏览器内容导出为单个 HTML 文档（这将使最终文章的编辑效率大幅提升）

– SuperMemo Support —— SuperMemo 技术支持

14. Neural creativity 神经创造力

14.1 Neural learning with SuperMemo

使用 SuperMemo 进行神经学习

In neural learning (Learn : Go neural), SuperMemo serves the student with knowledge associated with a selected subject, article, picture, etc. Knowledge is served in a neural way, i.e. by sequentially exploring semantic connections in a network of information built automatically or manually in SuperMemo. SuperMemo takes inspiration from how the brain works. Creativity enhanced with SuperMemo is very slow, but it is targeted and methodical. Neural creativity works like a slow brain extended by memories stored in SuperMemo. Neural learning is particularly useful in research, problem solving, creative writing, explorative learning, etc. In other words, you may not find neural learning particularly useful in mastering a course of physics, however, if you are a physicist working on a complex problem that requires associating knowledge from different fields of physics and beyond, you will notice that this form of learning has a fantastic impact on your creative productivity.
在神经网络学习（Learn : Go neural）中，SuperMemo 会向学生提供与选定主题、文章、图片等相关的知识。这些知识以神经网络的方式呈现，即通过顺序探索 SuperMemo 中自动或手动构建的信息网络中的语义连接。SuperMemo 的灵感来源于大脑的工作方式。使用 SuperMemo 增强的创造力虽然非常缓慢，但它是目标明确且有条不紊的。神经创造力就像是一个被 SuperMemo 中存储的记忆扩展的缓慢大脑。神经网络学习在研究、问题解决、创意写作、探索性学习等方面特别有用。换句话说，你可能不会觉得神经网络学习在掌握物理课程方面特别有用，但如果你是一位物理学家，正在研究一个需要关联物理学不同领域乃至更广泛知识的复杂问题，你会发现这种学习形式对你的创造性生产力有着惊人的影响。

Neural learning was the main reason behind introducing a new type of elements: concepts. A concept in SuperMemo is an equivalent of an important idea, which can be connected with other elements (incl. other concepts). In addition to connections between concepts, neural learning also explores connections between elements using the knowledge tree. Elements connected via concepts form concept maps, which, in addition to the knowledge tree, form the primary skeleton for explorations in neural learning.
神经网络学习是引入新类型元素——概念的主要原因。在 SuperMemo 中，概念相当于一个重要的想法，它可以与其他元素（包括其他概念）相连接。除了概念之间的连接外，神经网络学习还通过知识树探索元素间的联系。通过概念连接的元素形成概念图，这些概念图与知识树一起构成了神经网络学习探索的主要框架。

In the following sections, the essential terms and notions underlying neural learning will be introduced gradually: concepts, spreading activation, neural review, etc. Even if this may sound overwhelming at first, remember that you can start neural learning now with just one keystroke: Ctrl+F2 (Go neural). The following sections are only to explain how neural learning works and how its mechanisms can influence your decisions to make it work best for you.
在接下来的章节中，将逐步介绍神经网络学习的基本术语和概念：概念、扩散激活、神经复习等。即使一开始听起来可能有些复杂，但请记住，你现在只需按一个快捷键（Ctrl+F2，进入神经模式）就可以开始神经网络学习。以下章节仅用于解释神经网络学习的工作原理及其机制如何影响你的决策，以使其为你发挥最佳效果。

If you are not new to SuperMemo, and want to skip details, terminology, etc, you can jump directly to practical applications in: Neural review
如果你对 SuperMemo 并不陌生，并且希望跳过细节、术语等内容，可以直接跳转到实际应用部分：神经复习。

14.2 Concepts 概念

A concept in SuperMemo is an element associated with an important idea.
在 SuperMemo 中，概念是与一个重要想法相关联的元素。

A concept can serve as a bookmark, as a root of a branch associated with a given subject, as a hub for connecting different portions of a collection, or as a starting point for a creative process (e.g. writing an article, solving a problem, etc.).
概念可以作为书签使用，作为与特定主题相关联的分支的根节点，作为连接知识集合不同部分的枢纽，或者作为创造性过程（如撰写文章、解决问题等）的起点。

Concepts can be linked with other elements. The network of links based on concepts will be called a concept map.
概念可以与其他元素建立链接。基于概念形成的链接网络被称为概念图。

See: Concept maps at Wikipedia.
参见：维基百科中的概念图条目。

14.3 Concepts: basic operations

概念：基本操作

Here are the most useful operations you will need when working with concepts:
在处理概念时，以下是最常用的操作：

To convert an element into a concept, use Concept: Make in the Commander.
要将元素转换为概念，请在指挥官中使用“概念：创建”功能。
To convert a contents element into a concept, press Ctrl+K in the Contents window.
要将内容元素转换为概念，请在内容窗口中按 Ctrl+K。
To link an element with the concept:
将元素与概念链接：
1. Use Concept: Link in the Commander
  在指挥官中使用“概念：链接”功能
2. in the concept registry, in the left member pane, select the concept
  在概念注册表的左侧成员窗格中，选择该概念
3. click Accept at the bottom of the registry window to create the link, and close the registry
  点击注册表窗口底部的“接受”以创建链接，并关闭注册表
To link an element with another element:
将一个元素与另一个元素链接：
1. use Link: Contents in the Commander
  在 Commander 中使用“链接：内容”
2. in the Contents window, choose the element
  在内容窗口中选择该元素
3. click Accept at the bottom of the window (or press Enter)
  点击窗口底部的“接受”（或按 Enter 键）

14.4 Concepts: terminology 概念：术语

The term concept is used in four main contexts in SuperMemo 17:
在 SuperMemo 17 中，“概念”一词主要在四种上下文中使用：

concept element 概念元素

element used to build a portion of a concept map (e.g. an idea, or an article from Wikipedia, etc.)
用于构建概念图一部分的元素（例如一个想法，或维基百科中的一篇文章等）

concept member 概念成员

member of the concept registry used in concept housekeeping (esp. concept search uses when building a concept map)
概念注册表中的成员，用于概念维护（特别是在构建概念图时使用的概念搜索）

concept group 概念组

branch of elements rooted in a concept. This is similar to category known from older SuperMemos. For performance reasons, elements in the concept group are not registered with a concept. Even though concept groups are used in spreading activation in neural creativity the links formed by parent-child-sibling relationships are taken as only carrying minor priority (in comparison to concept-concept, concept-element and element-element links set by the user)
以概念为根的元素分支。这类似于旧版 SuperMemo 中的类别。出于性能考虑，概念组中的元素不会与概念进行注册关联。尽管概念组在神经创意激活传播中会被使用，但由父子-兄弟关系形成的链接仅被视为次要优先级（相较于用户设置的概念-概念、概念-元素及元素-元素链接）

concept map 概念图

interlinked graph of elements used as the skeleton for spreading activation. It may also be used in reference to its diagrammatic representation
作为激活扩散骨架的相互关联元素图，也可指其图示表现形式

Each concept element has its corresponding concept member in the registry. Each concept group is based on a single concept element. Some concepts (elements and member) are created primarily for expanding the knowledge tree (via a concept group). Other concepts (elements and members) are created primarily to form concept maps for neural learning. Concepts can play both roles: tree tools and concept map tools.
每个概念元素在注册表中都有对应的概念成员。每个概念组基于单一概念元素构建。部分概念（元素及成员）主要用于扩展知识树（通过概念组），另一些则主要用于形成神经网络学习的概念图。概念可兼具双重角色：既是知识树工具，也是概念图工具。

14.5 Concept groups 概念组

When you work with a collection which includes material belonging to different subjects, you may want to keep different subjects in different sections of the knowledge tree (in the Contents window). You may also want to design a different look for items related to literature, and a different look for questions related to mathematics. For example, you could use pictures to illustrate your anatomy branch, sounds to illustrate your foreign language section, spell-pads to make your spelling section work best, etc.
当您处理包含不同学科材料的集合时，可能希望将不同主题保留在知识树的不同部分（在目录窗口中）。您还可能想为文学相关项目设计一种外观，为数学相关问题设计另一种外观。例如，可以使用图片来说明解剖学分支，用声音来辅助外语学习部分，用拼写板使拼写部分效果最佳，等等。

To help you organize different subjects in one collection, SuperMemo uses concept groups. A concept group can be seen as a tool for building a section of the knowledge tree. One concept group is used for adding material related to one subject. Elements added to a given concept group may use their own template that determines their look (e.g. images, sounds, colors, fonts, sizes of text fields, number of shape components, etc.). See: Using templates.
为帮助您在一个集合中组织不同学科，SuperMemo 采用概念组。概念组可视为构建知识树某部分的工具。一个概念组用于添加与某一主题相关的材料。添加到特定概念组的元素可使用其自身模板来决定外观（如图像、声音、颜色、字体、文本字段大小、形状组件数量等）。参见：使用模板。

In older SuperMemos, the role similar to concept groups was played by categories.
在旧版 SuperMemo 中，与概念组作用相似的是类别。

14.6 Concept registry 概念注册表

Concept registry is used to keep the sorted list of concepts. Each concept element is associated with a concept registry member. Concept registry makes it easy to find concepts, esp. when you want to link an element with a particular concept.
概念注册表用于维护概念的排序列表。每个概念元素都与注册表中的某个成员相关联。概念注册表便于查找概念，特别是在需要将某个元素与特定概念建立关联时。

In the registry, each concept also shows a set of properties that can be used in managing a concept group.
在注册表中，每个概念还显示一组属性，这些属性可用于管理概念组。

Each concept registry member makes it possible to change the following properties:
每个注册表概念成员支持修改以下属性：

root - the branch that is the parent of all elements belonging to a concept group
根节点 - 作为概念组中所有元素父分支的分支
hook - the branch to which new elements are added when adding to a concept group (hook is a descendant of the root)
挂钩分支 - 向概念组添加新元素时所依附的分支（挂钩分支是根节点的后代分支）
templates - templates used in the concept group
模板 - 概念组中使用的模板
other attributes (e.g. the default priority of elements added to a concept group)
其他属性（例如添加到概念组中元素的默认优先级）

Choose Search : Concepts from the main menu to open the concept registry.
从主菜单中选择“搜索：概念”以打开概念注册表。

14.7 Link registry 链接注册表

All inter-element links are stored in a dedicated link registry (available with Search : Links from the main menu). Link registry is functionally similar to concept registry. The main difference is the greater significance of concepts as compared to links. You are likely to use concept registry often when making conceptual links. This why it is important to keep it less crowded and with good searchable name standards. To make inter-element links, you will rather use the Contents window. Only concepts can be used to group elements in branches (with concept groups). Links cannot play a similar role and do not appear on selectable concept group lists. In addition, concept links get much greater weight in spreading activation in neural review (see below).
所有元素间的链接都存储在一个专门的链接注册表中（可通过主菜单中的“搜索：链接”访问）。链接注册表在功能上与概念注册表类似，主要区别在于概念相较于链接具有更高的重要性。在建立概念链接时，您可能会频繁使用概念注册表，因此保持其简洁并采用可搜索的命名标准至关重要。而创建元素间链接时，您通常会使用内容窗口。只有概念能用于在分支中分组元素（通过概念组），链接无法发挥类似作用，也不会出现在可选概念组列表中。此外，在神经复习（见下文）中，概念链接在激活扩散过程中会获得更大的权重。

14.8 Neural review 神经复习

Neural review is a subset review that follows meaningful connections between pieces of knowledge. It takes inspiration from how the brain follows associated ideas. Neural review automates the review of knowledge associated with selected concepts or ideas, e.g. in problem solving, creative writing, etc.
神经复习是一种遵循知识间有意义连接的子集复习方式，其灵感来源于大脑如何追踪相关联的想法。它能自动对与选定概念或想法相关联的知识进行复习，例如在问题解决、创意写作等场景中应用。

For example, in a neural review of dogs, there is a good chance of learning about puppies or pooddles, but there is also a chance of learning about cats and somewhat lesser chance of learning about cars. Similarly, if you see a picture of a banana plant, going neural on that picture will help you review associated elements (e.g. other pictures of plants, or articles about bananas, or elements associated with the same concept such as gardening).
例如，在对狗进行神经复习时，有很大概率会学到关于小狗或贵宾犬的内容，但也有可能学到关于猫的知识，而学到关于汽车知识的概率则相对较低。同样，如果你看到一张香蕉树的图片，对该图片进行神经复习将帮助你回顾相关元素（例如其他植物图片、关于香蕉的文章，或与同一概念相关联的元素，如园艺）。

A concept in SuperMemo is an important idea or subject. Concepts are a new type of element that can be linked with other elements. The network of links based on concepts will be called a concept map. Elements can also form links between each other. In SuperMemo, knowledge is also connected by inheritance, and the structure of the knowledge tree.
SuperMemo 中的概念是指重要的想法或主题。概念是一种可以与其他元素链接的新型元素。基于概念形成的链接网络被称为概念图。元素之间也可以相互形成链接。在 SuperMemo 中，知识还通过继承和知识树的结构相互连接。

Spreading activation in neural networks is a method of searching the network with the use of network connections and weights.
神经网络中的激活扩散是一种利用网络连接和权重进行网络搜索的方法。

Neural review follows the spread of neural activation in a network of inter-element connections. All the links and connections in SuperMemo can be used to simulate a spread of activation in the network of knowledge where individual elements play a role of neurons.
神经复习遵循元素间连接网络中神经激活的扩散路径。SuperMemo 中的所有链接和连接都可用来模拟知识网络中的激活扩散过程，其中各个元素扮演着神经元的角色。

All links used in spreading activation receive weights based on their importance. In SuperMemo, weights are determined by element priority and the priorities of individual knowledge associations (e.g. concept connections are of higher priority than the sibling relationship in the knowledge tree).
在扩散激活过程中，所有使用的链接都会根据其重要性被赋予权重。在 SuperMemo 中，权重由元素优先级及知识关联的优先级决定（例如概念连接的优先级高于知识树中的兄弟关系）。

In spreading activation, we can sequence the propagation wave by the time of activation of individual nodes, which are formed by SuperMemo elements. Such a sequence can then be used as the basis of a semantic review in the incremental learning process.
在扩散激活中，我们可以通过各个节点（由 SuperMemo 元素构成）的激活时间来排序传播波。这种序列随后可作为渐进学习过程中语义复习的基础。

Neural review can be initiated by executing Learn : Go neural (Ctrl+F2) from the main menu.
神经复习可通过主菜单中执行”学习：进入神经模式（Ctrl+F2）”来启动。

Neural review carries a degree of randomness. As such it can be very helpful in associating ideas in neural creativity. Connectivity and randomness underlie the main rationale behind neural review: neural creativity and neural problem solving. In those approaches, we combine a creative process or a problem solving process with an exploration of new subjects, while executing incremental learning in the background. In other words, neural review serves learning that is to instantly bring benefits in the shape of new ideas and new problems solved in conditions of incomplete human knowledge and in combination with abundant and possibly contradictory computer-stored knowledge. A typical use of neural creativity would be to diagnose a rare disease on the basis of its symptoms (see examples).
神经复习带有一定随机性。这种特性在神经创意关联方面极具助益。连接性与随机性构成了神经复习的核心理论基础：神经创意与神经问题求解。在这些方法中，我们将创造性过程或问题解决过程与新课题探索相结合，同时在后台执行渐进式学习。换言之，神经复习服务于这样一种学习——它能即时产生效益，表现为在人类知识不完整的情况下，结合海量且可能矛盾的计算机存储知识，催生新创意并解决新问题。神经创意的典型应用场景包括根据症状诊断罕见疾病（参见示例）。

We will use the following terms:
我们将使用以下术语：

neural review 神经复习

incremental learning that follows the spreading of activation in a conceptual network
遵循概念网络中激活扩散路径的渐进式学习

neural creativity 神经创造力

creative process based on neural review (e.g. creative writing)
基于神经回顾的创作过程（例如创意写作）

neural problem solving 神经问题解决

process of neural creativity targeted at solving a specific problem (e.g. solving a forensic case)
针对解决特定问题的神经创造力过程（例如破解法医案件）

14.9 Neural review starter 神经复习入门

You can try neural learning on your own now.
你现在可以尝试神经学习了。

14.9.1 Pre-conditions 先决条件

All you need is (1) SuperMemo 17 (or later) and (2) a rich collection. Small collections won’t show the power of neural learning. If you start with a single article, neural review makes sense only if your article has already been splintered into smaller pieces. You can also do Split article if this is a newly imported article, however, in that case your sub-articles need to be outstanding. This is because neural review ends if the neural queue contains elements that have all been reviewed/imported/created on that given day. This means that for a newly split article, you need to use Add to outstanding or wait a day (for sub-articles to “mature” for review).
您只需要具备：(1) SuperMemo 17（或更高版本）和(2)一个丰富的知识库。小型知识库无法展现神经网络学习的威力。如果从单篇文章开始，只有当该文章已被拆分为更小的片段时，神经网络复习才有意义。如果是新导入的文章，您也可以执行“拆分文章”操作，但此时您的子文章必须标记为“待学习”。因为当神经队列中所有元素均已在当天完成复习/导入/创建时，神经网络复习将终止。这意味着对于新拆分的文章，您需要使用“添加到待学习”功能或等待一天（让子文章“成熟”以便复习）。

14.9.2 Start 开始

Choose any of the following:
选择以下任意选项：

when you see an element of interest, press Ctrl+F2 or choose Learn : Go neural on the main menu
当您看到感兴趣的元素时，按 Ctrl+F2 或在主菜单中选择“学习：进入神经模式”
view a concept in the concept registry and press Alt+N, or choose Go neural on the registry menu, or click Neural at the bottom of the registry window
在概念注册表中查看概念并按 Alt+N，或在注册表菜单中选择“进入神经模式”，或点击注册表窗口底部的“神经”按钮
view any member in any registry and press Alt+N, or choose Go neural on the registry menu, or click Neural at the bottom of the registry window
在任何注册表中查看任意成员并按 Alt+N，或在注册表菜单中选择“转到神经网络”，或点击注册表窗口底部的“神经网络”按钮
open any subset in the browser and press Ctrl+F2 or choose Go neural on the browser menu
在浏览器中打开任意子集并按 Ctrl+F2，或在浏览器菜单中选择“转到神经网络”

14.9.3 Review 复习

While in neural review, use the button Learn as in normal learning. While learning, the Review parameter in the Statistics window shows Neuro=[Size], where Size is the number of elements in the neural queue. The size of the queue is limited for practical reasons. You are not likely to go beyond a few hundred elements in a single review. Moreover, at each repetition, more layers of the conceptual networks are explored and the queue keeps being expanded in parallel with your learning.
在神经复习过程中，像常规学习一样使用“学习”按钮。学习时，“统计”窗口中的“复习”参数显示为 Neuro=[Size]，其中 Size 代表神经队列中的元素数量。出于实际原因，队列大小受到限制。在一次复习中，您不太可能处理超过几百个元素。此外，每次重复时都会探索概念网络的更多层次，队列会随着您的学习不断扩展。

14.9.4 Add to review 加入复习

If you choose another subset of elements for neural review during neural review, you can choose to start from scratch or to add the new neural review to the old neural review (only in SuperMemo 19 dated Sep 2024 or later). If you add the new review to the old review, the queues will mix up as per priority of elements and will branch out neurally in the exact same fashion as if the sum of subsets was subject to review.
若在神经复习过程中选择另一组元素进行神经复习，可选择从头开始或将新神经复习追加到原有复习中（仅适用于 2024 年 9 月或之后发布的 SuperMemo 19 版本）。若选择追加，复习队列将根据元素优先级混合，并以完全相同的神经分支方式进行，如同对整个子集总和进行复习

14.9.5 Stop 停止

To end the review, press Esc. The Review field in the Statistics window is cleared. If you close the collection, you will later be asked if you want to resume the interrupted neural review (only in SuperMemo 19 dated Jan 2025 or later)
要结束复习，请按 Esc 键。统计窗口中的复习字段将被清空。如果关闭集合，稍后会询问是否要恢复中断的神经复习（仅适用于 2025 年 1 月或之后发布的 SuperMemo 19 版本）

14.9.6 Example 示例

See: this video 参见：此视频

14.10 Costs of neural learning 神经学习的成本

If you worry about the cost-vs-benefit equation in building concept maps in SuperMemo, remember that properly executed incremental learning builds a semantic structure of the processed knowledge in the shape of the knowledge tree. Parents, siblings and children are related to each other in terms of their meaning. Concept maps are the chief framework for spreading activation in neural SuperMemo, but the knowledge tree also forms a fine dendritic framework that helps you capitalize on all your prior work with incremental learning. If you are familiar with mind maps, you will be happy to know that the cost of building your concept maps is far less. At times, all you need for your creative purposes is a conceptual link between two different subjects where you expect to find creative associations. To execute your neural review or to engage in neural creativity, pick your concept, element or a registry member (e.g. a picture) and Go Neural.
如果你担心在 SuperMemo 中构建概念图的成本效益比，请记住，正确执行的渐进学习会以知识树的形式构建出处理知识的语义结构。父节点、兄弟节点和子节点在意义上相互关联。概念图是神经 SuperMemo 中激活扩散的主要框架，但知识树也形成了一个优良的树突状框架，帮助你充分利用渐进学习中的所有前期工作。如果你熟悉思维导图，你会高兴地发现构建概念图的成本要低得多。有时，出于创造性目的，你只需要在两个不同主题之间建立概念链接，以期找到创造性关联。要执行神经复习或进行神经创意活动，选择你的概念、元素或注册表成员（如图片），然后点击”神经模式”。

Concepts and inter-element links form the primary framework for spreading activation. The knowledge tree comes next. Activation might actually be infinite if it was costless. SuperMemo goes into just a few layers of activation in a single repetition or when building the neural queue for the first time. This takes milliseconds on a fast PC, but might drag for a second on older computers. SuperMemo adds more layers of activation in successive repetitions. Those can be useful for remote associations, but you are unlikely to go through more than just a layer in a single session. The queue then becomes a tool for building your understanding how the activation is spreading in the network.
概念与元素间链接构成了激活扩散的主要框架，知识树次之。若无需成本，激活实际上可能是无限的。SuperMemo 在单次复习或首次构建神经队列时仅深入几层激活，这在快速电脑上仅需毫秒级时间，但在老旧设备上可能耗时一秒。SuperMemo 会在后续复习中增加更多激活层次，这些层次对远程联想或有助益，但单次会话中你不太可能深入超过一层。该队列随后成为你理解激活如何在网络中扩散的工具。

For example, if you are a doctor who is to make a diagnosis for a specific patient, you can set up a diagnostic concept and link chief suspects in a concept map. Go neural to see what new ideas come to your mind while learning new topics at the same time.
例如，若你是一名需为特定患者做出诊断的医生，可设立诊断概念并在概念图中链接主要疑诊项。进入神经模式，观察在学习新主题时脑海中涌现的新想法。

14.11 Spreading activation 激活扩散

Spreading activation is an algorithm for activating nodes in a neural network, semantic network, directed graph, etc. In SuperMemo, the graph is formed by semantic connections of the knowledge tree, concept links and inter-element links. Spreading activation is used to sequence elements for neural review. This is a new form of semantic review in SuperMemo, where new elements are fed neurally for review. This approach is useful in enhancing creativity and problem solving. To get a taste of neural review choose Learn : Go neural (Ctrl+F2) from the main menu. For more, see Wikipedia: Spreading activation
扩散激活是一种在神经网络、语义网络、有向图等结构中激活节点的算法。在 SuperMemo 中，该图由知识树的语义连接、概念链接和元素间链接构成。扩散激活用于为神经复习序列化元素。这是 SuperMemo 中一种新的语义复习形式，新元素以神经方式被推送进行复习。这种方法有助于增强创造力和问题解决能力。要体验神经复习，请从主菜单中选择学习：进入神经模式（Ctrl+F2）。更多信息参见维基百科：扩散激活

14.11.1 Spreading activation rules

扩散激活规则

Some rules for spreading activation in SuperMemo 17:
SuperMemo 17 中的扩散激活部分规则：

concept links receive highest priority
概念链接具有最高优先级
element links receive high priority
元素链接获得高优先级
high priority elements “conduct” activation better (better chance of passing the “signal”)
高优先级元素能更好地“传导”激活（信号通过的概率更高）
siblings slow down activation (the further from the node, the slower the conduction)
同级节点会减慢激活速度（离节点越远，传导越慢）
children receive high priority
儿童享有高优先级
parents can also spread activation to neighboring nodes
父节点同样可以向邻近节点扩散激活
parents that are roots of an article conduct at low probability (less chance of spreading activation to neighboring articles)
作为文章根节点的父节点以较低概率传导（向邻近文章扩散激活的机会较小）
only a few layers of activation are processed at single repetition (for performance reasons)
单次复习仅处理少数几层激活（出于性能考虑）

To get a feel of how activation spreads from a given element, use View : Neural queue (from the main menu) to see an exemplary neural sequence associated with the current element. Note that this sequence will differ each time you create a new queue. Spreading activation is subject to “race conditions”. This means that neural impulses race each other and the outcome may be different on each occasion. As much as your brain has “moods and modes”, so does the neural review in SuperMemo!
要感受激活如何从给定元素扩散，可通过主菜单中的”视图：神经队列”查看与当前元素关联的示例神经序列。注意每次新建队列时该序列会有所不同。激活扩散受”竞态条件”影响，即神经冲动相互竞争，每次结果可能不同。正如大脑有”情绪和模式”，SuperMemo 中的神经复习也是如此！

14.11.2 Spreading activation algorithm

扩散激活算法

Neural review will go through the sequence determined by spreading activation. In that activation, concepts have higher priority than links, or knowledge tree. However, knowledge tree will be participating as well (with lower weights). Activation will spread slowly to unrelated sibling articles whose relative priorities will increase in absence of children, concept links, and the like. In other words, only small collections will make neural review pointless. Concept maps are not obligatory.
神经复习将遵循由扩散激活确定的序列进行。在该激活过程中，概念的优先级高于链接或知识树。不过，知识树也会参与其中（权重较低）。激活会缓慢扩散至无关的兄弟条目，当缺乏子节点、概念链接等元素时，这些条目的相对优先级会提升。换言之，仅在小规模集合中神经复习才会显得无意义。概念图并非强制要求。

Priorities are combined to determine the spread of activation:
优先级组合决定了激活的扩散：

associated concepts are added to the queue at CombinePriority(Priority,0.01)
关联概念以 CombinePriority(Priority,0.01) 优先级加入队列
links are added at CombinePriority(Priority,0.05)
链接添加在 CombinePriority(Priority,0.05)
descendants at CombinePriority(Priority,0.16) 后代在 CombinePriority(Priority,0.16)
siblings at CombinePriority(Priority,0.26) (or up to 0.5 for unrelated siblings containing full articles)
兄弟节点在 CombinePriority(Priority,0.26) （对于包含完整文章的无关联兄弟节点，可达 0.5）

The procedure is repeated recursively with successive layers taking random picks from the queue such that a pick is more likely for a higher priority
该过程递归重复，后续层级从队列中随机选取，优先级越高被选中的概率越大

function CombinePriority(OriginalP,GroupP:real):real;
//e.g. element of P=0.2 for a group of P=0.6 should yield (1-0.2)(1-0.6)=0.32
var OP,GP:real;
begin
OP:=1-OriginalP;
GP:=1-GroupP;
Result:=1-OP*GP;
end;

This is the status for Feb 26, 2016. The sequence, priorities, and other parameters will change in the future. It all depends on user feedback and field tests.
这是 2016 年 2 月 26 日的状态。序列、优先级及其他参数未来将有所变动。一切取决于用户反馈及实地测试结果。

14.12 Neural creativity 神经创造力

Neural creativity is creativity induced with the help of neural review. In neural review, SuperMemo successively feeds the user with knowledge associated with a selected topic or a chosen subset of topics. When a network of conceptual links connects areas of knowledge, they form semantic space that can be explored in a neural manner that helps forming new associations, and generate ideas. This process is conducive to research, invention, problem solving, etc. Metaphorically speaking, neural creativity helps emulate a thinking process in a human brain extended by knowledge stored in SuperMemo.
神经创造力是通过神经复习诱导产生的创造力。在神经复习过程中，SuperMemo 会连续向用户推送与选定主题或特定知识子集相关联的内容。当概念链接网络将不同知识领域连接起来时，它们便形成了可进行神经式探索的语义空间，这种探索有助于形成新的联想并激发创意。该过程对研究、发明、问题解决等活动具有促进作用。形象地说，神经创造力能模拟人脑思维过程，这种思维由存储在 SuperMemo 中的知识所延展。

Neural creativity employs the incremental learning process to produce new ideas in a neural fashion. In neural creativity, closely related concepts are more likely to show up when executing a neural review of a studied subject. If you are fluent in incremental learning, you may wonder how a neural review differs from a semantic review. The main difference is that in semantic review the whole burden of juggling the semantics is in your hands. You need to know the tools of incremental learning to execute a semantic review well. In neural review, the whole process will be reduced to pressing a single button in SuperMemo.
神经创意运用渐进学习过程以神经方式产生新想法。在神经创意中，密切相关的概念在执行神经复习学习主题时更可能出现。如果你精通渐进学习，可能会好奇神经复习与语义复习有何不同。主要区别在于语义复习中处理语义的整个负担都在你手中。你需要掌握渐进学习的工具才能良好执行语义复习。而在神经复习中，整个过程将简化为在 SuperMemo 中按一个按钮。

Unlike it is the case with semantic review in SuperMemo, or simply googling for knowledge, the whole process of associating pieces of knowledge is automated. To give it a try, pick a subject and Go neural (Ctrl+F2).
与 SuperMemo 中的语义复习或简单通过谷歌搜索知识不同，这里知识片段关联的整个过程是自动化的。要尝试此功能，选择一个主题并进入神经模式（Ctrl+F2）。

14.13 Incremental approach 渐进式方法

Incremental learning can be used to creatively come up with new ideas. This raises some skepticism. Here is an exemplary skeptical voice:
渐进学习可用于创造性地提出新想法。这引发了一些质疑。以下是一个典型的怀疑声音：

“How can interruption be good for creativity or problem solving? Isn’t it that all great discoveries come from continual, persistent and focused effort? It is those who can dedicate themselves to a cause that achieve best results. Most people fail because they major in minor things. They do many things superficially. They are jacks of all trade and masters of none. Incremental learning seems like an effort to major in everything. Putting too much on one’s own plate”.
“中断如何能对创造力或问题解决有益？难道所有伟大发现不都源于持续、执着且专注的努力吗？正是那些能为事业全心投入的人才能取得最佳成果。多数人失败是因为他们在琐事上耗费精力，做事浮于表面，样样通却样样松。渐进式学习看似试图样样精通，实则给自己揽下过多负担。”

This question keeps popping back in various contexts. Here is an illustrative answer based on the fact that creativity and problem solving are based on forming new connections in your brain.
这个问题在不同情境下反复出现。基于创造力与问题解决依赖于大脑中新连接形成的原理，这里给出一个示例性解答。

Incremental recall: bringing back things to memory, piece by piece
渐进式回忆：将记忆内容逐片段唤回

Imagine you had a very eventful day. For example, a visit to an exotic city, meeting an old good friend, or attending a breakthrough conference. Imagine that your inspiration is so rich that you want to write a detailed report of the day (assuming you did not capture it all with Google Glass). The first thing to do is to sit down to writing a report and list all essential keywords for rebuilding the memory of the day. Once you write the outline, you can quickly notice that it does not take long before you come up blank for new memories. You cannot recall any more details. This is normal. Sitting down over a blank piece of paper for an hour may not be the best use of your time. It may be pretty unproductive. However, if you keep your piece of paper handy, you may notice that it keeps filling up with new memories as they keep popping up in your head in different contexts. An image, a smell, or an article in press may all contribute to unexpected recall. If you happen to execute incremental learning in the meantime, you will notice that the process of recall is intensified. If your learning materials are rich, you are likely to read about dozens of unrelated subjects in a single day. All those subjects produce new associations. Your blank piece of paper will fill up much faster than it is the case in the course of ordinary life or if your learning was less varied. What you witness here is incremental recall.
想象一下，你度过了非常充实的一天。例如，游览一座异域风情的城市，与一位老友重逢，或是参加一场突破性的会议。假设你的灵感如此丰富，以至于想要详细记录这一天的经历（前提是你没有用 Google Glass 全程拍摄）。首先要做的就是坐下来撰写报告，并列出所有能重建当天记忆的关键词。一旦你写好了提纲，很快就会发现，没过多久就想不起新的记忆了。你无法回忆起更多细节。这很正常。对着一张白纸坐上一个小时，可能并不是最有效利用时间的方式，甚至可能相当低效。然而，如果你随手备好那张纸，可能会注意到，随着不同情境下脑海中不断闪现的新记忆，纸上会逐渐填满内容。一幅画面、一种气味或一篇新闻报道都可能触发意外的回忆。若此时你恰好正在进行渐进式学习，你会发现回忆过程会变得更加频繁。如果你的学习材料足够丰富，一天之内很可能会接触到数十个不相关的主题。所有这些主题都会产生新的联想。相比日常生活或学习内容较为单一的情况，你的空白纸张会以更快的速度被填满。你所见证的正是渐进式回忆。

There is a short step from incremental recall to incremental creativity. Both are based on incrementally building a mental structure in your mind. In case of recall, you will recover past memories. In case of creativity, you will additionally add
从渐进式回忆到渐进式创造仅有一步之遥。两者都基于在脑海中逐步构建心理结构。回忆时，你会恢复过去的记忆；而创造时，你还会额外添加

new pieces of knowledge acquired via incremental learning (e.g. neural review), and
通过渐进式学习（如神经复习）获得的新知识片段，以及
new memories and/or ideas you have not experienced or thought of before.
你此前未曾体验或想到过的新记忆和/或想法。

Finally, in problem solving, you will direct this creative process towards accomplishing a specific task: solving a problem, answering a question, etc.
最终，在问题解决过程中，你将引导这一创造性流程以实现特定目标：解决问题、回答问题等。

14.14 Examples of neural creativity

神经创造力的例子

Neural tools in SuperMemo equip the user with a sort of Einstein’s brain in slow motion. You can build a brain of knowledge as big as you wish. You can make your networks of ideas as complex as you wish. And then you can just press one button to start a train of thought at your own pace while watching all new ideas form in front of your eyes. Here are some examples of the neural approach in SuperMemo:
SuperMemo 中的神经工具为用户提供了一种慢动作版的爱因斯坦大脑。你可以构建任意规模的知识大脑，让思维网络复杂到随心所欲。然后只需按下按钮，就能以自己的节奏启动思维列车，看着全新想法在眼前成形。以下是 SuperMemo 中神经方法的一些示例：

14.14.1 Medical diagnosis 医学诊断

Physicians and medical students always have a mountain of new health-related knowledge to process. This is also true of all individuals who care about health. A specific problem to solve, e.g. a medical diagnosis, may also be a good excuse for acquiring new knowledge neural style. For example, if a patient presents with a skin condition, a dedicated concept might be created (e.g. Patient John Doe condition). Conceptual links can then be made to relevant fields of knowledge, e.g. skin conditions, allergies, bacterial skin infections, mycoses, etc. Neural review will provide new inspiration for new areas to explore. Two birds can be killed with one stone:
医生和医学生总是有堆积如山的健康相关新知识需要消化。对于所有关注健康的人而言亦是如此。一个待解决的具体问题，例如医学诊断，也可能成为以神经方式获取新知识的良好契机。例如，当患者出现皮肤症状时，可以创建专门的概念（如”患者约翰·杜的病症”），并与相关知识领域建立概念链接，如皮肤病症、过敏反应、细菌性皮肤感染、真菌病等。神经式复习将为探索新领域提供新的灵感。一箭双雕：

new knowledge acquired for future use, and
既为未来应用获取新知识，
zeroing in on the ultimate diagnosis.
又能精准锁定最终诊断。

14.14.2 Solving a software problem

解决软件问题

Neural review has already been helpful in solving problems that pester users of SuperMemo (e.g. misaligned cloze deletion, due to bugs in Internet Explorer). When a pesky problem shows up, all related knowledge can be associated with a concept that defines the problem (e.g. cloze bug).
神经式复习已帮助解决困扰 SuperMemo 用户的问题（如因 IE 浏览器漏洞导致的填空错位）。当棘手问题出现时，所有相关知识都可与定义该问题的概念关联（如”填空漏洞”）。

In the case of the “cloze bug”, several users sent their ideas on how to possibly solve the problem. None of these worked. In the end, all DOM-related ideas turned out to be a blind path. However, initiating neural review provided an ultimate incentive with a hope for a light in the tunnel. Could the problem be solved without neural review? Yes. Perhaps, neural review helped step out of the box in looking for solutions? If not, it might at least have had a psychological effect: “if nothing works, perhaps neural review will?”.
关于“填空漏洞”的情况，多位用户提出了他们可能解决问题的思路。但这些方法均未奏效。最终，所有与 DOM 相关的想法都被证明是条死胡同。然而，启动神经复习机制带来了终极动力，让人看到了隧道尽头的光亮。没有神经复习能否解决问题？可以。或许，神经复习帮助人们跳出思维定式寻找解决方案？即便不是这样，它至少可能产生了心理效应：“如果其他方法都无效，或许神经复习能行？”

14.14.3 Creative writing 创意写作

Incremental writing is useful if you want to compile a number of texts into a larger body. Neural approach may be useful if you want to combine that procedure with a degree of research. You may either want to research a topic (e.g. when looking for facts or literature related to your thesis), or research your own texts if they are too voluminous and highly repetitive (e.g. to look for simpler phrasing, more logical sequencing, clearer line of thought, etc.).
增量写作在将多篇文本汇编成更大篇幅时非常有用。若想将该过程与一定程度的研究相结合，神经方法可能有所助益。你可以选择研究某个主题（例如在撰写论文时寻找相关事实或文献），或是研究自己的文本——当它们过于冗长且高度重复时（例如为了寻找更简洁的表述、更合理的顺序、更清晰的思路等）。

14.14.4 Forensic science 法医学

Forensics is an excellent example of where neural approach may appear useful. A complex case may involve a great deal of case-specific knowledge that needs to be combined with scientific and general knowledge. Wherever the size of knowledge goes well beyond the capacity of human memory, and where the solution may require thinking “out of the box”, neural approach may act as an extension to the human mind. Once a case is solved, case-independent knowledge may be integrated with the main learning collection to secure the long-term investment in knowledge.
法医学是神经网络方法可能显得尤为有用的一个绝佳例证。复杂案件往往需要结合大量案件特定知识与科学常识及通用知识。当知识体量远超人类记忆容量，且解决方案可能需要”跳出框架”思考时，神经网络方法便能作为人脑的延伸工具。案件一旦侦破，与案件无关的知识便可整合至主学习库中，确保知识投资的长期效益。

14.15 See also 另请参阅

15. Incremental learning myths

渐进学习误区

SuperMemo always had to struggle with myths slowing down its popularization. Preventing the reappearance of myths appears to be a never-ending battle. The knowledge about SuperMemo has grown to a substantial volume. Not all users can afford reading dozens of articles. Many users are bound to arrive to the same wrong conclusions independently of others. Some of these myths are rooted in general myths of memory. Others seem to spring from the common sense thinking about learning. Here are some most damaging myths related to spaced repetition, SuperMemo, and incremental learning.
SuperMemo 始终不得不与阻碍其普及的误解作斗争。防止这些误解再次出现似乎是一场永无止境的战斗。关于 SuperMemo 的知识已经积累了大量内容，并非所有用户都有时间阅读数十篇文章。许多用户难免会独立得出相同的错误结论。其中一些误解源于对记忆的普遍误解，另一些则似乎来自对学习的常识性思考。以下是一些与间隔重复、SuperMemo 和渐进学习相关的最具破坏性的误解。

15.1 Myth: Many people are successful without using SuperMemo, hence its importance is secondary

误解：许多人在不使用 SuperMemo 的情况下也能成功，因此它的重要性是次要的

Myth: Many people are successful without using SuperMemo, hence its importance is secondary.
误解：许多人在不使用 SuperMemo 的情况下也能成功，因此它的重要性是次要的。
Fact: Neither Darwin nor Newton had access to computers, yet computer illiteracy may make today’s scientist entirely impotent. Similarly, with a growing importance of knowledge, neglecting the competitive advantage of a wider and stable knowledge will increasingly limit your chances of successful career in science, engineering, medicine, politics, etc. You can live without SuperMemo, but it can definitely raise your learning to a new level.
事实：达尔文和牛顿都没有接触过计算机，但在今天，计算机文盲可能使科学家完全丧失能力。同样，随着知识的重要性日益增长，忽视更广泛且稳固知识所带来的竞争优势，将越来越限制你在科学、工程、医学、政治等领域取得事业成功的机会。没有 SuperMemo 你也能生活，但它绝对能让你的学习提升到一个新水平。

15.2 Myth: Natural mechanisms for selecting important memories are good enough. We do not need a crutch

误区：自然选择重要记忆的机制已经足够好，我们不需要辅助工具

Myth: Natural mechanisms for selecting important memories are good enough. We do not need a crutch. The evolution produced an effective forgetting mechanism that frees our memory from space-consuming and perhaps irrelevant garbage. This mechanism proved efficient enough to build the amazing human civilization. Consequently, many believe that there cannot be much room for improvement.
误解：自然选择重要记忆的机制已经足够好，我们不需要辅助工具。进化产生了一种有效的遗忘机制，将我们的记忆从占据空间且可能无关的垃圾信息中解放出来。这一机制已被证明足够高效，足以构建令人惊叹的人类文明。因此，许多人认为改进的空间不大。
Fact: The forgetting mechanism was built in abstraction from our wishes and decisions. It only spares memories that are used frequently enough. Nowadays, we are smart enough to decide on our own which knowledge is vital and which is not. A single peek into a dictionary may often take more time than the lifetime time cost of refreshing the same word in SuperMemo. This is just the least spectacular example. Human history is rich in monumental errors coming from ignorance. NASA’s confusion of imperial and metric units cost a lost Mars probe. Confusion of comma with a dot in Fortran, cost a Venus probe. Errors in English communication caused many aerial and maritime catastrophes. A piece of knowledge in surgeon’s mind may be worth the life of his patient. Forgetting is too precarious to leave mission-critical knowledge to your brain’s own devices. SuperMemo puts you in the driver’s seat. You can decide what your remember and what you forget. For more see: Memorization is not needed and Memory has an excellent ability to retain important information
事实：遗忘机制独立于我们的愿望和决定而存在。它仅保留那些使用频率足够高的记忆。如今，我们足够聪明，能够自行判断哪些知识至关重要，哪些不是。有时，查一次字典所花的时间可能比在 SuperMemo 中复习同一个单词的终身时间成本还要高。这不过是最不起眼的例子。人类历史上因无知而犯下的重大错误比比皆是。NASA 混淆英制与公制单位导致火星探测器失踪；Fortran 中逗号与小数点混用葬送了金星探测器；英语沟通失误引发多起空难与海难。外科医生脑海中的一个知识点可能关乎患者生死。遗忘机制过于不可靠，不能将关键任务知识交由大脑自行处置。SuperMemo 让你掌握主动权，由你决定记住什么、遗忘什么。更多内容请参阅：无需死记硬背及记忆天生擅长保留重要信息

15.3 Myth: We cannot improve memory by training

误区：我们无法通过训练来改善记忆力

Myth: We cannot improve memory by training. Infinite memory is a popular optimist’s myth. A pessimist’s myth is that we cannot improve our memory via training. Even William James in his genius book The Principles of Psychology (1890) wrote with certainty that memory does not change unless for the worse (e.g. as a result of aging or disease).
误区：我们无法通过训练提高记忆力。无限记忆是乐观主义者常有的误解，而悲观主义者则误以为我们无法通过训练改善记忆力。就连威廉·詹姆斯在其天才著作《心理学原理》（1890 年）中也曾断言，记忆力除非因衰老或疾病而衰退，否则不会改变。
Fact: If considered at a very low synaptic level, memory is indeed quite resistant to improvement. Not only does it seem to change little in the course of healthy life. It is also very similar in its properties across the human population. At the very basic level, synapses of a low-IQ individual are as trainable as that of a genius. They are also not much different from those of a mollusk Aplysia or a fly Drosophila. However, there is more to memory and learning than just a single synapse. The main difference between poor students and geniuses is in their skill to represent information for learning. A genius quickly dismembers information and forms simple models that make thinking easy. Simple models of reality help understand it, process it, and remember it. What William James failed to mention is that a week-long course in mnemonic techniques dramatically increases learning skills for many people. Their molecular or synaptic memory may not improve. What improves is their skill to handle knowledge. Consequently, they can remember more and for longer. Learning is a self-accelerating and self-amplifying process. As such it often leads to miraculous results.
事实：如果在极低的突触层面考虑，记忆确实很难得到改善。不仅在健康的一生中它似乎变化不大，其特性在人类群体中也极为相似。在最基础的层面上，低智商个体的突触与天才的突触一样具有可塑性。它们与软体动物海兔或果蝇的突触也没有太大差异。然而，记忆和学习远不止于单个突触。差生与天才之间的主要区别在于他们为学习而呈现信息的技能。天才能够迅速分解信息并形成简化模型，使思考变得轻松。现实的简化模型有助于理解、处理和记忆它。威廉·詹姆斯未曾提及的是，为期一周的记忆技巧课程能显著提升许多人的学习能力。他们的分子或突触记忆可能并未改善，但提升的是他们处理知识的技能。因此，他们能记住更多且更长久。学习是一个自我加速和放大的过程，正因如此，它常常带来奇迹般的效果。

15.4 Myth: SuperMemo repetitions take too much time to make it worthwhile

误区：SuperMemo 的复习耗时过多，得不偿失

Myth: SuperMemo repetitions take too much time to make it worthwhile. Many users struggle with an increasing load of repetitions and may conclude that the effort is not worth the outcome.
误区：SuperMemo 的复习耗时过多，得不偿失。许多用户因日益增长的复习量而困扰，可能认为投入与回报不成正比。
Fact: Just 3 well-selected items memorized per day may produce a better effect than a hundred crammed facts. This means that even a minute per day will make a world of difference, as long as you pay a close attention to what you learn. Not all knowledge is worth the effort of 99% retention. High retention should be reserved only for mission-critical facts and rules. Last but not least: knowledge formulating skills may cut the learning time for beginners by a wide margin. For more see: High retention results in slow learning
事实：每天仅需精选 3 个记忆项，其效果可能远超死记硬背上百条内容。这意味着即使每天只花一分钟，只要对所学的知识保持高度专注，就能产生天壤之别。并非所有知识都值得付出 99%记忆保留率的努力。高保留率应仅用于关键任务的事实和规则。最后同样重要的是：知识表述技巧可大幅缩短初学者的学习时间。详见：高保留率导致学习速度下降

15.5 Myth: As you add more material to SuperMemo, your repetition loads mount beyond being manageable

误区：随着在 SuperMemo 中添加更多材料，复习量会超出可管理范围

Myth: As you add more material to SuperMemo, your repetition loads mount beyond being manageable. No item added to SuperMemo is considered “memorized for good”. For that reasons, all items are subject to review sooner or later. There must therefore be an inevitable increase in the cost of repetitions.
误区：随着向 SuperMemo 添加更多材料，复习负担会增长到难以管理的地步。SuperMemo 中没有项目被视为”永久记住”。因此，所有项目迟早都需要复习。这必然导致复习成本的不断增加。
Fact: It is true that a large number of outstanding repetitions is the primary excuse for SuperMemo drop-outs. However, computer simulations as well as real-life measurements show that, with the constant daily learning time, the acquisition of new knowledge does not visibly slow down in time except for the very first couple of months. In other words, from a long-term perspective, the acquisition of new knowledge is nearly linear. Older items are repeated less and less frequently leaving room for new material. The exponential nature of this “fading” explains why we can continue with a heavy inflow of new material for decades.
事实：大量待复习项确实是用户放弃 SuperMemo 的主要借口。然而，计算机模拟及实际测量均表明，在每日学习时间恒定的情况下，新知识的获取速度除最初几个月外，并不会随时间推移而明显减缓。换言之，从长期来看，新知识的获取几乎是线性增长的。旧项目的复习频率会越来越低，从而为新内容腾出空间。这种“记忆衰减”的指数特性解释了为何我们能够持续数十年高效吸收新知识。

15.6 Myth: People differ in the speed of learning, but they all forget at the same speed

误区：人们学习速度有快有慢，但遗忘速度相同

Myth: People differ in the speed of learning, but they all forget at the same speed.
误解：人们的学习速度各有不同，但遗忘速度却相同。
Fact: Although there are mutations that might affect the forgetting rate, at the synaptic level, the rate of forgetting is indeed basically the same (independent of how smart you are). However, the same thing that makes people learn faster, helps them forget slower. The key to learning and slow forgetting is representation (i.e. the way knowledge is formulated). If you learn with SuperMemo, you will know that items can be very difficult or very easy. The difficult ones are forgotten much faster and require shorter intervals between repetitions. The key to making items easy is to formulate them well. Moreover, good students will show better performance on the exactly same material. This is because the ultimate test on the formulation of knowledge is not in how it is structured in your learning material, but in the way it is stored in your mind. With massive learning effort, you will gradually improve the way you absorb and represent knowledge in your mind. The fastest student is the one who can instinctively visualize and store knowledge in his mind using imagery that provide minimum-information and maximum-connectivity.
事实：尽管存在可能影响遗忘率的突变，但在突触层面，遗忘率确实基本相同（与你的聪明程度无关）。然而，使人们学得更快的东西同样有助于他们遗忘得更慢。学习和缓慢遗忘的关键在于知识的表征（即知识的表述方式）。如果你使用 SuperMemo 学习，你会知道学习项目可能非常困难或非常简单。困难的项目遗忘得更快，需要更短的复习间隔。使项目变得简单的关键在于良好的表述。此外，优秀的学生在完全相同的材料上会表现出更好的表现。这是因为对知识表述的最终考验不在于学习材料中的结构，而在于它在你脑海中的存储方式。通过大量的学习努力，你将逐渐改善吸收和表征知识的方式。最快的学生是那些能够本能地用提供最小信息和最大连接性的意象在脑海中可视化和存储知识的人。

15.7 Myth: Hypertext can substitute for memory

误区：超文本可以替代记忆

Myth: Hypertext can substitute for memory. An amazingly large proportion of the population holds memorization in contempt. Terms “rote memorization“, “recitatory rehearsal“, “mindless repetition“ are used to label any form of memorization or repetition as unintelligent. Seeing the “big picture“, “reasoning“ and leaving the job of remembering to external hypertext sources are supposed to be viable substitutes.
误区：超文本可以替代记忆。令人惊讶的是，相当大比例的人群对记忆持有轻视态度。诸如“死记硬背”、“机械复述”、“无脑重复”等术语被用来给任何形式的记忆或重复贴上不聪明的标签。人们认为把握“大局”、“推理”并将记忆工作交给外部超文本资源是可行的替代方案。
Fact: Knowledge stored in human memory is associative in nature. In other words, we are able to suddenly combine two known ideas to produce a new quality: an invention. Hypertext references are a poor substitute for associative memory. Two facts stored in human memory can instantly be put together and bring a new idea to life. The same facts stored on the Internet will remain useless until they are pieced together inside a creative mind. A mind rich in knowledge, can produce rich associations upon encountering new information. An empty mind is as useful as a toddler given the power of the Internet in search of a solution. Biological neural networks work in such a way that knowledge is retained in memory only if it is refreshed/reviewed. Learning and repetition are therefore still vital for the progress of mankind. This humorous text explains the importance of memory: It is not just memorizing
事实：人类记忆中的知识本质上是关联性的。换言之，我们能够突然将两个已知的想法结合起来，产生新的特质：一项发明。超文本链接是关联记忆的拙劣替代品。存储在人脑中的两个事实可以瞬间结合并催生新想法，而同样的信息若仅存于互联网中，则会在被创造性思维整合前始终无用。知识丰富的头脑在接触新信息时能产生丰富的联想，而空洞的头脑就如同赋予幼儿互联网搜索能力来解决问题般徒劳。生物神经网络的工作机制决定了知识只有通过复习/回顾才能保留在记忆中。因此，学习和重复对人类进步依然至关重要。这段幽默文字阐释了记忆的重要性：它不仅仅是机械背诵

15.8 Myth: We do not need SuperMemo, all we need is to build an index to knowledge sources

误区：我们不需要 SuperMemo，只需建立知识源索引即可

Myth: We do not need SuperMemo, all we need is to build an index to knowledge sources. With multiple on-line sources of knowledge, some people are tempted to believe that all we are supposed to learn is a sort of index to these external sources of knowledge.
误区：我们不需要 SuperMemo，只需建立知识源的索引即可。面对众多在线知识源，有些人误以为我们只需学习如何索引这些外部知识源
Fact: Even “index to knowledge” is subject to forgetting and needs to be maintained via repetition or review. All creative geniuses need knowledge to form new concepts. The extent of this knowledge will vary, but the creative output does depend on the volume of knowledge, its associative nature, and its abstractness (i.e. its relevance in building models).
事实：即使是“知识索引”也会被遗忘，需要通过重复或复习来维持。所有创造性天才都需要知识来形成新概念。这些知识的广度会有所不同，但创造性产出确实依赖于知识的数量、其关联性及其抽象性（即在构建模型中的相关性）。

15.8.1 Index to knowledge 知识索引

A less extreme version of “memorization is not needed“ myth, is that “we only need to remember an index to knowledge”. It is true that abstract knowledge and general concepts are most useful. However, this type of knowledge is also subject to forgetting. Moreover, not all knowledge is inferential. To reason about Antarctica, we often need to know that it is cold. We might derive the temperature conclusion from the position of Antarctica on the map, but we need the knowledge of the map, the knowledge of the climate, and the knowledge of the earth’s position in reference to the sun. Any kid will admit that it is simpler to just remember that Antarctica is white and cold. In this case, rules are more useful, but facts are easier to remember.
“无需记忆”这一迷思的一个不那么极端的版本是“我们只需要记住知识的索引”。确实，抽象知识和通用概念最为有用。然而，这类知识同样会遗忘。此外，并非所有知识都是可推导的。要推理南极洲的情况，我们通常需要知道那里很冷。我们或许能从地图上南极洲的位置推导出温度结论，但我们需要掌握地图知识、气候知识以及地球相对于太阳位置的知识。任何孩子都会承认，直接记住南极洲又白又冷更简单。这种情况下，规则更有用，但事实更容易记住。

A mere mortal will usually be aware that doughnuts are foods that should better be avoided by people who fear a heart disease. The fact “Doughnuts ain’t good for heart“ contributes to an average man’s knowledge about health. This fact probably does not need SuperMemo. After all, most of us will refresh the knowledge about doughnuts and the heart each time we see a tasty doughnut. The Doughnut Fact contributes also to our index to knowledge. It is enough to jump to Google and type +doughnut +heart to make a good use of this particular entry in our index. The search will help us recover more knowledge about the relationship between doughnuts and the heart.
普通人通常都意识到甜甜圈是一种最好被担心心脏病的人避免的食物。”甜甜圈对心脏不好”这一事实构成了普通人健康知识的一部分。这个事实可能并不需要 SuperMemo 来记忆。毕竟，大多数人每次看到诱人的甜甜圈时，都会刷新关于甜甜圈与心脏关系的知识。这个”甜甜圈事实”也构成了我们知识索引的一部分。只需跳转到谷歌并输入”+甜甜圈 +心脏”，就能充分利用这个特定条目在我们的索引中。搜索将帮助我们找回更多关于甜甜圈与心脏关系的知识。

If we want to enhance our ability to think and conclude about doughnuts and the heart, we might try to remember the following:
如果我们想增强关于甜甜圈与心脏的思考和推理能力，可以尝试记住以下内容：

Fact 1: Doughnuts are high in trans fatty acids
事实 1：甜甜圈含有大量反式脂肪酸
Rule 1: Trans fatty acids in foods tend to lower HDLs (high-density lipoproteins)
规则 1：食物中的反式脂肪酸往往会降低高密度脂蛋白（HDL）水平
Rule 2: Lower blood HDLs are a major risk factor in cardiovascular disorders (e.g. arteriosclerosis)
规则 2：血液中高密度脂蛋白（HDL）水平较低是心血管疾病（如动脉硬化）的主要风险因素

There is an advantage to knowing the above facts and rules: upon finding out that French fries are high in trans fatty acids, we will be able to use Rule 1 and Rule 2 to derive a new fact: French fries ain’t good for the heart. The awareness of the above rules will increase our reasoning ability. In the terminology of knowledge engineering, we will be able to derive new facts and rules from the existing set of facts and rules. In plain language, we will know more than we have actually learned. We will be able to conclude more. We will become more intelligent (if intelligence was defined as the inferential ability of the human mind).
了解上述事实和规则有一个优势：当发现炸薯条富含反式脂肪酸时，我们就能运用规则 1 和规则 2 推导出新的事实——炸薯条对心脏无益。掌握这些规则将提升我们的推理能力。用知识工程学的术语来说，我们将能够从现有的事实和规则中派生出新的事实和规则。通俗地说，我们会知道比实际学到的更多内容。我们能得出更多结论。我们会变得更聪明（如果智力的定义是人类思维的推理能力）。

Yet there is a downside to remembering the trans fat rules. They are not as plain as the Doughnut Fact, and they may not effectively be refreshed upon a sight of a doughnut. Consequently, we may simply forget the link between doughnuts, trans fat, and the heart. This is where SuperMemo comes to play a role. It will help you refresh the trans fat rules. It will minimize the number of reviews in lifetime. In other words, it will help you keep the trans fat rules in your forgetful memory. Thus SuperMemo makes sure that your “index to knowledge“ remains intact in your mind.
然而，记住反式脂肪规则也有其弊端。它们不像“甜甜圈事实”那样简单明了，而且在看到甜甜圈时可能无法有效唤起记忆。因此，我们可能会完全忘记甜甜圈、反式脂肪与心脏健康之间的关联。这正是 SuperMemo 发挥作用的地方。它能帮助你复习反式脂肪规则，最大限度减少终身复习次数。换句话说，它能帮助你将反式脂肪规则保留在易遗忘的记忆中。因此，SuperMemo 确保你脑海中的“知识索引”始终保持完整。

15.9 Myth: In incremental reading, you spend mere seconds reading a topic

误解：在渐进阅读中，你只需花几秒钟阅读一个主题

Myth: In incremental reading, you spend mere seconds reading a topic.
误解：在渐进阅读中，你只花几秒钟阅读一个主题。
Fact: The time devoted to a topic depends on your needs. It may be a few seconds (e.g. for a low priority boring subject), or it can be an entire day (e.g. before an exam, or when doing research, or just when following your passions).
事实：投入一个主题的时间取决于你的需求。可能只需几秒（例如低优先级的枯燥科目），也可能花费一整天（例如考前复习、进行研究或仅仅是追随兴趣时）。

15.10 Myth: Memorization is not needed

误解：不需要记忆

Myth: Memorization is not needed.
误区：不需要记忆。
Fact: If all students followed the suggestion that memorization is not needed, we would live in a different world. Here is a humorous take on how this world might look like.
事实：如果所有学生都接受“不需要记忆”的建议，我们将生活在一个截然不同的世界。以下是这个世界可能模样的幽默设想。

If memorization was not needed, we could travel around the world without learning languages. After all, finding out words in a dictionary takes mere seconds
若无需记忆，我们便可周游世界而不必学习语言。毕竟，查字典只需几秒钟。
If memorization was not needed, students of medicine would not need to cram details of human anatomy and physiology. Instead they would learn to use state-of-the-art expert systems with all answers built in. If you asked: What’s up doc? You will hear: I have no idea but wait … I will check it out on my computer
若无需记忆，医学生便不必死记硬背人体解剖和生理细节，转而学习使用内置所有答案的尖端专家系统。当你问：“医生，怎么了？”会听到：“我不知道，但等等……我用电脑查一下。”
If memorization was not needed, all exams such as SAT, GRE, TEOFL, FCE, GCSE, USMLE, etc. would be a great waste of human time and resources. Students should rather come to exams with their link to the web and figure out answers ad hoc. Or they would just read out relevant paragraphs from a textbook
如果记忆不再必要，那么诸如 SAT、GRE、托福、FCE、GCSE、USMLE 等所有考试都将是对人类时间和资源的巨大浪费。学生们倒不如带着网络链接参加考试，现场查找答案。或者直接从课本中朗读相关段落即可。
If memorization was not needed, nobody should poke fun at George Bush Jr. for his lack of knowledge of the heads of state of Chechnya, Taiwan, or Pakistan. After all, he can find those names in seconds on his smartphone. If using external storage was permissible, nobody should blame George W. for mixing up Slovakia with Slovenia, or refer to Kosovars as Kosovarians, East Timorese as East Timorians, or Greeks as Grecians (NB: the word Grecians is considered correct too)
如果记忆不再必要，就不该有人嘲笑小布什不知道车臣、台湾或巴基斯坦的领导人名字——毕竟他能在智能手机上秒查这些信息。若允许使用外部存储，更不该有人指责乔治·W.将斯洛伐克与斯洛文尼亚混淆，或将科索沃人称为”Kosovarians”、东帝汶人称为”East Timorians”、希腊人称为”Grecians”（注：Grecians 一词也被认为是正确的）。
If memorization was not needed, you could be a rocket scientist at NASA tomorrow! After all, rocket scientists follow well-known rules written in well-known manuals organized in a very well-known manner. If you need to plot the trajectory for Galileo to beam images of Europa back to Earth… no problem… take the Advanced Calculus textbook, figure it out, and send your billion dollar mission on course
如果记忆不再必要，明天你就能成为 NASA 的火箭科学家！毕竟火箭科学家遵循的不过是写在知名手册里、按众所周知方式编排的既定规则。若你需要为伽利略号计算传回欧罗巴星图像的轨道轨迹…完全没问题…拿起《高等微积分》教材现学现用，就能让这耗资数十亿美元的任务顺利启航。

The advantage of keeping knowledge in your head as compared to keeping it in external sources can metaphorically be compared to the advantage of going from primary through secondary to university education as opposed to getting a week-long course on digging info from external sources. Nearly all parents seem to prefer to choose the former for their kids.
将知识储存在大脑中相较于依赖外部资源，其优势可以形象地比喻为从小学到中学再到大学教育的循序渐进过程，与仅接受一周信息检索速成课程的差别。几乎所有家长似乎都更倾向于为孩子选择前者。

15.11 Myth: High retention results in slow learning

误解：高保留率导致学习速度慢

Myth: High retention results in slow learning.
误区：高记忆保持率会导致学习速度缓慢。
Fact: You need to understand a clear distinction between the two extremes of learning:
事实：你需要明确区分两种极端的学习模式：

high-retention-low-volume learning (as in early versions of SuperMemo) - in which you make sure you remember 95 or more percent of the studied material
高保持率-低学习量模式（如早期 SuperMemo 版本）——确保记住 95%以上的学习材料
low-retention-high-volume learning (as in traditional forms of learning) - in which you quickly process large chunks of the material while having to struggle with massive forgetting
低保留率-高学习量模式（如传统学习形式）——快速处理大量学习材料的同时，却不得不与海量遗忘作斗争

Reading books belongs to the low-retention category, while memorizing 10-20 items per day with SuperMemo belongs to the high-retention category. The optimum reading strategy will find the golden mean between these two. You should not give up traditional reading. Neither should you expect to put all your study material into SuperMemo. You should choose a middle-ground strategy. For example, if you consistently spend 90% of your time on reading and 10% of your time on adding most important findings to SuperMemo, your reading speed will actually decline only by some 10%, while the retention of the most important pieces will be as high as programmed in SuperMemo (i.e. usually 95%).
阅读书籍属于低保留率类别，而用 SuperMemo 每天记忆 10-20 个项目则属于高保留率类别。最佳阅读策略会在这两者间找到平衡点。你不应放弃传统阅读，也不该期望将所有学习材料都放入 SuperMemo。应选择折中策略。例如，若你持续将 90%时间用于阅读，10%时间用于将最重要发现添加到 SuperMemo，实际阅读速度仅会下降约 10%，而最关键内容的记忆保留率将如 SuperMemo 预设般保持高位（通常达 95%）。

Incremental reading provides you with a precise tool for finding the optimum balance between speed and retention. You will ensure high-retention of the most important pieces of text, while a large proportion of time will be spent reading at speeds comparable or higher than those typical of traditional book reading.
渐进阅读为你提供了精准工具，能在速度与记忆保留间找到最佳平衡。既能确保重要文本片段的高保留率，又能将大部分时间用于以接近甚至超过传统书籍阅读的速度进行阅读。

It is worth noting that the learning speed limit in high-retention learning is imposed by your memory. If “memorizing” one-book-per-year sounds like a major disappointment, the roots of this lay in human memory. Our current knowledge of psychophysiology and pharmacology does not provide any means that could allow of breaking beyond those limits. We are left with the choice between high-speed and high-retention. Incremental reading gives you a full hands-on control over finding the optimum balance.
值得注意的是，高保留率学习中的学习速度上限是由你的记忆力决定的。如果“一年记住一本书”听起来令人大失所望，其根源在于人类的记忆能力。我们目前对心理生理学和药理学的认知，尚未提供任何能够突破这些限制的手段。我们只能在高速学习与高保留率之间做出选择。渐进阅读让你能够全面掌控如何找到最佳平衡点。

15.12 Myth: We are good at remembering important things

误解：我们擅长记住重要的事情

Myth: We are good at remembering important things.
误区：我们擅长记住重要的事情。
Fact: The evolution of the brain proceeds too slowly to have helped us adapt its structures to abstract thinking. What was excellent for survival 200,000 years ago does not suffice to process modern abstract knowledge. Simple computational tasks such as multiplication or division proceed in a shamefully inefficient way in the human mind. After all, early humans did not need to multiply (explicitly and a lot). At the same time, for long, computers found it hard to compete with the visual cortex in pattern recognition and processing. Recognizing the enemy or prey was critical not only for Homo sapiens but also for birds, reptiles, fish or even insects. The only measure of the importance of knowledge our brain synapses have at hand is the pattern of repetition, levels of circulating hormones at the time of exposure, and a limited impact of conscious attentive labeling of information as important at the moment of encoding. Forgetting is needed to optimize knowledge storage; hence we have to forget less important things. Repeated use of the memorized knowledge is a good but far from perfect measure of importance (see: We remember useful things because we use them)
事实：大脑的进化速度过于缓慢，无法帮助我们使其结构适应抽象思维。20 万年前对生存极为有利的特性，已不足以处理现代抽象知识。诸如乘法或除法这类简单计算任务，在人脑中的运行效率低得令人汗颜——毕竟早期人类并不需要频繁（显式地）进行乘法运算。与此同时，计算机长期难以在模式识别与处理领域匹敌视觉皮层。识别敌害或猎物对智人至关重要，对鸟类、爬行动物、鱼类乃至昆虫同样如此。我们大脑突触衡量知识重要性的唯一依据是：重复出现的模式、接触知识时循环激素的水平，以及在编码时刻有意识标注信息重要性的有限影响。遗忘是优化知识存储的必要机制，因此我们必须遗忘次要内容。对记忆知识的重复使用虽是衡量重要性的有效指标，却远非完美（参见：我们记住有用信息是因为使用它们）。

Modern life has changed the hierarchy of value and importance of knowledge. The link between importance and repeated use has been severed. A flashy lingerie billboard we see every morning is not likely to be more important than dozens of volatile facts pertaining to our professional life. Regrettably, there is no circuit in our brain that would let us consciously etch important memories: This is important! I must not forget it! All we can do is to use the trick of reverberation or mnemonic techniques which… still will usually not last long unless we apply spaced repetition as in SuperMemo.
现代生活改变了知识的价值层级与重要性排序。重要性与重复使用之间的关联已被割裂。我们每天早晨看到的炫目内衣广告牌，其重要性不太可能超过职业生活中转瞬即逝的数十条事实。遗憾的是，大脑中并不存在能让我们主动铭刻重要记忆的神经回路：”这很重要！我绝不能忘记！”我们唯一能做的就是利用记忆回响的技巧或助记手段…但除非像 SuperMemo 那样运用间隔重复，这些方法通常仍无法维持长久记忆。

If memory had an excellent ability to retain important information:
如果记忆拥有留存重要信息的卓越能力：

you would not tremble before an exam and confusingly run through the notes to be sure that at the zero hour you won’t suffer from a blackout. At the same time, you could easily recall details of a Schwarzenegger movie seen last evening or even weeks before the exam. Clearly, Arnie beats the ups and downs of the Ottoman Empire. And if you think the Ottoman Empire had much greater an impact on humanity than the island shootout in Commando, you are still likely to remember the muscle and the machine gun far better than the timeline of the sultans
你不会在考试前紧张得发抖，也不会慌乱地翻看笔记以确保自己在关键时刻不会大脑一片空白。与此同时，你却能轻松回忆起昨晚甚至几周前看过的施瓦辛格电影细节。显然，阿诺比奥斯曼帝国的兴衰更容易让人记住。即便你认为奥斯曼帝国对人类的影响远大于《独闯龙潭》中的小岛枪战，你仍然更可能记住那些肌肉和机枪的画面，而非苏丹们的时间线。
you would never have problems with recalling the date of your mother-in-law’s birthday. This is a piece of data that is critical to your marital harmony!
你绝不会记不住岳母生日的日期。这可是关乎婚姻和谐的关键信息！
you should instantly forget the Olympic champions in football in Atlanta 1996 or Munich 1972. After all this might be a classic case of unimportant knowledge. Yet few Africans would forget how Nigeria beat Argentina 4:3 in 1996. Similarly, few Poles would forget the most memorable moment in the history of Polish football: Olympic championship in Munich.
你应该立刻忘记 1996 年亚特兰大或 1972 年慕尼黑奥运会的足球冠军。毕竟这可能属于典型的不重要知识。但很少有非洲人会忘记 1996 年尼日利亚 4:3 战胜阿根廷的比赛。同样，很少有波兰人会忘记波兰足球史上最难忘的时刻：慕尼黑奥运会的夺冠。

The truth is that we excellently remember only things that are both easy to remember and repeated frequently enough. The brain does not have an internal measure of importance (other than limited volitional control or control via repeated exposure)! Your memory storage ruthlessly deletes your career-critical knowledge with the same ease as it ravages the traces of last year’s golf scores or contributing names listed at the end of a boring soap opera. SuperMemo will ensure you remember your mission critical data. What is in, stays in your memory. What is out, is free to go.
事实是我们只能出色地记住那些既容易记忆又足够频繁重复的事物。大脑并没有内在的重要性衡量标准（除了有限的意志控制或通过重复接触的控制）！你的记忆存储会无情地删除对你职业生涯至关重要的知识，其轻松程度就像它抹去去年高尔夫球成绩的痕迹或一部无聊肥皂剧结尾的贡献者名单一样。SuperMemo 将确保你记住那些关键任务数据。进入记忆的，就会留存；未被纳入的，则任其消逝。

15.13 Myth: We remember useful things because we use them

误区：我们记住有用的东西是因为我们使用它们

Myth: We remember useful things because we use them.
误区：我们记住有用的东西是因为我们使用它们。
Fact: Not only are we limited in our ability to remember things that we consider important. We cannot even rely on the fact that frequently used memories are remembered better. There are two main reason why frequency of use is not sufficient:
事实：我们不仅限于记住自认为重要的事物。我们甚至不能依赖频繁使用的记忆会被更好地记住这一事实。使用频率不足以保证记忆的两个主要原因在于：

spacing effect (frequently used memories may be very volatile): if you use things often, e.g. a credit card’s pin code, you may surprised by a sudden unexpected lapse of memory! The facts that are used too often or are too obvious, do not challenge the memory system well enough. They are remembered superficially. Any break from use, stress, change of context, or innocent interference from other memories may cause a sudden inability to recall a fact from memory. Even SuperMemo may not help in those cases. Those easy items often grow their intervals fast and cannot prevent the spacing effect.
间隔效应（频繁使用的记忆可能极不稳定）：如果你经常使用某些事物，比如信用卡的密码，可能会惊讶地遭遇突如其来的记忆空白！那些使用过于频繁或过于明显的事实，无法充分挑战记忆系统。它们只是被肤浅地记住。任何使用中断、压力、情境变化，或其他记忆的无意干扰，都可能导致突然无法回忆起某个事实。即使 SuperMemo 在这种情况下也可能无能为力。这些简单的项目往往快速延长间隔，却无法避免间隔效应。
tunnel vision: when we rely on frequently used memories, we are slow at expanding our horizons. With spaced repetition, you can quickly grow stable and coherent knowledge into new areas. This expansion is not easy or even possible when relying on frequent use. A conscious intervention is necessary. In an extreme case, you might ask a cat why it does not master mathematics. In a cat’s tunnel vision, simple goals lead to a narrow set of factual knowledge that is needed and remembered. A cat will never fly to Mars (on its own).
隧道视野：当我们依赖频繁使用的记忆时，拓展视野的速度会很慢。通过间隔重复，你可以迅速在新领域建立稳定且连贯的知识体系。这种拓展若仅依赖频繁使用则难以实现，甚至不可能。需要有意识的干预。极端情况下，你可能会问一只猫为何不精通数学。在猫的隧道视野中，简单的目标导致所需记忆的事实知识范围狭窄。猫永远不会（靠自己）飞往火星。

Opponents of SuperMemo often say: “Whatever knowledge I need, I use often. If I use it often, I do not forget“. This is a false conviction. Spacing effect and forgetting are unpredictable. The whole world of useful things escapes your brain on a daily basis. You may say that if need to fly to Mars, you can just read about math tools that you find useful. However, the tool that is useless today might be useful in 5 years, or tomorrow, when you tackle a different problem. You need the whole toolset ready in your mind. The associative power of the extra knowledge just makes you a better problem solver and a stronger thinker.
SuperMemo 的反对者常说：“我需要什么知识，就会经常用到。如果经常使用，自然就不会忘记。”这是一种错误的观念。间隔效应和遗忘是不可预测的。每天都有大量有用的知识从你的大脑中溜走。你可能会说，如果需要飞往火星，临时查阅相关数学工具即可。然而，今天看似无用的工具可能在五年后或明天解决另一个问题时变得至关重要。你需要让整个工具箱的知识随时待命于脑海中。这些额外知识的联想能力会让你成为更出色的问题解决者和更强大的思考者。

Tunnel vision effect may be counteracted with extensive reading, however, there is no better way of reading than incremental reading.
隧道视野效应可以通过广泛阅读来抵消，然而，没有比渐进阅读更好的阅读方式了。

16. History of incremental learning

渐进学习的历史

Incremental learning might be as important to SuperMemo as the original repetition spacing idea. Incremental learning eliminates a number of bottlenecks that limit various stages of knowledge acquisition.
渐进学习对 SuperMemo 的重要性可能不亚于最初的间隔重复理念。渐进学习消除了知识获取各阶段的诸多瓶颈限制。

The name incremental reading first appeared in SuperMemo 2000. However, the concept is not new. It originated from combining our natural reading habits with the demands of spaced repetition (SuperMemo). We rarely pick up a book and read it cover-to-cover in one go. At school we often dig through a number textbooks used for different courses. At home we stop reading a book to read a newspaper and then stop reading the newspaper to watch TV. A combination of needs and interests determines how far we go with the reading of an individual text. SuperMemo drives this concept to an extreme by letting you read just one sentence from one chapter from one book and then go on to reading extracts from a thousand books and/or articles. SuperMemo’s contribution here is only the management of this multi-source reading process. As for the creative aspect of incremental reading, Niels Bohr is known to have used the power of intermittent reading and intermittent thinking to maximize his creative output. He would keep dozens of shelves with outlines of ideas. He would return to individual shelves from time to time, esp. if he was inspired by a conversation, thinking, experiment, or reading. He would then keep reading a single shelf, think and ponder, add new notes, etc. Many of those shelves ended up as scientific publications. In that sense, Niels Bohr employed rudimentary incremental reading in his creative work.
渐进阅读这一名称首次出现在 SuperMemo 2000 中。然而，这一概念并不新鲜。它源于将我们的自然阅读习惯与间隔重复（SuperMemo）的需求相结合。我们很少拿起一本书一口气从头读到尾。在学校里，我们经常翻阅不同课程使用的多本教材。在家里，我们会停下阅读一本书去读报纸，然后又放下报纸去看电视。需求和兴趣的结合决定了我们对单个文本的阅读深度。SuperMemo 将这一概念推向极致，允许你只读一本书某一章节的一句话，然后继续阅读来自上千本书和/或文章的摘录。SuperMemo 在此的贡献仅是对这种多源阅读过程的管理。至于渐进阅读的创造性方面，众所周知，尼尔斯·玻尔（Niels Bohr）曾利用间歇性阅读和间歇性思考的力量来最大化他的创造性产出。他会保留几十个架子，上面放着各种想法的概要。他会时不时回到单个架子上，特别是当他受到对话、思考、实验或阅读的启发时。他会持续阅读一个书架的内容，思考琢磨，添加新笔记等等。其中许多书架最终成为了科学出版物。从这个意义上说，尼尔斯·玻尔在其创造性工作中运用了初步的渐进阅读法。

The approach used in incremental reading is widely employed by many creative individuals. Even if it is far less formal that incremental reading or even Bohr‘s approach. Dr Michael Gazzaniga puts it this way: “I think the creative process is directly related to the amount of time one spends mulling something over. I come back and revisit ideas, data, thoughts, all the time. I think this keeps key semantic networks active and then “bingo” an inconsistency or consistency suddenly presents itself to consciousness and the beginnings of a new idea appear“.
渐进阅读所采用的方法被许多富有创造力的人广泛使用，尽管其形式远不如渐进阅读或玻尔的方法那样系统化。迈克尔·加扎尼加博士这样描述：”我认为创造过程与一个人反复思考某件事的时间直接相关。我会不断回顾想法、数据、思绪。这能保持关键语义网络的活跃，然后’灵光一闪’，某个矛盾或关联突然跃入意识，新想法的雏形就此显现。”

Here is a brief history of incremental reading:
以下是渐进阅读的简史：

Before SuperMemo (1980): The author of SuperMemo and co-author of this incrementally written text, Piotr Wozniak, in his student years, used his own “cross-the-notebook” method of learning. He would go through his paper notes and cross out those he was sure he would remember for the exam. He would read his notes over and over again until all the notes have been crossed out. Each pass was faster as there was less and less to read. That method was nearly a guarantee of excellent exam results. All his lecture notes were covered with crossed out shapes that surrounded pictures and portions of text. This “granular treatment” with “processing attributes” can be thought of as an early inspiration for future incremental reading
在 SuperMemo 之前（1980 年）：SuperMemo 的创始人及本文渐进式写作的合著者 Piotr Wozniak，在学生时代曾使用自创的“笔记本划除法”进行学习。他会反复翻阅纸质笔记，划掉那些确信考试时能记住的内容。一遍遍阅读直至所有笔记都被划除。每次复习速度越来越快，因为需要看的内容越来越少。这种方法几乎能确保优异的考试成绩。他的所有课堂笔记上都布满了环绕图片和部分文字的交叉划痕。这种带有“处理属性”的“细粒度处理”可视为未来渐进式阅读的早期灵感来源。
SuperMemo algorithm (1984-1985) - The first ever attempt to measure optimum intervals in learning resulted in the formulation of the SuperMemo method in 1985
SuperMemo 算法（1984-1985 年）——首次尝试测量学习中的最佳间隔，最终于 1985 年形成了 SuperMemo 方法。
SuperMemo 1.0 (1987) - The birth of SuperMemo is also the birth of computational spaced repetition, i.e. the use of computers in computing optimum intervals in learning
SuperMemo 1.0（1987 年）——SuperMemo 的诞生也标志着计算式间隔重复的诞生，即利用计算机计算学习中的最佳间隔。
SuperMemo 2 - SuperMemo 98 (1987-1998) - In the years 1987-1998, users of SuperMemo had only two alternatives in the area of collecting learning material for learning with SuperMemo:
SuperMemo 2 - SuperMemo 98（1987-1998） - 在 1987 至 1998 年间，SuperMemo 用户在学习资料的收集方面仅有两种选择：
1. type it in and formulate it manually, or
  手动输入并自行编写内容，或
2. obtain ready-made learning material from a colleague, SuperMemo Library, etc.
  从同事、SuperMemo 资料库等处获取现成的学习材料。

The only way SuperMemo supported learning from electronic sources was via Copy and Paste.
SuperMemo 支持从电子资源学习的唯一方式是通过复制粘贴。

SuperMemo 99 (1999) made the first step towards efficient reading of electronic articles by introducing reading lists and the first primitive reading tools: Extract and Cloze. Reading lists were prioritized lists of articles to read. Extracts made it possible to split larger articles into smaller portions. Clozes made it possible to convert short sentences into question-answer format by means of cloze deletions (i.e. fill-in-the-blank questions)
SuperMemo 99（1999 年）通过引入阅读清单和首批基础阅读工具（提取与填空），向电子文章高效阅读迈出了第一步。阅读清单是待读文章的优先级列表，提取功能可将长篇文献拆分为小段落，而填空则能通过填空删除（即填空题形式）将短句转换为问答格式。
SuperMemo 2000 greatly increased the efficiency of reading by introducing the concept of incremental reading. Incremental reading makes it possible to simultaneously read dozens of articles. Each article is read in small increments fully controlled and prioritized by the user and/or the default learning process. Components of incremental reading introduced in SuperMemo 2000: new A-Factor-based topic repetition scheme (i.e. the learning algorithm), read points, formatting in extracts and in clozes (SuperMemo 99 would ignore formatting), text highlights, source article link, reading toolbar, subset learning, subset postpone, and support for longer articles (SuperMemo 99 was limited to 64K articles)
SuperMemo 2000 通过引入渐进阅读概念大幅提升了阅读效率。该技术允许用户同时阅读数十篇文章，每篇文章均以用户和/或默认学习流程完全控制优先级的微量进度进行阅读。SuperMemo 2000 引入的渐进阅读组件包括：基于 A-Factor 的新主题复习机制（学习算法）、阅读进度标记、提取与填空中的格式保留（SuperMemo 99 会忽略格式）、文本高亮、原文链接、阅读工具栏、子集学习、子集暂缓功能，以及支持更长篇幅文章（SuperMemo 99 限制为 64K 容量）。
SuperMemo 2002 brought incremental reading to a new level. In SuperMemo 2002, incremental reading became the primary learning mode for middle-level and advanced students. SuperMemo 2002 introduced HTML-based incremental reading. For the first time, the user would see little difference between the material in his web browser and in SuperMemo. Other new features introduced by SuperMemo 2002: automatic learning material import from Internet Explorer, mid-interval repetitions that make it possible to review portions of material without damage to the learning process, e.g. before an exam (Algorithm SM-11), search-based learning (i.e. subset learning in which the subset is defined by advanced search tools), dynamically modified A-Factors that fine-tune the priorities without user intervention, postpone wizard that makes reading lists obsolete, separate topic/item statistics and new incremental reading progress statistics, reference labeling, and more.
SuperMemo 2002 将渐进阅读提升至新高度。在该版本中，渐进阅读成为中级和高级学习者的主要学习模式，并首次引入基于 HTML 的渐进阅读功能，使用户几乎察觉不到网页浏览器与 SuperMemo 中材料的差异。SuperMemo 2002 还新增以下特性：从 Internet Explorer 自动导入学习材料、支持在不干扰学习进程的情况下进行中期复习（如考前复习，参见 Algorithm SM-11）、基于搜索的学习（即通过高级搜索工具定义子集进行学习）、动态调整 A-Factor 参数以自动优化优先级、取代阅读列表的推迟向导功能、独立的话题/项目统计与全新渐进阅读进度统计、参考文献标签等多项改进。
SuperMemo 2004 was developed solely with the view to perfecting the tools of incremental reading. The data collected from months of actual incremental reading was instrumental in enhancing the algorithm and the tools. Fine tuning of the modification of topic A-Factors enhanced the optimization of new material review in a heavily overloaded process. New tools included: rich statistics for monitoring and optimizing the learning process, tools for handling excessive delays in review, browsing sources of extracts and clozes, one-key reference labeling, proliferating remote images, easy integration of remote images, and more.
SuperMemo 2004 的开发完全是为了完善渐进阅读的工具。从数月实际渐进阅读中收集的数据对算法和工具的改进起到了关键作用。对主题 A-Factor 修改的微调，极大地优化了在超负荷流程中新材料的复习。新工具包括：用于监控和优化学习过程的丰富统计功能、处理复习过度延迟的工具、浏览摘录和填空的来源、一键参考标签、远程图片的快速复制、远程图片的轻松集成等。
SuperMemo 2006 made a major step in rationalizing the material overload in incremental learning by introducing the priority queue. SuperMemo 2006 made it easier to import articles from the Internet (esp. from Wikipedia). Material overload could be handled with auto-postpone and auto-sort tools. SuperMemo 2006 simplified importing, arranging, compressing, converting, zooming, and trimming pictures. SuperMemo 2006 could pick any folder on the user’s disk and convert all the file archives into material that can be processed incrementally (e.g. article archives, picture archives, family albums, movie clips, documentation files, or assorted archives). SuperMemo 2006 also made it simple to do one-key searches and import of auxiliary learning material on the web with customizable tools (e.g. Google, encyclopedias, dictionaries, picture archives, etc.).
SuperMemo 2006 通过引入优先级队列，在合理化渐进学习中的材料过载方面迈出了重要一步。它简化了从互联网（尤其是维基百科）导入文章的操作，并可通过自动推迟和自动排序工具处理材料过载问题。该版本优化了图片的导入、排列、压缩、转换、缩放及裁剪流程，支持将用户磁盘上的任意文件夹内文件归档（如文章集、图片库、家庭相册、视频片段、文档文件或混合存档）转换为可渐进处理的材料。此外，SuperMemo 2006 还通过可定制工具（如谷歌、百科全书、词典、图片库等）实现一键搜索及网络辅助学习材料的便捷导入。
SuperMemo 2008 extended incremental learning into the areas of pictures, sounds and video with visual learning and YouTube-based incremental video. Imports from the web, esp. Wikipedia and YouTube became simpler with set priorities, references, categories, etc. SuperMemo 2008 also simplified and automated the process of creating source material references.
SuperMemo 2008 将渐进学习扩展到图片、声音和视频领域，实现了视觉学习和基于 YouTube 的渐进视频学习。通过设定优先级、参考文献、分类等功能，从网络（特别是维基百科和 YouTube）导入内容变得更加简便。SuperMemo 2008 还简化并自动化了创建原始材料参考文献的过程。
SuperMemo 15 (2011) improved web imports (e.g. eliminating article duplicates), splitting articles (e.g. automatic splitting of Wikipedia articles into separate topics), handling references, and more. As SuperMemo 15 provided a full Unicode support, incremental reading in languages other than English became easier.
SuperMemo 15（2011 年）改进了网页导入功能（如消除文章重复项）、文章分割（例如自动将维基百科文章按主题拆分为独立条目）、参考文献处理等。由于 SuperMemo 15 提供了完整的 Unicode 支持，非英语语言的渐进阅读变得更加容易。
SuperMemo 16 (2013) consolidated all incremental learning technologies with the last two missing links: incremental audio and incremental video with video files. It added more tools for Wikipedia imports (e.g. downloading full resolution pictures intead of thumbs, etc.), and visual learning (e.g. global paste). It also made it possible to separate extracts from source articles in child browsers. Dozens of improvements to incremental learning process convert quantity into new quality. For example, SuperMemo 16 added import from Windows (Live) Mail, or a trivial, but extremely useful incremental reading function: Delete before cursor. For a detailed list see: What’s new in SuperMemo 16?
SuperMemo 16（2013 年）整合了所有渐进学习技术，并补全了最后两个缺失环节：渐进音频和视频文件的渐进视频处理。它增加了更多维基百科导入工具（如下载全分辨率图片而非缩略图等）和视觉学习功能（如全局粘贴）。此外，它还实现了在子浏览器中从源文章中分离摘录的功能。渐进学习流程的数十项改进将数量转化为新的质量。例如，SuperMemo 16 新增了从 Windows (Live) Mail 导入的功能，以及一个简单却极其实用的渐进阅读功能：删除光标前内容。详细列表请参阅：SuperMemo 16 有哪些新功能？
SuperMemo 17 (2016) adds neural processing to incremental learning. Neural review is a form of subset review where semantic connections established by the knowledge tree and user-defined concept maps can be followed in unpredictable manner (using a spreading activation algorithm). Neural creativity is a particularly powerful way of employing an incremental learning process in creativity and problem-solving. SuperMemo 17 employs a new spaced repetition algorithm which can handle most extreme departures from the optimum spacing of repetitions without compromising future optimum scheduling. For a detailed list see: What’s new in SuperMemo 17?
SuperMemo 17（2016 年）为渐进学习引入了神经处理技术。神经复习是一种子集复习形式，它能够遵循知识树和用户自定义概念图所建立的语义连接，以不可预测的方式进行（采用扩散激活算法）。神经创造力是一种特别强大的方式，将渐进学习过程应用于创造力和问题解决中。SuperMemo 17 采用了新的间隔重复算法，能够处理与最优复习间隔极度偏离的情况，同时不影响未来的最优调度安排。详细更新列表请参阅：SuperMemo 17 有哪些新功能？
SuperMemo 18 (2020): minor improvements to the algorithm. Dozens of minor enhancements (incl. speed, the handling of concepts, etc.)
SuperMemo 18（2020 年）：算法进行了小幅改进。包含数十项细节增强（如速度提升、概念处理优化等）
SuperMemo 19 (2023): extending the range of supported web browsers makes it easy to massively transfer knowledge from the web to incremental reading. Extracts can be used on external sites. Working with concepts is simplified with the benefit to the collection structure and neural creativity. Page updates are easier (e.g. on Wikipedia imports)
SuperMemo 19（2023 年）：扩展支持的网页浏览器范围，使得从网络大规模迁移知识到渐进阅读更为便捷。摘录内容可应用于外部网站。概念操作流程简化，有利于知识库结构优化和神经创造力发挥。页面更新更轻松（例如维基百科导入时）

17. Supplementary materials 补充材料